NEET

CURRENT
ELECTRICITY
PART-I
Day 01 2. Charge flowing through wire is given by
π
q= t2 sin t Find current at t = second
2
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Electric Current (I)
q
Rate of flow of charge I =
t
Coulomb
Unit: Ampere A=
Second

3. Given charge flowing is q=2te-2t. Find out

time when current changes its direction.

ELECTRIC CURRENT

Average Instantaneous
Δq dq
Iav = Iinst =
Δt
dt
qf - qi
=
tf - ti
Charge - time graph

q
Q
1. Charge flowing through wire is given by
B
q = t2 sint. Find current between t = 0 to
π
t = seconds
2 P θ
A

Δq
(1) Iav = = Slope of chord AB
Δt
Δq
tan θ =
Δt

(2) Iinst = dq/dt = slope of tangent PQ

tan θ = Iinst

3
 Current - time equation current - time graph

Charge Flow Average Current

I
Δq=∫Idt Charge Flow
Iav = Total time taken

∫Idt
Iav =
∫dt t

Charge Flow = Area under I-t graph

4. The current in a wire varies with time ac- Area under I-t graph
cording to the equation i = 4+2t, where i Average Current = Total time taken
is in ampere and t is in second. Calculate
the quantity of charge that passes through
a cross section of the wire during the time
t=2 s to t=6 s.
7. Calculate
1. Charge flow
2. Average current between t=0 to t=t

B
I0
I

5. Given I = 2t + 1, Calculate average current

between t = 0 & t=1s
A
t0 t

6. A current through a wire depends on time

Area of parabola
as i=α0 t+βt2 where α0=20 A/s and β=8As-2.
Find the charge crossed through a section
of the wire in 15s. y0
(1) 2250C (3) 2100C 2
Concave = x y
3 0 0
(2) 11250C (4) 260C 2
3 1
Convex = x y
3 0 0
1
3
x0

4
Thermal motion of electron Between each collision, electric field acceler-
ates the electron
In the absence of electric field free electrons
The average velocity with which the electron
are in a state of random motion and continu-
moves is called drift velocity
ously collide with each other.
3 3 v = u + at
K.E= kT = x 1.2 x 10-23 x 300 = 1021J u 2+ u 2+ ..+a
2 2 v1+ v2 + ..+vN
= 1 2
v=105 m/s N N
vd = 0+aτ
k → Boltzmann constant = 1.2 × 10-23J/K
vd = aτ
v1+v2+...vN eE
Average velocity vav = =0 vd = m τ
N
→ -eE
vd = m τ
Free Electron
V eV
But E = ⇒ vd = τ
l ml
This velocity is called drift velocity

Relation between drift-velocity (vd) and elec-

tric field applied
Note
-eE
1. Due to random motion of electron, Aver- vd =
m
τ
age Velocity

v1+ v2 + ..+vN
vav= =0 Relation between drift-velocity (vd) and Potential
N
-eV
2. In this state no electron is capable in mov- vd =
ml
τ
ing from one end to other

I=0
Factors affecting drift velocity
Dependence on shape
In the presence of electric field 1. Uniform shape
Consider points A, B and C
V
eE
mτ
Drift velocity |vd| =
- +
Here E is uniform
E A B C
- +

e-

∴ vA = vB = vC
For uniform shape, drift velocity is a con-
stant
l

5
 2. Non Uniform
8. A wire has a non-uniform cross-sectional
Here E1 > E2 > E3 because electric field area as shown in figure. A steady current i
increases with density of field lines flows through it. Which one of the follow-
ing statements is correct

vd ∝ E A B
∴ vd1 > vd2 > vd3
2
1 (1) The drift speed of electron is constant
3
(2) The drift speed increases on moving from
A to B
(3) The drift speed decreases on moving from
A to B
(4) The drift speed varies randomly
Factors Affecting relaxatiion time
RELAXATION TIME (τ)

Material Temperature 9. In the given figure, a battery of emf E is

connected across a conductor PQ of leg-
If free electron den- As temperature nth ‘l’ and different area of cross- sections
sity increases, then increases collision having radii r1, and r2 (r2<r1)
collision increases frequency increases r1 r2
P →
Q
τ → decreases τ → decreases
∴ v decreases ∴v decreases
-
→

K
+ -
((
(1) Same Material
τ = Constant (2) Choose the correct option as one moves from P to Q :
(1) Drift velocity of electron increases
2A
A (2) Electric field decreases
(3) Electron current decreases
l 2l (4) All of these
V V

eE eτ V
v= m τ= m x l

1 v1 l 2l
va l = 2 = v1 : v2 = 2 : 1
v2 l1 l

6
 10. A potential difference of V is applied at the 12. A conducting wire of cross-sectional area
ends of a copper wire of length l and di- 1 cm2 has 3×1023 m-3 charge carriers. If wire
ameter d. On doubling only d, drift velocity carries a current of 24 mA, the drift speed
(1) Becomes two times (2) Becomes half of the carrier is

(3) Does not change (4) Becomes one fourth (1) 5×10-6 m/s (2) 5×10-3 m/s
(3) 0.5 m/s (4) 5×10-2 m/s

11. A current flows in a wire of circular

cross-section with the free electrons trav-
elling with a mean drift velocity v. If an
equal current flows in a wire of twice the 13. A conducting wire carries current of 1A,
radius new mean drift velocity is given there are 2×1022 free electrons per
(1) v (2) v/2 (3) v/4 (4) None of these cm3, if area of cross section is 1 mm2. Cal-
culate drift velocity.

Relation between current and drift

velocity
Free electron density or number of free elec- 14. A wire carries a current of 1.5 A, if free elec-
N tron per cm are 2×1022. Calculate drift ve-
trons per unit volume = n = V locity.
Area of cross section = A A
q Ne
Current I = =
t t

Ne V l
= t ×V
N
ne [ = n&V=A×l]
= ×A×l V
t
l
I = nAvde t = vd

7
 e2
15. In a wire of circular cross-section with ra- I = nA τV
dius r, free electrons travel with a drift ve- ml
locity v, when a current i flows through the ml
wire. What is the current in another wire of V= I
half the radius and of the same material ne2τA
when the drift velocity is 2v
i i m the resistivity or specific
(1) 2i (2) i (3) (4) where =ρ
2 4 ne2τ resistance

ρl I = RI
V=
A

Factors affecting specific resistance

16. Two wires A and B of the same materi- m

ρ=
al, having radii in the ratio 1:2 and carry ne2τ
currents in the ratio 4:1. The ratio of drift
speeds of electrons in A and B is
(1) 16:1 (2) 1:16 (3) 1:4 (4) 4:1 Material Temperature
By changing material By changing
free e- density changes temperature τ
∴τ changes changes

Electrical Resistance

Material Temperature Dimension

(Length, Area)

Ohm’s Law Ohm’s Law triangle

eE
We have vd = τ (1)
m V V
R=
I = nAvde (2) I
V = IR I R
From (1) & (2)

Ohmic Conductors [Metallic conductors]

eE V
I = nA τe , E = Obeys Ohm’s law
m l
V V I
= nAe2 τ
lm Graph of V-I is a straight line passing through
origin

8
 V-I graph
V
To find resistance at a point, draw a tangent
through that point and find slope of tangent
θ dV
Slope of tangent = =R
I dI
This resistance is dynamic if it changes with
V
Slope of V-I graph, tan θ= = R = Resistance the point considered.
I
T1
V
V 1 T2
2 R1 tan θ1
θ1 =
θ2 R2 tan θ2
I
I
I-V graph

I
Slope of I-V graph NoN-Ohmic Conductor
y 1
tanθ= = = Conductance 2
x R
θ
V Unit : Ω-1 or Siemens (S) ↑ 1
V 3

Example-1
I

↑
R1
Calculate 1. Which does not obeys Ohm’s law
R2
2. V -I graph is not linear
3. If it happens to be linear then it does
V not passes throug origin
2
1 1) Slope = +ve
45o Resistance =+ve
30o 2) slope =0
Resistance =0
I
3) Slope =-ve
Example-2 Resistance =-ve
R1 If V ↑ then I ↑(R=+ve)
Calculate
R2 If V ↑ then I ↓(R=-ve)

I 2 Diode Semiconductor

1 V V
60o

30o

V
I I

9
CURRENT DENSITY
17. Current is flowing from a conductor of non-
uniform crosssectional area. If A1 > A2, then
find relation between
I
+ -
J= n ++ -- n
A
+ -

V V EA E
I= R =
ρl = ρ ∴ J = ρ JαE
wher σ is the
A ∴ J =σ E conductivity 1
2
i1, A1, V1 , J1 i2, A2, V2 , J2
1. Uniform cross section (1) i1 and i2 (2) j1 and j2
(3) (vd)1 and (vd)2 (drift velocity)
where i is current, j is current density, and V
1 2 3 is drift velocity.

E1 = E2 = E3

∴J1 = J2 = J3

2. Non-Uniform cross-section

1 18. Across a metalic conductor of non-uni-

E∝
A form cross section a constant potential
E1 > E2 > E3 difference is applied. The quantity which
remains constant along the conductor is
∴J1 > J2 > J3
2
1 (1) Current (2) Drift velocity
1 3
J∝ (3) Electric field (4) Current density
A

But current is same

I1 = I2 = I3

Calculation of current from

current density

J= constant J= variable J - A Graph

I = J. A I = ∫ J.dA Area of J-A
graph gives
current

10
 Mobility
19. The current density across a cylindrical
conductor of radius R varies in magnitude As we have seen, conductivity arises from mo-
r bile charge carriers. In metals, these mobile
according to the equation J=J0 1- where
R charge carriers are electrons; in an ionised
r is the distance from the central axis. Thus, gas, they are electrons and positive charged
the current density is a maximum J0 at that ions; in an electrolyte, these can be both posi-
axis (r=0) and decreases linearly to zero at tive and negative ions.
the surface (r=R). Calculate the current in
terms of J0 and the conductor’s cross-sec- An important quantity is the mobility μ defined
tional area A=πR2. as the magnitude of the drift velocity per unit
electric field:
| vd |
μ=
E

Unit : m2/Vs

21. A charged particle having drift velocity of

7.5×10-4 m/s in an electric field of 3×10-10
V/m, has a mobility in m2 V-1 s-1 of:
Graphical Method (1) 2.5×106 (2) 2.5×10-6
(3) 2.25×10-15 (4) 2.25×1015

20. Calculate the current

1.
→
J

20 A/m2
Dependence of r on dimension
l
b

→ h
4m2 A ρl ρl
R= =
A bh

2.
→
J
ρh
20 A/m2
R=
lb

→
A
0 1m2 2m2 3m2

ρb
R=
lh

11
 In general, for cuboid
25. Following figure shows cross-sections
Rmax (max Length)2 through three long conductors of the
=
Rmin (min Length)2 same length and material, with square
cross-section of edge lengths as shown.
Cube
Conductor B will fit snugly within conduc-
ρa ρ For cube R is inversely tor A, and conductor C will fit snugly with-
R= =
a2 a proportional to side ‘a’ in conductor B. Relationship between their
end to end resistance is

√3a
√2a
a
22.
1. Rleft & right A B C
2. Rtop & bottom
h= 1 m 3. Rfront & back
3

b= 1 m
2
I=1m

23.

h 26. Consider a thin square sheet of side L and

thickness t, made of a material of resistiv-
b ity ρ. The resistance between two opposite
faces, shown by the shaded areas in the
l figure, is
l:b:h=3:2:1
Rmax
Calculate
Rmin

t
24. In the following diagram two parallelo-
piped A and B are of the same thickness. L
The arm of B is double that of A. Compare
these resistances and find out the value of (1) directly proportional to L
RA/RB is
(2) directly proportional to t

t (3) independent of L
i i
A B
a (4) independent of t
2a
t a t
2a

12
 2. Similarly if radius is reduced to (1/n) times
27. Masses of three wires of copper are in the then area of cross section decreases (1/n2)
times, So the resistance becomes n4 times
ratio of 1 : 3 : 5 and their lengths are in the
larger
ratio of 5 : 3 : 1
1
The ratio of their electrical resistances is. R∝
r4
1
R∝
r4
1
∝ r 4

n
n4 R|
∝ = n4
r 4
R

If change in length > 10%

cutting & stretching of wire R2-R1 l22 - l12

× 100% = 2
× 100%
R1 l1
Cutting of wire
(Area of cross section constant)

l1 l2 l3 R1 ∝ l1 28. If length is increased by 10% then % change in

R is
R2 ∝ l2
R3 ∝ l3

Stretching of wire

29. If length is increased by 20% then % change in R

Before stretching After Stretching is
Volume remains constant
2 2 4 4
R1 l1 A2 r2 d2
= = = =
R2 l2 A1 r1 d1

Note :
1. After stretching if length increases by
n times then resistance increases by n2 30. A Wire of 1 Ω has a length of 1m. It is
times stretched till its length increases by 25%.
R∝ l2 The percentage change in resitance to
2
the nearest integer is
R| ∝ l|
R| ∝ (nl)
2 (1) 76% (2) 56% (3) 12.5 % (4) 25%

R| = n2
R
∴ R| = n2R

13
 31. The length of a given cylindrical wire is 34. A copper wire is stretched to make it 0.5%
increased to double of its original length. longer. The percentage change in its
The percentage increase ith resitance of electrical resitance if its volume remains
the wire will be......................% unchanged is.
(1) 2.0 % (2) 2.5%
(3) 1.0% (4) 0.5%

32. A wire of certain material is stretched

slowly by 10%. Its new resistance and spe-
cific resistance become respectively:
(1) 1.2 times, 1.3 times
(2) 1.21 times, same
(3) both remain the same 35. A wire of resitance R1 is drawn out so that
its length is increased by twice of its orig-
(4) 1.1 times, 1.1 times inal length. The ratio of new resitance to
original resitance is:
(1) 9:1 (2) 1:9
(3) 4:1 (4) 3:1

If change in length <5%

1) % change in R=2 x % change in length

(directly)
2) ×100 change in R=2 x % change in area
(inversely)
3) % change in R=4 x % change in radius
(inversely) 36. The resistance of wire is RΩ. If it is melt-
ed and stretched to n times its original
length, its new resistance will be
R
33. An aluminium wire is stretched to make (1) n (2) n2R
its length, 0.4% larger. Then percentage R
change in resistance is (3) n2 (4) nR

(1) 0.4 % (2) 0.2%

(3) 0.8% (4) 0.6%

14
37. A wire of resitance 4Ω is stretched to
Day 02
twice its original length. The resitance of
stretched wire would be. Variation of resistance with
(1) 4Ω (2) 8Ω temperature
(3) 16Ω (4) 2Ω
Ro → Resistance at temperature 00C

R → Resistance at temperature T0C

R - R0 = α R0 ΔT
ΔR = R0 α ΔT
α → Thermal coefficient of resistance
α depends only on nature of material

R - R0 = R0 α (T-00c)
R - R0 = R0 α T
R = R0 + R0 αT
R = R0 [1+αT]

38. If a wire of resitance R is melted and re- Let resistance at 0° C, t1°C and t2° C be R0, R1
casted to half of its length, then the new and R2 respectively
resistance of the wire will be.
R1 = R0 ( 1 + α t1)
R R
(1) 4 (2) (3) R (4) 2R R2 = R0 ( 1 + α t2)
2
Talking ratio & solving,
Actual Approximate
R2 - R1 R2-R1
α= R α=
t -R2 t1
1 2 R1 (t2-t1)

1. At what temperature will the resistance

of a copper wire become three times its
value at 0ºC (Temperature coefficient of
resistance for copper =4×10-3 per ºC )
(1) 400° C (2) 450° C (3) 500° C (4) 550° C

15
 2. The resistance of platinum wire at 0o C is 5. The temperature coefficient of resistance
2Ω and 6.8Ω at 80o C. The temperature co- for a wire is 0.00125/ ºC. At 300 K its resis-
efficient of resistance of the wire is tance is 1 ohm. The temperature at which
the resistance becomes 2 Ohm is
(1) 3×10-4 OC-1 (2) 3×10-3 OC-1
(1) 1154 K (2) 1100 K (3) 1400 K (4) 1127 K
(3) 3×10-2 OC-1 (4) 3×10-1 OC-1

3. The resistance of of the wire is measured 6. If the resistance of a conductor is 5Ω at

as 2Ω and 3Ω at 10oC and 30oC respective- 50º C and 7Ω at 100º C then the mean
ly. Temperature coefficient of resistance temperature coefficient of resistance of
of the material of the wire is the material is
(1) 0.033o C-1 (2) -0.033o C-1 (1) 0.008/ ºC (2) 0.006/ ºC
(3) 0.011 C
o -1
(4) 0.055 C o -1
(3) 0.004/ º C (4) 0.003/ º C

4. Two different conductors have same resis- 7. A wire has resitance of 3.1 Ω at 30oC and
tance at 0ºC. It is found that the resistance a resistance 4.5 Ω at 100oC. The tempera-
of the first conductor at t1º C is equal to the ture coefficient of resistance of the wire
resistance of the second conductor at t2º C. (1) 0.008 oC-1 (2) 0.0034 oC-1
The ratio of the temperature coefficients of
resistance of the conductors, α1/α2 is (3) 0.0025 oC-1 (4) 0.0012 oC-1

(1) t1/t2 (2) (t2-t1)/t2

(3) (t2 - t1)/t1 (4) t2/t1

16
Equations from graph
8. The resistance of a conductor is 5Ω at 50º
R = R0+ R0 α ΔT C and 6Ω at 100º C. Its resistance at 0º C is

This is similar to y =mx+c comparing 2 equa- (1) 1 ohm (2) 2 ohm

tions:
(3) 3 ohm (4) 4 ohm

R
ΔR
α
R0
ΔT

0°C T°C
9. Resistance of a wire at 20º C is 20Ω and at
C = R0 500º C is 60Ω. At what temperature its re-
sistance is 25Ω
mx = R0 α ΔT
(1) 160º C (2) 250º C
∴ Slope of graph = R0 α
(3) 100º C (4) 80º C
ΔR
Also from graph. tan θ =
ΔT
∴ R0 α = ΔR
ΔT
ie, ΔR =R0 α ΔT
ΔR
or =R α
ΔT 0

From graph,
10. The voltage V and current I graph for a
conductor at two different temperatures
T1 and T2 are shown in the figure. The rela-
R3 tion between T1 and T2 is
(1) T1>T2 (2) T1 ≈ T2 (3) T1=T2 (4) T1<T2
R2

R1 ↑ T1
R0 V

T2
T1 T2 T3

ΔR R2- R1 R3- R2 I
tan θ = R0 α = = = →
ΔT T2-T1 T3-T2

17
 b. Alloys
11. The V-I graph for a conductor at tem-
For alloys α has small positive values. So with
perature T1 and T2 are as shown in the fig. rise in temperature resistance of alloys is al-
The term (T2-T1 ) is proportional to most constant. Further alloy resistances are
slightly higher than the pure metals resistance.
(1) sin 2θ (2) cot 2θ (3) cos 2θ (4) sin2θ
Alloys are used to make standard resistanc-
es, wires of resistance box, potentiometer wire,
meter bridge wire etc.
↑ T2
Commonly used alloys are Constantan, mang-
V
nin, Nichrome etc.
T1
θ Resistivity ρ of nichrome as a function of
absolute temperature T.
θ
O → I

1.20

Resistivity ρ
α= slightly+ve
1.10 Resistance slightly
increase with T

1.00
200 400 600 800
Temperature T(K)
Variation of resistance of some electrical
material with temperature 2. Semiconductors

1. Conductors For semi-conductor α < 0 i.e resistance de-

creases with temperature rise.
a. Metals
Covalent bond breaks liberating more free
For metals their temperature coefficient of re- electron and conduction increases.
sistance α > 0. So resistance increases with
temperature. Temperature dependence of resistivity for a
typical semiconductor.
Resistivity ρ of copper as a function of tem-
perature T
ρ
0.4
Resistivity ρ

α = +ve
0.2 If T ↑, R↑

T
0 50 100 150
α=-ve If T↑,R↓
Temperature T(K)

18
3. Insulators
13. As the temperature increase, the electri-
cal resistance:
ρ
(1) decreases for both conductors and semi-
conductors
α=-ve
(2) increases for conductors but decreases for
semiconductors
(3) decreases for conductors but increase for
semiconductors
T
(4) increases for both conductors and semi-
conductors.

Insulator
Resistivity

Semiconductor

conductor

Temperature
14. The solids which have the negative tem-
perature coefficient of resistance are:
(1) insulators only

12. Which of the following graph represents (2) semiconductors only

the variation of resistivity (ρ) with tem- (3) insulators and semiconductors
perature (T) for copper.
(4) metals
ρ ρ
(1) (2)

T T
ρ
ρ
(3) (4)

15. The resistivity (specific resistance) of a

T T
copper wire
(1) increases with increase in its temperature
(2) decreases with increase in its cross-sec-
tion
(3) increases with increase in its length
(4) increases with increase in its cross-section

19
 16. Si and Cu are cooled to a temperature of 17. Two conductors have the same resistance
300 K, then resistivity? at 0º C but their temperature coefficients
of resistance are α1 and α2. The respective
(1) For Si increases and for Cu decreases
temperature coefficients of their series
(2) For Cu increases and for Si decreases and parallel combinations are nearly
(3) Decreases for both Si and Cu
(1)
α1+α2 , α1+α2 (2)
α1+α2 , α +α
(4) Increases for both Si and Cu 2 2 2 1 2

α + α2 α1 α2
(3) α1+α2, 1 4) α1+α2,
2 α1+α2

colour coding of resistance

1st Digit Tolerance

Equivalent temperature coefficient of 2 Digit
nd Gold = 5%
Silver = 10%
resistance in series and parallel Multipier None = 20%

Colour Digit Multiplier

Series Black 0 100 (1)
R01 R02 Brown 1 101
A B
Red 2 102

α1 R01+ α2 R02 Orange 3 103

αs=
R01 + R02 Yellow 4 104
If R01 = R02 R01 and R02 are Green 5 105
resistances at 0oC
α1 + α2 Blue 6 106
αs =
2 Violet 7 107
Parallel Grey 8 108
I1 R01
White 9 109
I
Tolerance
I2 R02
If R01 = R02 5% 10% 20%
α1 + α2
αp= Gold Silver No Stripe
2
BBROY of Great Britain had a Very Good Wife

20
18. Resistance of a carbon resistor deter- 21. The colour coding on a carbon resistor is
mined from colour codes is (22000±5%)Ω. shown in the given figure. The resistance
value of the given resistor is :
The colour of third band must be
(1) Red (2) Orange
Gold
(3) Green (4) Yellow Red
Green
Violet

(1) (5700±285)Ω (2) (7500±750)Ω

(3) (5700±375)Ω (4) (7500±375)Ω

19. The color code of a resistance is given be-

low
22. A 200Ω resistor has a certain color code. If
one replaces the red color by green in the
Yellow Violet Brown Gold code, the new resistance will be :
The values of resistance and tolerance, re- (1) 100Ω (2) 400Ω (3) 300Ω (4) 500Ω
spectively, are
(1) 47kΩ, 10% (3) 470Ω, 5%
(2) 4.7kΩ, 5% (4) 470kΩ, 5%

20. A carbon resistor of (47±4.7)kΩ is to be 23. Consider four conducting materials cop-
marked with rings of different colours for per, tungsten, mercury and aluminium
its identification. The colour code sequence with resistivity ρC, ρT, ρM and ρA respectively.
will be Then :
(1) Violet - Yellow - Orange - Silver (1) ρC>ρA>ρT (2) ρM>ρA>ρC
(2) Yellow - Violet - Orange - Silver (3) ρA>ρT>ρC. (4) ρA>ρM>ρC
(3) Green - Orange - Violet - Gold
(4) Yellow - Green - Violet - Gold

21
 Material Resistivity, ρ
If n resistors of resistance, R are connected in
(Ωm) at 0º C series then, Rs = R + R + R +....
Conductors RS = nR
Silver 1.6×10-8
Copper 1.7×10-8
Aluminium 2.7×10-8
parallel
Tungsten 5.6×10-8
Iron 10×10-8 V R1
Platinum 11×10-8
I1
Mercury 98×10-8
Nichrome -100×10-8 V R2
(alloy of Ni, Fe, Cr)
I2
Manganin (alloy) 48×10-8
Semiconductors V
R3
Carbon (graphite) 3.5×10-5
I3
Germanium 0.46
Silicon 2300 Voltage is constant current splits
Insulators I = I1 + I2 + I3
Pure Water 2.5×10 5
V V V V
Glass 1010-1014 = + +
R R1 R2 R3
Hard Rubber 1013-1016 1 1 1 1
= + +
NaCl ∼1014 R R1 R2 R3
Fused Guartz ∼1016 For 2 resistances
1 1 1
= +
R R1 R2
Grouping of resistance R1 R2
R=
R1 + R2
Series If n resistors of resistance R is connected in
parallel then,
R1 R2 R3
R

I V1 V2 V3 R

Current is constant
1 1 1 1
Voltage is divided = + + + .........
Reff R R R
V = V1 + V2 + V3
1 n
IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 =
Reff R
R
∴ R = R1 + R2 + R3 Reff =
n

22
Shortcut for parallel
26. Two resistances R1 and R2 given. It gives an
R1 R2 Big one Big one
Reff = → Reff = ;n= equivalent resistance of 10Ω when con-
R1+R2 n+1 small one nected in parallel. Which of the following
Rs → Bigger than largest value of cannot be the value of R1
R1 resistances
(1) 12Ω (3) 18Ω (2) 14Ω (4) 4Ω
R2 Rp → Lower than smallest value of
resistances

24. Lamps used for household lighting are

connected in
(1) series
(2) parallel
(3) mixed circuit
(4) none of the above combinations
27. There are n similar conductors, each of
resistance R. The resultant resistance
comes out to be x when connected in par-
allel. If they are connected in series the re-
sistance comes out to be
(1) x/n2 (2) n2 x (3) x/n (4) nx

25. A wire of resistance R is cut into ‘n‘ equal

parts. These parts are then connected in
parallel. The equivalent resistance of the
combination will be
R
(1) nR (2) R/n (3) n/R (4)n2 28. A set of n identical resistors, each of re-
sistance R ohm, when connected in series
has an effective resistance of x ohm. When
the resistors are connected in parallel, the
effective resistance is y ohm. What is the
relation between R, x and y ?
xy
(1) R= x+y (2) R=(y-x) (3) R=√xy (4) R=(x+y)

23
 29. The current in the following circuit is 32. If you are provided a set of resistances
2Ω,4Ω,6Ω and 8Ω. Connect these resis-
(1) 1A tances so as to obtain an equivalent re-
2 A sistance of 46/3 Ω.
(2) 3 A
2V 3Ω 3Ω (1) 4Ω and 6Ω are in parallel with 2Ω and 8Ω in
2
(3) 9 A series
C
1 I B 3Ω (2) 6Ω and 8Ω are in parallel with 2Ω and 4Ω
(4) 8 A
in series
(3) 2Ω and 6Ω are in parallel with 4Ω and 8Ω
in series
(4) 2Ω and 4Ω are in parallel with 6Ω and 8Ω
in series

30. Find the equivalent resistance across AB

(1) 1Ω (2) 2Ω (3) 3Ω (4) 4Ω

A
2Ω
2Ω
2Ω
2Ω
2Ω

33. A square shaped wire with resistance of

each side 3Ω is bent to form a complete
circle. The resistance between two dia-
metrically opposite points of the circle in
unit of Ω will be

31. The current (I) in the given circuit is

(1) 1.6 A
I
(2) 2.0 A B

(3) 0.32 A 4.8V RA=3Ω RB=3Ω

(4) 3.2 A C
A R =6Ω
C

24
34. A wire of resistance R is bent to form a 36. In the figure shown, what is the current (in
square ABCD as shown in the figure. The Ampere) drawn from the battery? You are
effective resistance between E and C is: given :
( E is mid-point of arm CD )
(R1=15Ω, R2=10Ω, R3=20Ω, R4=5Ω, R5=25Ω,
A B R6=30Ω, E=15V)

R1 R3
+
E R2 R6
-

R4 R5
C E C
(1) 13/24 (2) 7/18 (3) 9/32 (4) 20/3
(1) R (2) (7/64)R (3) (3/4)R (4) (1/16)R

37. The equivalent resistance of the arrange-

ment of resistances shown in adjoining
35. What will be the equivalent resistance be-
figure between the points A and B is
tween the two points A and D
8Ω

10Ω 10Ω 10Ω 16Ω 20Ω

A B
16Ω

10Ω 10Ω
A B
9Ω
C D 6Ω
10Ω 10Ω 10Ω
18Ω
18Ω
(1) 10Ω (2) 20Ω (3) 30Ω (4) 40Ω
(1) 6 ohm (2) 8 ohm (3) 16 ohm (4) 24 ohm

25
38. The equivalent resistance of the given cir- 40. What is the equivalent resistance be-
cuit between the terminals A and B is : tween A and B
2Ω 2Ω
A

A 2R 2R R B
5Ω 2Ω 3Ω 3Ω

B
(1) (2/3) R (2) (3/2) R (3) R/2 (4) 2R
(1) 0Ω (2) 3Ω (3) 9/2 Ω (4) 1Ω

Point potential method

Current passing through a resistor

I R 41. Find effective resistance between A and B

VA VB
I

If current passes through a resistance then B

one side will be at higher potential and other A R R R R R R R
side is at lower potential

In electrical circuits two points directly con-

nected by conducting wire / path must be at
same potential
Here
VA-VB =I×R
= I×0
VA - VB = 0 A I B
(R = 0)
ie VA = VB
42. Find effective resistance between A and B

A R

39. Find equivalent resistance between A and

B

B R

A R R R R R B

26
43. Find effective resistance between A and B 46. The total current supplied to the circuit by
R the battery is
A

R R
2Ω
B
6V
6Ω
R 3Ω

1.5Ω

(1) 4 A (2) 2 A (3) 1A (4) 6 A

44. Find effective resistance between A and B

A
R
R
R R

B
R

47. Equivalent resistance between the points

A and B is (in Ω )

A 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω B

45. Find effective resistance between A and B

1 1 1 1
(1) (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
5 4 3 2
R

R A R
B
R

27
 Case I
48. The equivalent resistance between points
a and b of a network shown in the figure is
given by
49. Calculate current in each resistor?
R
R b
2Ω
a
R
R

2Ω 2Ω
3 4 5 4
(1) R (2) R (3) R (4) R
4 3 4 5 2Ω

3A

2Ω 2Ω

18 V

Current divider rule

Current Divider Rule

current is divided in case of parallel combi-

nation for parallel combination,

I1 R1

I2 R2

V= constant 1
ie I
IR= constant R

R2
I1 = I
R1+ R2

R1
I2 = I
R1+ R2

28
 Case Ii
50. For the resistor network shown in figure,
the potential drop between a and b is 12 V.
51. 12Ω

4Ω
5Ω
1A
2Ω

2Ω 2Ω

4Ω
4A
a b

8Ω

32 V

4Ω
8Ω
(a) Current through resistance of 8Ω is ..........

29
 52. Find the potential difference between M 54. In the circuit shown in Fig, the current in
and N 4Ω resistance is 1.2A. What is the potential
4Ω
1A
difference between B and C.

3Ω
i1 4Ω

P M
A 2Ω i
8Ω
I
0.5 Ω N
B
1Ω
i2 4Ω
C
0.5 Ω

(1) 3.6 volt (2) 6.3 volt

(3) 1.8 volt (4) 2.4 volt

53. Three resistors having resistances r1, r2

and r3 are connected as shown in the
given circuit. The ratio i3/i1 of currents in
55. Current through 3Ω resistor is 0.8 A., then
terms of resistances used in the circuit is
potential drop through 4Ω resistor is
i2 r2 3Ω

r1 4Ω
6Ω
A i1 B

i3 r3
+ -
r2 r1
(1) r +r (2) r +r
1 3 2 3
(1) 9.6 V (2) 2.6 V (3) 4.8 V (4) 1.2 V
r2 r2
(3) r +r (4) r +r
2 3 1 2

30
56. In the figure given, the electric current
flowing through the 5kΩ resistor is x mA. 58. A battery of e.m.f. 10 V is connected to re-
sistance as shown in figure. The potential
3kΩ difference VA-VB between the points A and
B is
5 kΩ 3kΩ
(1) -2 V (2) 2 V (4) 5 V (3) 20/11 V
3kΩ
1Ω A 3Ω

3Ω

3Ω B 1Ω
21 V, 1kΩ
10V

The value of x to the nearest integer is ........

59. The current I1 (in A ) flowing through 1Ω re-

sistor in the following circuit is:
l1 1Ω
2Ω
1Ω

57. A current of 2 A flows in a system of con- 2Ω

ductors as shown. The potential differ-
ence (VA-VB ) will be 1V
(1) +2 V (2) +1V (3) -1 V (4) -2V
A (1) 0.4 (2) 0.5 (3) 0.2 (4) 0.25

2Ω 3Ω

2A
D C

3Ω 2Ω Voltage Divider Rule

B
Voltage splits for series combination

V1=IR1 V2=IR2 V3=IR3

V×R1
V1=
R1+R2+R3
R1 R2 R3
V×R2
V2=
R1+R2+R3
V×R3
V3= V
R1+R2+R3

31
 60. A voltmeter of a very high resistance is
joined in the circuit as shown in figure. The
voltage shown by this voltmeter will be
10 V
(1) 6 V
(2) 5 V V 6Ω

(3) 2.5 V 8Ω

(4) 3 V
8Ω
63. The reading of the ammeter as per figure
shown is 2Ω

(1) 1/8 A 2V
2Ω
A
(2) 3/4 A
2Ω

(3) 1/2 A
2Ω
(4) 2 A

61. In circuit shown below, the resistances are

given in ohm and the battery is assumed
ideal with emf equal to 3 volt. The voltage
across the resistance R4 is
(1) 0.4 V 50 Ω

(2) 0.6 V +
R1
60 Ω R4 30 Ω
R3
3V
(3) 1.2 V - 50 Ω R2
R5 30 Ω

(4) 1.5 V 64. The voltage across the 10Ω resistor in the
given circuit is x volt.
50Ω

10Ω 20Ω

170V

The value ‘ x ‘ to the nearest integer is……..

62. In the circuit, the potential difference

across PQ will be nearest to
(1) 9.6 V 100 Ω

(2) 6.6 V
48 V
80 Ω
(3) 4.8 V 100 Ω
Q
20 Ω
(4) 3.2 V P

32
GEOMETRICAL DIAGRAM
67. A uniform thin constant wire of resistance
Circle formed by wire having resistance per ‘ R ‘ is bent like a circle. P and Q are two
unit length =r points on the wire such that the arc PQ
subtends an angle θ at the centre. Effec-
θ1 θ2 tive resistance between P and Q is
Reff =ra θ2
θ1+ θ2
(1) (Rθ/4π)(π-θ) (2) Rθ/(π+8)
a
θ1 (3) (Rθ/2π2 )(2π-θ) (4) [Rθ/(4π2 )](2π-θ)
l1 l2
Reff = r
l1+ l2

If resistance of wire forming circle is R

R = r x 2πa

R θ1 θ2
Reff =
2π 1+ θ2
θ

65. A wire having resistance / length 1Ω/cm is

used to form circle of radius 1 cm. Calcu-
late equivalent resistance between A and
B

68. A ring is made of a wire having a resis-

60° tance R0=12Ω. Find the points A and B as
shown in figure at which a current car-
A B rying conductor should be connected so
that the resistance R of the sub circuit be-
tween these points is equal to 8 /3 Ω.
l1
l1 3 l1 1
(1) l = 8 (2) l = 2
2 2 A
B
l1 5 l1 1
(3) l = 8 (4) l = 3
2 2

66. As shown in the diagram resistance / l2

length = πΩ/cm
Calculate equivalent resistance between
A and B.

A B
a=1cm a=1cm

33
 69. A wire is bent in the form of circle of radi-
Day 03
us 2m. Resistance per unit length of wire is
1/π Ω/m. Battery of 6V is connected be-
o
tween A and B.AOB= 90 . Find the current KirchHoff’s Law
through the battery

B Kirchhoff’s Law
o

A
Kirchhoff’s Current Law Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
KCL KVL
6V

(1) 8 A (2) 4A (3) 3A (4) 9A

Junction Rule/KIRCHOFF’S LAW
Junction rule: At any junction, the sum of the
currents entering the junction is equal to the
sum of currents leaving the junction.

I6
I1
I5

I2 I4
I3
70. A metal wire of resistance 3Ω is elongat-
ed to make a uniform wire of double its
previous length. This new wire is now bent Σ I= 0
and the ends joined to make a circle. If two
points on the circle make an angle 60º at Σ Iin = Σ Iout
the centre, the equivalent resistance be-
tween these two points will be:
This is based on law of conservation of
charge
(1) 12/5 Ω (2) 5/2 Ω (3) 5/3 Ω (4) 7/2 Ω

1. The current in the arm CD of the circuit

will be B

(1) i1 + i2
i2
(2) i2 + i3 O
i1
i3

(3) i1 + i3
(4) i1 - i2 + i3 C

34
 Example:
2. The value of I in the figure shown is E1 E2
R1 I I
A
20 A 4A R2 R3 B
VA - VB =
5A
20V 30V 40V 50V 60V
I A B
3A

(1) 19 A (2) 21 A (3) 8 A (4) 4 A VA - VB =

3.The potential difference between A and B

Kirchhoff’s Law - Loop Rule in the following figure is
4V
Loop rule: The algebraic sum of changes in 6Ω
A
potential around any closed loop involving 2A 9Ω 5Ω B
resistors and cells in the loop is zero. 12 V

(1) 24 V (2) 14 V (3) 32 V (4) 48 V

Open loop

KVL Single loop multiple

battery

Multiple loop multiple 4. The potential difference (VA-VB) between

battery the points A and B in the given figure is
3V
VA 2Ω 1Ω VB
Open Circuit
A I= 2A B

1 A B VA - VB = - E
(1) +6V (2) +9V (3) -3V (4) +3V

2 A B VA - VB = + E

I R
3 A B V A - V B = IR
R
4 A B VA - VB = -IR
I

35
5. In the part of a circuit shown in figure, the 7. In the electric network shown, when no
potential difference (VG - VH) between current flows through the 4Ω resistor
points G and H will be in the arm EB, the potential difference
between the points A and D will be
G 2A 1A 2Ω
F E D
4Ω 5V 2V
2Ω 4Ω
2Ω R
3V 4V
1Ω
H 3A A B C
9V 3V

(1) 0 V (2) 15 V (3) 7 V (4) 3 V (1) 3 V (2) 4 V (3) 5 V (4) 6 V

closed loop
Kirchhoff’s Law - LOOP RULE
Loop rule: The algebraic sum of changes in
potential around any closed loop involving
6. In the circuit shown in the figure, if the resistors and cells in the loop is zero
potential at point A is taken to be zero,
the potential at point B is
D 2V
B
E1 E2 R E3
1A
2Ω 2A
R2 I

A
1V C 2A

(1) -2 V (2) +1 V (3) -1 V (4) +2 V ahdefga

30Ω h

I1

I3 40Ω b 1Ω C d
a
45V

I2 20Ω
1Ω
g f e
I2
80V

36
 9. Find VAB = ?
5V 3V 1Ω
A

1Ω
10 V
ahdeba 5V
5V
30Ω h
1Ω
B
I1 6 V 1Ω 3 V 1Ω

I3 40Ω b 1Ω C d
a
45V

I2 20Ω
1Ω
g f e
I2
80V

10. Two batteries of emf 4 V and 8 V with

internal resistance 1Ω and 2Ω are con-
nected in a circuit with a resistance
of 9Ω as shown in figure. The current
and potential difference between the
points P and Q are

1Ω 4V 8V 2Ω
P Q
r1 r2
8. See the electrical circuit shown in this fig-
ure. Which of the following equations is a
correct equation for it 9Ω
R
(1) ε1 - (i1 + i2) R - i1r1 = 0 R
(2) ε2 - i2 r2 - ε1 - i1r1 = 0 1 1
i1 ε1 r1 (1) A and 3 V (2) A and 4 V
3 6
(3) -ε2 - (i1 + r2)R + i2r2 = 0 1 1
i2 (3) A and 9 V (4) A and 12 V
(4) ε2 - (i1 + r2)R + i2r2 = 0 9 12
r2 ε2

37
 11. Three batteries of emf 1 V and internal 13. Potential difference between A and B
resistance 1Ω each are connected as in the following circuit
shown. Effective emf of the combina- A B
tion between the points P and Q is
6V 2Ω 4V 8Ω
P

1Ω 1Ω
(1) 4 V (2) 5.6 V (3) 2.8 V (4) 6V
1V 1V

Q 1Ω 1V R
2
(1) zero (2) 1 V (3) 2 V (4) 3 V

12. The magnitude and direction of the 14. In the figure shown below, the terminal
current in the following circuit is voltage across E2 is
10 V 5 V 8V, 1Ω 12V, 2Ω
2Ω 1Ω
A B
E E1 E2

D C 9Ω
7Ω
(1) 0.2A from B to A through E
(1) 12 V (2) 12.66 V (3) 11.34 V (4) 11.66 V
(2) 0.5A from A to B through E
(3) 5/9 A from A to B through E
(4) 1.5 A from B to A through E

38
 Branch without resistance
1 Same polarity E1 R1
multiple loop multiple battery

Different E2
2 A B
(Millman’s Theorem)

polarity
E3 R2
Branch
3 without battery
Mixed
2Ω

Branch without 10V

4 resistance 2Ω
2Ω
10V 2Ω
2Ω
10V
10V
2Ω 10V
Mixed
5 Combination

multiple loop multiple battery

(Millman’s Theorem)
Same
1Ω 1V
M 1. Same Polarity
1Ω I2 2V
A B +E1 r1

1Ω 3V I1
N +E2 r2

Different Polarity I2
+E3 r3
E1 R1
I3
E2 R2
E1 E2 E3
+ +
r1 r2 r3
E3 R3 V=
1 1 1
+ +
r1 r2 r3
Branch without battery
E1 r1 E1-V
I1=
r1
E2 r2 E2-V
I2=
r2
E3-V
I3=
r3
r3

39
 15. Find common potential and current I2 16. Find the current in each wire.
1Ω E 2Ω
1Ω 1V F D

M 14 V
2Ω
1Ω I2 2V 10V
A B 30V
1Ω
1Ω 3V
N A B C

3. without battery

17. Calculate the value of the electric cur-

rents I1, I2, and I3 in the given electrical
network.
I1 P I3
I2
3Ω 5Ω
2Ω

6V 12V
2. Different polarity
Q

E1 E2 E3 (a) I1 = (b) I2 = (c) I3 =

- +
E1 R1 r1 r2 r3
V=
1 1 1
+ +
r1 r2 r3
E2 R2

E1-V E3-V
E3 R3 I1= I3=
r1 r3
E2-V
I2=
r2

40
 8 9
18. The values of the currents I1, I2, and I3 (1) A (2) A
3 13
flowing through the circuit given below
is 4 1
+ - (3) A (4) A
e f 13 3
14V

4Ω I2
I1
- +
b c
10 V 6Ω
I3
a d
2Ω

(1) I1 = -3 A, I2 = 2 A,I3 = - 1 A
(2) I1 = 2 A, I2 = -3 A, I3 = -1 A
(3) I1 = 3 A, I2 = -1 A, I3 = -2 A
(4) I1 = 1 A, I2 = -3 A, I3 = -2

20. In the circuit shown below E1 =4.0 V,R1 =

2Ω,E2 = 6.0 V, R2 = 4Ω and R3 = 2Ω. The cur-
rent I1 is
R1 = 2Ω

E1 = 4V
I1
R3 = 2Ω

I2
R2 = 4Ω

E2 = 6V
(a) 1.6 A (b) 1.8 A
(c) 1.25 A (d) 1.0 A

19. In the circuit shown, the current through

the 5Ω resistor is

2V
2Ω
+ -

+ -

2V 2Ω

5Ω

41
 21. In the circuit shown, the current in the 1Ω 22. In the circuit shown here, E1=E2=E3=2V
resistor is and R1 = R2 = 4ohm. The current flowing
between points A and B through battery
6V P 2Ω E2 is
E1 R1

1Ω 9V
E2
A B

3Ω Q 3Ω
R2

(1) 0.13 A, from Q to P

E3
(2) 0.13 A, from P to Q
(1) Zero
(3) 0.3 A, from P to Q
(2) 2 A from A to B
(4) 0 A
(3) 2 A from B to A
(4) None of the above

23. In the circuit shown, current through 25 V

cell is

10V 5V 20V 30V 25V

5Ω 11Ω
Branch without resistance 5Ω 10Ω

(1) 7.2 A (2) 10 A

E1 r1 I1
V= +E3 (3) 12 A (4) 14.2 A

E1 -V E1 -E3
I1= =
I2 r1 r1
E2 r2
E2-E3
I2=
r2
I3 I1 + I2 + I3 + = 0
E3
This can be solved
to get I3

42
Branch without battery
(WITHOUT MILLMAN’S THEORY) 24. Ex : 1
12V
r1
Same Polarity E1 6Ω

3Ω
R -3V

2Ω
6V

Find out current in 2Ω, 3Ω and 6Ω

Enet E2 r2
I=R+r
r1
net
E1
E1r2 + E2r1
r1 + r2
=
r1 r2
R+ r + r
1 2 E2 r2

R
Different Polarity

Enet r1
E1
I=R+r
net

R
E1r2 - E2r1
r1 + r2
25. In the given network potential at O
= r1 r2
R+ r + r B
1 2
E2 r2 4V
A o 4Ω
8V 2Ω
Junction Law 2Ω 2V
C
V1 V2
(1) 4 V (2) 3 V (3) 6 V (4) 4.8 V
R1 V
R2 ∑
R
V V=
R5 1
V3 ∑
V5 R3 R
R4

V4

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
+ + + +
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
V=
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

43
cell Potential difference between +Ve and -Ve ter-
minal of cell is named Terminal voltage
Electric cell is the device which provides con-
stant potential difference V=VA - VB = E-Ir
In electric cell - chemical energy is converted
into electric energy V = E - Ir

R D TPD or Terminal EMF Potential

C I I
voltage drop

I P N I 1. When current is drawn from cell (Dis-

charging of cell)

A E r
B
Electrolyte

A R I B

TPD < Emf

Electromotive Force of Cell (E)
E
If the cell is in open circuit or if no current is V = E - Ir =IR ⇒ I =
(R+r)
drawn from cell then potential difference be-
tween terminals of cell represents emf of cell
E
So, V= R
(R+r)
E r E
Potential drop = Ir = r
A B (R+r)

2. When current is given to cell(charging of cell)

here I = 0
VA - VB = E - Ir V = VA- VB= E + Ir
VA - VB = E
TPD > EMF
E = electromotive force
+ -
r = internal resistance
E
VA - VB = Terminal voltage or r
Terminal potential difference A I B

3. When cell is in open circuit

Terminal Voltage (V)/TPD
here I=0
E r
A B TPD=E
A B
V=E
High potential electrode of cell is named
In this case
positive terminal and low potential electrode
V=Vmax
of cell is named negative terminal of cell

44
 4. When cell is short circuited factors Affecting Internal Resistance
E r
A B Internal Resistance depends on
(1) Surface area of electrode dipped in elec-
trolyte. (inversely)
I (2) Distance between electrodes (directly)
I = Imax
(3) Concentration of electrolytes (directly)
E
Imax =
r (4) Temperature of electrolyte (inversely)
TPD = 0

V vs I graph V
vmax = E
E 26. When current is drawn from the cell
then its terminal voltage varies with
drawn current as shown. Calculate emf
Slope of graph =-r
and internal resistance of the cell
y intercept =E
V

Imax= E
I
r 3
V=E-Ir (Closed Circuit)

5 I

Internal Resistance
Opposition of flow of ions inside the cell is named
internal resistance of the cell

R D
C I I
27. A cell of e.m.f E is connected with an ex-
I P N I ternal resistance R, and the p.d. across
cell is V. The internal resistance of cell
will be
A
(E-V)R (E-V)R
B (1) (2)
E V
(V-E)R (V-E)R
(3) (4)
V E

E-V
r= R
V

45
 28. The internal resistance of a 7.2 V cell which 31. When current of 4 A drawn from a cell then
gives a current of 0.3 A through a resis- its terminal voltage is 20 V. If current of 1A
tance of 20Ω is is given to same cell then terminal voltage
of cell is 25V. Calculate the internal resis-
(1) 2Ω (2) 4Ω (3) 12Ω (4) 8Ω
tance and emf of the cell.

29. When an external resistance of 18Ω is

connected across cell then potential drop
across external resistance is 90% of emf
of cell. Calculate the internal resistance of
the cell

32. The emf of a cell is ε and its internal resis-

tances is r. Its terminals are connected to a
resistance R. The potential difference be-
tween the terminal is 1.6 V for R=4Ω, and 1.8
V for R = 9Ω. Then

(1) ε = 1 V, r = 1Ω (2) ε = 2 V, r = 1Ω

(3) ε = 2 V, r = 2Ω (4) ε = 2.5 V, r = 0.5Ω

30. A primary cell has an e.m.f of 1.8 volt. When

short-circuited, it gives a current of 4 am-
pere. The internal resistance of the cell is
(1) 4.5 ohm (2) 2 ohm
(3) 0.45 ohm (4) 1/4.5 ohm

46
 34. A student measures the terminal potential 35. The maximum power drawn out of the cell
difference (V) of a cell (of emf E and internal from a source is given by (where r is inter-
resistance r ) as a function of the current (I) nal resistance)
flowing through it. The slope, and intercept,
of the graph between V and I, then, respec- E2 E2 E2 E2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
tively, equal 2r 4r r 3r
(1) E and -r (2) -r and E
(3) r and -E (4) -E and r

36. When an electric cell is used separately

with external resistance of R1 and R2 then it
delivers same power across these resis-
tance. Calculate the internal resistance of
Electric power delivered by cell during the cell.
withdrawal of current from cell

E r
A B

V COMBINATION OF ELECTRIC CELL

V
Series combination
R Anode of one cell is connected to cathode of
ER
2 other cell and so on.
P = VI =
(R+r)2
E E E E
r r r r
Maximum power
I R
↑
P
E2 Enet rnet
If R = r
P = Pmax 4r
E2

Pmax = I
4r
R
R=r R→

47
 1. Enet = nE
39. n identical cells, each of emf ε and inter-
2. rnet = nr
nal resistance r, are joined in series to form
Enet E a closed circuit. One cell (A) is joined with
3. I=r +R =
net nr+R reversed polarity. The potential difference
across each cell, except A, is
4. P = I2 R 2ε n-1 n-2 2n
(1) (2) ε (3) ε (4) ε
5. Pmax = nr = R n n n n-2
nE2
= 4r

Reversing Polarity

If p cells are reversed

Enet = (n-2p)E

37. 100 identical cells, emf of each 4volt are kept 40. In the previous question, the potential dif-
in box in series combination, if net emf across ference across A is
the box is 360 volt then calculate number of 1
cells with reversed polarity in the box. 2ε
(1) (2) ε 1-
n n
1 n-2
(3) 2ε 1- (4) ε
n n

38. n identical cells, each of emf ε and inter-

nal resistance r, are joined in series to form
a closed circuit. The potential difference 41. n identical cells emf of each E and internal
across any one cell is resistance of each r are connected in series
(1) zero (2) ε such that 2 cells out of them are with re-
versed polarity. Calculate terminal voltage
ε n-1
ε of either cell with reverse polarity
(3) (4)
n n

48
 E E1 E2 E3 ... En
42. Two cells of equal emf and of internal re- ∑ + + +
sistances r1 and r2 (r1 > r2 ) are connected in r r1 r2 r3 rn
Enet = =
series. On connecting this combination to 1 1 1 1 ... 1
∑ + + +
an external resistance R, it is observed that r r1 r2 r3 rn
the potential difference across the first cell
becomes zero. The value of R will be
Enet
(1) r1 + r2 (2) r1 - r2 I=
rnet + R
r1 +r2 r r
(3) (4) 1 - 2
2 2

For identical cells

E r

E r

E r

43. An electric cell of emf 20 volt and internal

resistance 2Ω is being charged by source R
of 100 volt using resistance of 38Ω in series.
Calculate terminal voltage of cell Enet = E
r
rnet =
n
E nE
I= r = nR + r
n +R

For 2 cells
Parallel combination E2
r2
E2
r2

In parallel grouping all anodes are connect- r1 r1

E1 E1
ed at one point and all cathodes are con- I I
nected together at other point.
R R
E1 r1
r2 E1 E2
E2 Enet rnet +
r1 r2
Enet =
E3 r3 1 1
+
r1 r2

E1 r2 + E2 r1 E1 r2 - E2 r1
= Enet =
r1 + r2 r1 + r2
Enet r1 r2 r1 r2
I=
rnet + R rnet = rnet =
r1+r2 r1+r2

49
Power dissipated in the circuit
44.The n rows each containing m cells in series
are joined in parallel. Maximum current is
2 taken from this combination across an ex-
Enet
I R=
2 R ternal resistance of 3Ω resistance. If the to-
rnet + R
tal number of cells used are 24 and internal
resistance of each cell is 0.5Ω then
nE
2
(1) m = 8, n = 3 (2) m = 12, n = 2
For identical, P = R
r + nR (3) m = 6, n = 4 (4) m = 2, n = 12

r
Conditions for maximum power R= n

E2 (Enet)2
Maximum power - =
4r 4rnet 2

Mixed grouping
If n identical cells are connected in a row and
such m rows are connected in as shown 45. In a mixed grouping of identical cells 5
rows are connected in parallel by each row
E r E r E r
contain 10 cells. This combination send
a current i through external resistance of
E r E r E r 20Ω. If the emf and internal resistance of
each cell is 1.5 volt and IΩ respectively then
the value of i is
m E r E r E r
I

nE mnE
I = nr =
nr+mR
m +R

Power dissipated in the circuit

2
mnE
=I R=
2 R
nr + mR

Conditions for maximum power/

maximum current
nr
R=
m

50
51