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    hw1 Mathematical

    Uploaded by

    Ankit kumar

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    hw1 Mathematical

    Uploaded by

    Ankit kumar
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    hw1_mathematical

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    hw1 Mathematical

    Uploaded by

    Ankit kumar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 3

    Department of Physics, IIT-Kanpur

    Instructor: Tarun Kanti Ghosh Math methods-I (PHY421) AY 2024-25, I-SEM


    Homework-1

     
    eik·r
    1. (a) Evaluate (i) ∇eik·r , (ii) ∇ |r|
    and (iii) ∇ cos(k · r).
    (b) Evaluate (i) ∇ · (a eik·r ) and (ii) ∇ × (a eik·r ).
    e−λr
       
    1
    (c) Evaluate (i) ∇2 |r|
    and (ii) ∇2 |r|
    .
    Here a and k are constant vectors. Also, λ is a constant.

    2. Show that the gradient operator in spherical coordinates is


    ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂
    ∇ = r̂ + θ̂ + ϕ̂ .
    ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ

    ∂ ∂
    Calculate ∇ · (∇f ) = ∇2 f . Note: The partial derivatives ∂θ and ∂ϕ
    in the left-hand ∇
    operator act on the unit vectors r̂, θ̂, ϕ̂ of right-hand ∇ operator.

    3. Show that the angular momentum operator L = −ih̄[r × ∇] in spherical coordinates is


    h 1 ∂ ∂i
    L = −ih̄ − θ̂ + ϕ̂ .
    sin θ ∂ϕ ∂θ
    Obtain the form of L at the equator from the above expression.

    4. The kinetic momentum of a particle with charge q > 0 and mass m in presence of the
    magnetic field B = ∇×A is Π = (−ih̄∇−qA). Here A is the vector potential corresponding
    to the magnetic field B.
    (a) Show that Π × Π = ih̄qB and the commutator [Πx , Πy ] = ih̄qB, without choosing any
    specific form of the vector potential.
    (b1) Find a symmetric form of A for B = B ẑ. Check that A is divergenceless.
    (b2) Calculate the line integral rr12 A · dr along the straight line joining between r1 and r2
    R

    points and show that its value is the magnetic flux passing through the triangle spanned by
    the vectors r1 = x1 î + y1 ĵ, r2 = x2 î + y2 ĵ and r2 − r1 .

    (b3) Show that

    Π2 Π·Π h̄2 2 qB q2B 2 2


    H= = =− ∇ − Lz + (x + y 2 )
    2m 2m 2m 2m 8m
    ∂ ∂
    with Lz = −ih̄(x ∂y − y ∂x ) is the angular momentum operator.

    5. Sketch the following functons:


    sin(x/ϵ) ϵ/π
    (i) lim tanh(x/ϵ), (ii) lim , (iii) lim 2 .
    ϵ→0 ϵ→0 πx ϵ→0 x + ϵ2

    1
    6. Sketch the Fermi-Dirac distribution function and its derivative:
    1
    f (E) = lim ,
    T →0 e(E−µ)/T +1
    where µ is a real constant. Express f (E) in terms of the unit step function as T → 0.
    Express f ′ (E) = ∂f∂E
    (E)
    in terms of the Dirac delta function as T → 0.

    7. Evaluate the following integral:

    d3 k h̄2 k 2
    Z !
    D(E) = δ E − .
    V (2π)3 2m
    q
    Here k = kx2 + ky2 + kz2 is three-dimensional wavevector. The final result will give you the
    density of states of a free electron with mass m.

    8. Evaluate the following integral:

    d2 k h̄2 k 2
    Z !
    D(E) = δ E − − αk .
    S (2π)2 2m
    q
    Here α is a constant having suitable dimension and k = kx2 + ky2 is two-dimensional
    wavevector.

    9. Find the points xn , the range of values of the summation index n and the coefficients cn in
    the following expansion X
    δ(sin x − cos x) = cn δ(x − xn ). (1)
    n

    Evaluate the following integral:


    Z ∞
    dx e−|x| δ(sin x).
    −∞

    10. Show that !


    r̂
    ∇· 2 = 4πδ 3 (r).
    r

    Evaluate the following volume integral using (i) direct integration and (ii) using the above
    result: !
    Z
    −r
    h r̂ i
    J= e ∇ · 2 dτ,
    V r
    where V is a sphere of radius R, centered at origin. Try to undestand role of the auxiliary
    function e−r in the integrand.
    [Hints: In direct integration, use ∇·(f A) = f ∇·A+A·∇f and Gauss divergence theorem.
    Here f ≡ f (r) is a scaler funtion.]

    11. Show that !


    ϕ̂
    ∇× = 2πδ 2 (ρ),
    ρ
    with ρ = xî + y ĵ.

    2
    Evaluate the following surface integral using (i) direct integration and (ii) using the above
    reult: !
    Z
    −ρ
    h ϕ̂ i
    J = e ∇× · da,
    S ρ
    where S is a circular disk of radius R, centered at origin. Try to undestand role of the
    auxiliary function e−ρ in the integrand.
    [Hints: In direct integration, use ∇ × (f A) = ∇f · A + f ∇ × A and Stokes theorem.]

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