Calculus 1.

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Contents
Section Topic
1.2 Review of Algebra and Trigonometry ........................................................................1
1.3 The Limit of a Function ...........................................................................................11
1.4 Calculating Limits....................................................................................................15
1.5 Continuity ................................................................................................................21
1.6 Limits Involving Infinity ..........................................................................................25
2.1 Derivatives and Rates of Change.............................................................................31
2.2 The Derivative of a Function ...................................................................................39
2.3 Basic Differentiation ................................................................................................45
2.4 Product and Quotient Rules .....................................................................................55
2.5 Chain Rule ...............................................................................................................63
2.6 Differentiation of Implicit Functions .......................................................................69
2.7 Related Rates ...........................................................................................................75
2.8 Linear Approximation and Differentials ..................................................................85
3R Exponential, Logarithmic, and Inverse Functions ...................................................93
3.1 Exponential Functions ...........................................................................................103
3.2 Logarithmic Functions ...........................................................................................107
3.3 Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions ........................................115
3.4 Exponential Growth and Decay.............................................................................121
3.5 Inverse Trigonometric Functions ...........................................................................127
3.7 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hopital’s Rule............................................................133
4.1 Maximum and Minimum Values............................................................................139
4.2 The Mean Value Theorem ......................................................................................147
4.3 Derivatives and the Shape of Graphs .....................................................................151
4.4 Curve Sketching .....................................................................................................159
4.5 Optimization ..........................................................................................................163
4.6 Newton’s Method...................................................................................................177
4.7 Antiderivatives .......................................................................................................181
ii
Reviewof Algebraand Section
Trigonometry 1.2
A. Functions and Relations
DEFINITION Relation: A set of ordered pairs.

(x, y) (domain, range)
DEFINITION Function: A correspondence from one set (the domain) to another set (the
range) such that each element in the domain corresponds to exactly
one element in the range.
Example: Determine whether each of the following is an example of a function or not.
1. 2.
3. 4.
Vertical Line Test for Functions
Vertical Line Testfor Functions: If any vertical line intersects a graph morethan once, then
the graph is not a function.
2 Section 1.2: Review of Algebra and Trigonometry
Example: Determine whether each of the following is a function or not by the Vertical Line Test.
y y y
x x x
y y y
x x x
B. Domain and Range of a Function
DEFINITION Domain:Input x values(i.e., all ofthe valuesof xthat I maypluginto a

function)
DEFINITION Range:Output y values(i.e., all ofthe valuesof ythat afunction canattain)
Example: Give the domain and range (in interval notation) for each of the following:
1. 4
1
1
4 3 22
1
1 1
Domain:__________ Domain:__________ Domain:_________
Range: ___________ Range: ___________ Range: __________

Section 1.2: Review of Algebra and Trigonometry 3
2. 3.
4.
5.
*The three functions for which we will most frequently have domain restrictions (in this course)
are fractions, radicals, and logarithms.
C. Linear Models
Definition
Slope= m= = =
Slope (Use when given two points to find

slope)
Slope–Intercept Form (Use when given slope and y intercept)
Point–Slope Form (Use when given one point and slope
General Form
Horizontal Line (where b =constant)

Vertical Line (where c = constant)
Parallel Lines
Two lines are parallel if and only if they have the same slope.
For two lines and we have

Perpendicular lines
Twolines are perpendicular

if andonlyif the productoftheir slope = 1.
For two lines and we have
Examples: Find the equation of the line:
1. That passesthrough point (0, 3) withslope = 2
2. That passesthrough points(3, 2) and(4, 5)
3. That passesthrough point (0, 0) and is parallel to the line
4. That passesthrough point (2, 4) andis perpendicularto the line
5. Find the slope and y intercept of the lin

D. Classes of Functions
1. Power Functions
For any real number m,a function in the form is called a Power Function
2. Polynomials
Definition
A polynomial function is a function in the form

where and is a positive integer.
Examples: State whether each is a polynomial:
1. 2.
3. 4.
3. Rational Functions
A Rational Function is the quotient of two polynomial functions:
A Rational Function is a function of the form
Asymptotes
An asymptote is an imaginary line that the graph of a function approaches as the function
approaches a restricted number in the domain or as it approaches infinity.
I. Locating Vertical Asymptotes
If is a rational function, and have no common factors and n is a zero of
, then the line is a vertical asymptote of the graph of

II. Locating Horizontal Asymptotes
Let
i. If n < m,
then is the horizontal asymptote.
ii. If n = m,
thentheline is the horizontal asymptote.
iii. If n > m,
there
is NOhorizontal
asymptote.
(Buttherewillbeaslant/oblique
asymptote.)
Examples: Find all asymptotes.
1. 2.
3. 4.
4. Trigonometric Functions
sin x csc x
cos x sec x
tan x cot x
2
y = sinx
6 4 2 2 468
2 3/2 /2 /2 3/2 2 5/2
y = cosx
6 4 2 2 46 8
2 3/2 /2 /2 3/2 2 5/
2
5. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
DEFINITION: An exponential function is a function in the form . (i.e., the variable

x is in the exponent).
DEFINITION: Alogarithmic function is a function in the form . (i.e., the

variable x is in the expression).
y =logbx “y is equal to log base b of x”—Here “b” is the BASE NUMBER and “x” is the
VARIABLE.
logbx = y meansexactlythe samething as by = x
Comparison of the two graphs,

y = 2x y =log2(x) showing the inversion line in red.
y y y
x x x
E.Transformations of Functions
Vertical Shifts Movesgraph UP C units
Movesgraph DOWN C units
Horizontal Shifts Movesgraph RIGHT C units
Moves graph LEFT C units
Vertical and Flips graph about x-axis

Horizontal
Reflections Flips graph about y-axis
Vertical Stretching/ for Graph vertically stretches by afactor of C

Compressing
for Graph vertically shrinks by a factor of

Example: Use the given graph of f(x) to sketch each of the following:
f (x) a.f(x) + 2 b.f (x + 2)

y y y
5 5 5
x x x
-5 5 -5 5 -5 5
-5 -5 -5
c. f (x) d. 2f(x)
y y
5 5
x x
-5 5 -5 5
-5 -5
F. Combinations of Functions
1. Piecewise-Defined Functions
A Piecewise Function is a function that has specific (and different) definitions on specific intervals
of x.
y
2. Sums, Differences, Products, and Quotients of Functions

Sum
Difference
Product ()()
fg xf ()xg x()=
Quotient
3. Composition of Functions
f(x) = x2 + 5x + 2 f () =()2 + 5 () +2
Notation
Example
1. For the functions and find
a. b.
c. d
Example: For the functions f(x) and g(x) given in the graphfind
y
a. b.
g(x)
f(x)
2
c. d.
2 x
e. f
TheLimit of a Section
Function 1.3
A. Limits
DEFINITION: The limit of f(x) as x approaches a, equals L. (Where is the
functions value headed as x is “on its way” to a?)
The limit of f(x) as x approaches a from the LEFT.
The limit of f(x) as x approaches a from the RIGHT.
B.Techniques of Solving Limits
1. Evaluation
When possible (without violating domain rules) “plug it in.”
Example
1. (Video) 2. (Video)
3. 4.
2. Factoring/Manipulation (then Evaluation)

Factor expressions and cancel any common terms.
Example
5. (Video) 6. (Video)
1
12 Section 1.3: The Limit of a Function
7. 8.
3. Table
Set up a table as x approaches the limit from the left and from the right.
Example
1cos x
9. (Video) lim = 10.
x0 x
x0 0.1 0.01 0.001
x0+ 0.1 0.01 0.001
IDENTITY:
4. Graphing
Graph the function and inspect. (Warning: Your graphing calculator might not always indicate a
hole or small discontinuity in a graph. Be sure to always check the domain for restrictions.)
Example
11. 12
Section 1.3: The Limit of a Function 13
More Examples
13. f(x) g(x)
L L
a a
14.
xlim fx() lim

x fx()
4 2
x+lim fx() +lim

x fx()
4 2
lim fx() lim f ()

x4 x2
15.
3
g(x)
2
g(x)
12 34 56
14 Section 1.3:The Limit of a Function
C. Average Velocity
DEFINITION:
Example
16. A ball is thrown straight up into the air at an initial velocity of 75 ft/sec, its height in feet
t seconds is given by .
a. Findthe averagevelocityfor the periodbeginning whent = 2 andlasting

i. 0.1 seconds (i.e., the time period [2, 2.1])
ii. 0.01 seconds
iii. 0.001 seconds
b. Estimate
theinstantaneous
velocityofthe ball when
t =2
Section
CalculatingLimits 1.4
A. Limit Laws
1. Assume that and are functions and is a constant.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. ;
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
1
16 Section 1.4: Calculating Limits
Example
1. (video)
g(x) f(x)
g(x)
-3 -2 -11 23
a. b.
c. d.
2. (video) Given , and
a. b.
c. d.
e
Section 1.4: Calculating Limits 17
B. Calculating Limits
Direct Substitution Property: If is a polynomial or rational function and Domain, then
Examples
3. 4.
Indeterminate Form: If = then factor, simplify, or multiply bythe

conjugate
5. 6.
7.
Undefined Form: If = then the limit does not exist—DNE.
You can support your answer by graphing or using the table method to show
8.
Theorem—We say that alimit exists when the limit from the left equals the limit from the
right.
Examples
2 + 31 if 2
9. (video) hx() = xx x
1if2xx=
Find
10.
Find
Theorem—Squeeze Theorem: If and when i

near , then
Section 1.4: Calculating Limits 19
Examples
11. Find
More Examples
x +540
12. lim =
x 8 x +8
x +540
lim =
x 8+ x +8
x +540
lim
x8 x +8
tan(5) x
13. Evaluatelim
x 0 sin(6)x
Section
Continuity 1.5
A. Definition of Continuity
DEFINITION: Afunction is continuous at a number if
i. exists
ii. exists
iii.
Afunction is defined as continuous only if it is continuous at every point in the domain of the
function.
Examples: For each, determine whether the function is continuous (i.e., is = ?)
1. 2.
A
A
3. 4.
A A
2
22 Section 1.5: Continuity
Examples: For each, determine whether the function is continuous. If not, where is the
discontinuity?
xx 6if3
5. (video) 6. (video) fx() = if < xx 33
(1)if32xx>
7. (video)
Examples: For each, determine the value of c so that function is continuous for all values of x.
cx 2
+ 37 xx ( ,3]
8. (video) fx() =
21 xx+ 3, ()
cx x+ 7( ,8)
9. fx() =
cx 2 x [78,)
Where are these functions discontinuous?
10. 11
Section 1.5: Continuity 23
DEFINITION: Afunction is continuous from the RIGHT at a number if
Afunction is continuous from the LEFT at a number if
Example
12. is continuous from the LEFT or RIGHT at

2
f(x)
1
a.
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
b.
13. Show that has ajump discontinuity at by calculating the limits from the left and
right at .
2 xx++55 if x <9
fx() = 14 if x =9
+ 44 if xx> 9
Theorem—If and are functions that are continuous at a number , and is a constant,
then the following are also continuous at :
i. ii.
iii. iv. if
v. or
Theorem—A polynomial function is continuous everywhere

A rational function is continuous everywhere it is define
24 Section 1.5: Continuity
Theorem—Intermediate Value Theorem
If is a function that is continuous on a closed interval where and is

a number such that . Then there exist a number such that and
.
f(b)
f
f(a)
a bc
Examples
14. Show that has a root on the interval
15. Let be a continuous function such that . Then the Intermediate Value
Theorem implies that on the interval . Give the values of and
LimitsInvolving Section
Infinity 1.6
A.Infinity versus DNE
Recall from Section 1.3 that DNE since the function value kept increasing. Now we
will be moredescriptive;any valuethat keepsincreasingis saidto approachinfinity (), and

any valuethat keepsdecreasingis saidto approachnegativeinfinity ().
Examples
1. (video) Evaluate using the graph and table method.
0.1 0.1
0.01 0.01
0.001 0.001
2. (video) Evaluate using the graph and table method.
0.1 0.1
0.01 0.01
0.001 0.001
2
26 Section 1.6: Limits Involving Infinity
B. A Quick Review of Asymptotes

An asymptote is an imaginary line that the graph of a function approaches as the independent
variable approaches a restricted number or infinity.
Locating Vertical Asymptotes
If is a rational function, and have no common factors and k is a zero
of , then the line is a vertical asymptote of the graph of .
Locating Horizontal Asymptotes
Let
i. If n < m,then is the horizontal asymptote.
ii. If n = m,then the line is the horizontal asymptote.
iii. If n > m,thereis NOhorizontalasymptote.(But there maybea slant/obliqueasymptote.)
Examples: For the following rational functions, find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes if any:
3. 4.
5.
6
Section 1.6: Limits Involving Infinity 27
C. Vertical Asymptotes
Vertical asymptotes occur when or

The asymptote will bethe line .
Example: Evaluate the limit, find the asymptote and graph the function
7. (video)
x +6 x +6 x +6
8. (video) lim lim+ lim
x 4 x +4 x 4 x +4 x 4 x +4
9
D. Limits to Infinity
Alimit as the domain approaches infinity:
Finding Limits to Infinity of Rational Functions
i. Determinethe degreeofthe denominator.(Let’s say degree = P)

ii. Multiply both the numerator and denominator by .
iii. Distribute/clean up algebra and continue evaluating the limit.
Example: Evaluate the limit.
10. (video)
11. (video) 12. (video)
Conclusion: For positive integers and such that
1. Degreeofthe Numerator= Degreeofthe Denominator
2. Degreeofthe Numerator> Degreeofthe Denominator
3. Degreeofthe Numerator< Degreeofthe Denominato

Section 1.6: Limits Involving Infinity 29
More Examples: Evaluate the limit.
13.
14.
15. lim tan x 16. lim tan x

+
x x
2 2
f(x) = tanx
2
2
2
17. lim xx++

712 x
x
Derivativesand Rates Section
of Change 2.1
A.Slopeof SecantFunctions
Recall:Slope= m= = = . From this we are able to derive:
Slope of the Secant Line to a Function: or
1. (video) a. Find the slope of the secant line to the function between
and .
b. (video) Find the equation of the secant line to the function between
and .
2. a. Find the slope of the secant line to the function between and .
3
32 Section 2.1: Derivatives and Rates of Change
b. Find the equation of the secant line to the function between and .
3. Estimate the slope of the tangent line to the function at the point by calculating
the slope of the secant line between and , between and , and betwee
and .
Section 2.1: Derivatives and Ratesof Change 33
Ageneralizationofthe previousexamplegivesthe definition: Slope= . Similarly
we can approach this by defining the distance between and as .
Slope of the tangent line of at point Slope of the tangent line of at a general
specific point
y y
f f
f(x) f(x + h)
f(a) f(x)
x x
ax xx + h
x - a h
In orderto getthe two points P1and P2as In orderto getthe two points P1and P2as
close together as possible, we need the space close together as possible, we need the space
. .
So,the slope between P1and P2is: So,the slope between P1and P2is:
but as the space , we have but as the space , we have
B. Definition of Derivative
The definition of a derivative (aka the slope of the tangent function) is given as:
or
*Note: In this section, we will use the DEFINITION OF THE DERIVATE to calculate all
derivatives. (This means we will be doing it the long way!
Examples
4. (video) Find the equation of the tangent line to the function where .
5. (video) Find the derivative of the function using the difference quotien
and the definition of derivative.
6. Find the equation of the tangent line to the function where .
7. A person standing on top of a 200 ft. tall building throws a ball into the air with a velocity of
96 ft/sec. The function gives the ball’s height above ground, t second
afterit wasthrown.Findthe instantaneousvelocityofthe ball att = 2 seconds
8. The position of a particle is given by the values of the tables
t(seconds) 0 1 2 3 4 5
s(feet) 0 14 47 51 86 103
Findthe average
velocityforthetime periodbeginningwhen
t = 2 andlasting
1. 3 s (i.e., for the time interval [2,5])
2. 2s
3. 1s
9. a. The equation of the tangent line to the graph of at if and

is
b. If the tangent line to at passes through the point ,
then
an
81 h+ 9
10. lim represents the derivative of the function ______at the number
h0 h
______
11. represents the derivative of the function ______ atthe number a = _____
The Derivative of a Section
Function 2.2
A. Definition ofthe Derivative
For a function the derivative is
Examples: Using the definition of the derivative, find the derivative of the following functions:
1. (video)
2. (video)
3
40 Section 2.2:The Derivative of a Function
3. (video)
4
Section 2.2:The Derivative of a Function 41
5.
6
7. Consider the graph for the function
AB
CDEF
Estimate the following:
a. b.
c. d.
e. f.
B. Notation
Function Derivative
(Leibniz notation
Section 2.2:The Derivative of a Function 43
C. Differentiability
DEFINITION: Wesay that
• is differentiable at if exists
• is differentiable on if it is differentiable on every point in
Theorem: If is differentiable at , then is continuous at
Video Nondifferentiable functions
i. Any function with a “corner” or cusp
y y
f(x)
f(x)
x x
ii. Any function with a discontinuity
y y
x x
a a
iii. Any function with a vertical tangent
y y
x x
More Examples
8. Identify the graphs A(blue), B(red), and C

(green) asthe graphs of a function and its
derivatives.
5.0
a. The graph of the function is:
b. The graph of the function’s first derivative is:

-1 0.5 1
c. The graph of the function’s second

derivative is:
9. Evaluate the limit
x
2
36 + 6
10. Evaluate the limit lim
2
x0 x
Section
BasicDifferentiation 2.3
A.PropertiesandFormulas(Theshort way—Yeah!)
1. Basic Functions
Function Derivative
(Constant)
Note: For the function we CANNOT say that
For the function we CANNOT say that
4
46 Section 2.3: Basic Differentiation
2. Trigonometric Functions
Function Derivative
fx() sin=x fx() cos=

x
fx() cos=
x fx() sin=x
fx() tan=x fx() =sec2x
fx() csc=x fx = csccot xx()
fx() sec=
x fx =sectan xx()
fx() cot=
x fx() = csc2x
Examples: Find and LABEL the derivatives of each of the following functions.
Common Derivatives
Since
Sinc
Section 2.3: Basic Differentiation 47
9. (video) Find the derivative
12. 13.
14. 15.
16.
More Examples
17.
Find = =
Find =
18.
Find = =
Find = =
19. Find the first six derivatives of the function

B. Normaland Tangent Linesto a Function
Aline that is perpendicular to the tangent line y

normal
at the point of intersection
tangen
y0
0 x0 x
Examples
20. Findthe horizontaltangentlines(lines withslope = 0)to the function

21. Findthetangentandthe normallinestothefunction =()

fx 4cos at
C. Applications to Position, Velocity, and Acceleration

If the motion/position function of a particle is known, we canfind the velocity and acceleration
functions in the following way.
• If the position of a particle is given by , then the velocity of the particle is given
by
• If the velocity of a particle is given by , then the acceleration of the particle is given
by
(We can also say that if the position of a particle is given by , then the acceleration of
the particle is given by , the second derivative of the motion function.)
Alternative notation:
• Position of a particle
• Velocity of a particle
• Acceleration of a particle
Then and
Example
22. A particle’s position is described by the function ( is measures in seconds

and in feet.)
a. Find the velocity function.
b. Find the acceleration function.
c. Find the acceleration after 9 seconds.
d. Find the acceleration whenthe velocity is 0

23. A particle’s position is described by the function ( is measures in

seconds and in feet.)
a. Find the velocity function.
b. Whatis the velocity after 3 seconds?
c. Whenis the particle at rest?
d. Whenis the particle moving in a positive direction?
e. Whenis the particle slowing down?
f. Find the total distance traveled during thefirst 8 seconds

More Examples (Webwork)
24. The area of a disc with radius is . Find the rate of change of the area of the disc
with respect to its radius when .
25. If , then
26. If , then
27. a. If then
b. then
c. the
28. If a ball is thrown vertically upward from the roof of 64-foot building with a velocity of 32 ft/
sec, its height after t seconds is
a. Whatis the maximum height the ball reaches?
b. Whatis the velocity of the ball whenit hits the ground (height 0)
Product and Quotient Section
Rules 2.4
A.ProductRule
then
Alternative Notation:
In Plain English: The derivative of the product of two functions (which we will call the “first”
function and the “second” function) is equal to the derivative of the first, times the second, plus
the first, times derivative of the second.
Examples
A.
Wesee that consists of the product of two smaller functions, in this case 283()+xx
“the
first”
and ()+x
5174 “the second.” So, the derivative then is:
fx() = +682
()x × +5174
()x + 283
xx ()+ × 20 x3 ()
Derivative of Derivative of
The second The first
the first the second
5
56 Section 2.4: Product and Quotient Rules
Note: You should leave the answer in this form unless we are asked to “clean up.”
Again, do not forget to label your derivative.
B. ()=gx sinxx
Wesee that consists of the product of two smaller functions; in this case, x “the first” and
sixn “the second.”So,the derivativethenis: ()gx ()=1sinxx + cossin xx=+ cosxx
More Examples: Find and LABEL the derivatives of each of the following functions.
1. (video)
2. (video) fx = 7sin2
xx()
3
Section 2.4:Product and Quotient Rules 57
4. fx =xx()
2 cos
5. fx =sincos xx()
B. Quotient Rule
, then
Book Notation:
d
g dg
() () hg ..
dh
h dx dx
=
2
dx h
In Plain English, the derivative of the quotient of two functions (which we will call the “top”
function and the “bottom” function) is equal to the derivative of the top, times the bottom,
minus the top, times derivative of the bottom, all over the bottom squared.
Examples
A
Weseethat consists of the quotient of two smaller functions, in this case 283()+xx
“the
top”
and ()+x
5174 “the bottom.” So,the derivative then is:
Derivative of Derivative of
The bottom The top
the top the bottom
fx() =
x ()+
682 × x ()+
5174 ()+
283
xx × ()
20 x3
+ ()x
5174
2
The bottom squared
Note: You should leave the answer in this form unless we are asked to “clean up.”
Again, do not forget to label your derivative.
x
B. gx
() =
sin x
Wesee that consists of the product of two smaller functions, in this case x “the top” and sixn
“the bottom.”
(1)sin xx cos x sincos xx x

So,the derivativethenis: gx
() = = 22
[sin x ] sin x
More Examples: Find and LABEL the derivatives of each of the following functions:
6. (video
3x5
7. (video) fx() =
cos x
8.
9.
10.(video)
=()
fx sin x
x+
35
()+
722
x
11. lx () sin x
()
2=+ 2xx
x
12. Suppose f = 7 and f =5, andlet and

6 6
g =
6
h
6
13. Usethe table tofind the value of the following
1 0 7 2 1
5 1 407 7 1
3 2 9 0 1
7 2 163 10 3
1 1 1 1 1
f ()
1
a. b.
g ()+ 15
c. d.
g
e. f. 0() =
f
14. Given that
Calculat
15. The graphs of the function (given in blue) and (given in red) are plotted below. Suppose
that and .
6 a. Find
1.0
-1 1.0 6
b. Fin
-1
is the bottom function
is the top function

Section
ChainRule 2.5
A.TheChainRule
Alternative Notation
then
In Plain English, first, identify which function is on the “outside” and which is on the “inside.”
(For the composition we say that is on the “outside” and is on the
“inside.”) The derivative of this composition is equal to the derivative of the outside (leave the
inside alone) times the derivative of the inside.
Examples
1.
First,let usidentify whichis onthe “outside”and whichis onthe “inside”: Heresn()
i is the
“outside” (i.e., “sin of something”) and 5x 5 is the “inside.”
Derivative of the “outside” is , and if wethe leave the inside alone, this will be
Derivative of the “inside” is
fx() = ()xcos(5)5
x 25 x 4 ()
Derivative of the
Derivative of
outside (leave the
the inside
inside alone)
6
64 Section 2.5: Chain Rule
Note: This style of answer should only be “cleaned up” if you are given specific instructions to do
(or if you have to compare it to alist of multiple choice answers)!
Again, do not forget to label your derivative
More Examples
2. sin[sin]
==gx xx()22
Wesee that consists of []2 asthe“outside”andsixn asthe“inside.”

So, the derivative of the “outside” is and derivative of the “inside” is coxs
gx = 2[sin][cos xx()
]
Examples: Find and LABEL the derivatives of each of the following functions:
1. (video)
2. (video)
3. (video)
4. (video
Section 2.5: Chain Rule 65
5
5. (video) ()
mx =
3 2 3cosxx++ 17
6.
7.
8.
9
10.
B.Combinationsof Product, Quotient,and ChainRule

In many problems, we need to use a combination of the Product, Quotient, and Chain Rule to find
a derivative. Here we will work through lots of examples.
Examples: Find and LABEL the derivatives of each of the following functions. Do not clean up
unless otherwise indicated.
11. gx sin8
123
()()
xx =()
12.
13. =cos2
xxgx
()()
Section 2.5: Chain Rule 67
14.
15.ax xx23 =+()

()
21
16.
17. If then
18. If ,fin
19. Let , where , and ,

find
20. If and are the functions whose graphs are shown below, let and
.
y
Find
g(x)
f(x)
2
and
x
2
21. Let and . Youalsoknowthat 5 11,(af=af

==)2,( a )8,
=()
fa 156
.
Find
an
Differentiation of Section
Implicit Functions 2.6

Recall from the previous sections, that when wetake the derivative of then
where is a function in terms of x (i.e., the only variable in the function is x).
Example: If then
So, in other words, to take a derivative this way, we have to have the equation solved for “y.”
Example: If . Here wefirst have to solve for y. So
then .
Example: If . Again, we have to solve for y in order to take a derivative in the

way that we have learned in the preceding chapters. However, (as you can see in this case) it is not
always easy/possible to do so.
*HENCE: Implicit Differentiation!*
A.Implicit Differentiation
Implicit Differentiation: Differentiation of a function where one variable (typically y) is not

explicitly expressed as a function of another variable (typically x).
Here’s how it works.
• It is important to pay attention to the notation. If we are given an equation in terms of x and y,
and asked tofind or , we need to seethat we arefinding the derivative of y, with respect
to x.
• We will treat both x and y like a variable, and take derivatives of each, but;
• When wetake a derivative of a term containing “x” we will proceed as usual.
• When wetake a derivative of a term containing “y” we will proceed as usual AND then also
multiply the derivative of that term by (or ).
• We will use product, quotient, and chain rules as needed
• After differentiating, solve for (i.e., isolate) or .
69
70 Section 2.6: Differentiation ofImplicit Functions
Example A: Find for .
Since we are trying to find , isolate in our equation:
Example B: Find for .
Since we are trying to find , isolate in our equation:
Example C: Find for . (Notice that in this problem we have —aproduct of x

and y. Here we will have to use the product rule.)
Examples: Find for the following:
1. (video)
2. (video
Section 2.6: Differentiation ofImplicit Functions 71
3. (video)
4. (video) Find for and evaluate at
5.
6
7. Find for and evaluate at
8. Find for
9. Find fo
Section 2.6: Differentiation ofImplicit Functions 73
10. If and ,fin

11. Useimplicit differentiation tofind an equation for the tangent line to the curve
at the point
Section
RelatedRates 2.7
Before getting started with Related Rates, let us re-visit the following items first: Notation,
Implicit Differentiation, and Geometric Formulas.
A. Notation
Although all of the earlier notations are equivalent, we will use Leibniz’s notation in
this section, because it is more descriptive than the other forms. Leibniz’s notation tells us
specifically what we are taking a derivative of (in this case the function y) and what we are
taking the derivative with respect to (w.r.t.)—that is, what is the variable in the function (in
this case x.)
B.Implicit Differentiation
Again, we will haveto pay close attention to notation here. In equations with multiple
variables, we will be asked to find derivatives of specific parts of the equations with respect to
specific variables (that mayor may not be part of the equation!)
7
76 Section 2.7: Related Rates
For Example: Consider the equation for the circle:
• We would like tofind . This means, weare trying tofind the derivative of r with respect to
t, that is, take a derivative of eachterm with respect to t. (If aterm is/contains a t, just take a
derivative as usual. If a term contains a variable other than t, follow the usual rules for implicit
differentiation.)
So,
• We would like to find
So,
Section 2.7: Related Rates 77
C. GeometricFormulas
*You are responsible for knowing these formulas for all tests and the final exam*
Two-Dimensional Shapes Three-Dimensional Shape
Perimeter/
Shape Circumference and Shape
Area
Square Sphere
S
S S
R
S
Rectangle Cylinder
R
L H
Trapezoid Cone
b
H
H
R
B
Parallelogram Cube
H
S
S
B S
Circle Rectangular
Parallelepiped
R
H
W
B
Triangle
A C
H
Right Triangle
c
a
b
D.Related RateProblems
1. (video) Find for the function = Vrh2 .
2. (video) Find for the function = Vrh2 .
3. (video) Find for the function .
4. (video) Find for the function

dx dy
5. (video) If , =10,and =1. Findthe positivevalueof whenx5= and y 12=
.
dt dt
6. Suppose oil spills from a ruptured tanker and spreads in a circular pattern. If the radius of the
oil spill increases at a constant rate of 1.5 m/s, how fast is the area of the spill increasing when
the radius is 19 m?
Hint: The wordrate = derivative. Payattentionto unitstofind out whichrateis givenaskedfor.

(Example,“rate of 1.5 m/s”—meters
persecond= unit oflength per unit of
time =
7. Afireman is ontop of a 75-foot ladder that is leaning against a burning building. If someone
has tided Sparky (the fire dog) to the bottom of the ladder and Sparky takes off after a cat at
a rate of 6 ft/sec, then what is the rate of change of the fireman on top of the ladder when the
ladder is 5 feet off the ground
8. A street light is mounted atthe top of a 11 ft tall pole. A woman 6 ft tall walks away from the
pole with a speed of 8 ft/sec along a straight path. How fast is the tip of her shadow moving
when she is 50 ft from the base of the pole
9. If a snowball melts so that its surface area decreases at a rate of ,find the rate at
which the diameter decreases when the diameter is 8 cm.
10. At noon, ship Ais 30 miles due west of ship B. Ship Ais sailing west at 25 mph and ship
Bis sailing north at 18 mph. How fast (in miles per hour) is the distance between the ships
changing at 5 p.m.
11. Waterpours into in inverted cone at a rate of 2 m3

/min. If the cone has a radius of 2 m and
a height of 4 m,find the rate at which the water level is rising when the water is 3 m deep.
2m3 /min
2m
4m
3
12. A boat is pulled into a dock by meansof a rope attached to a pulley on the dock. The rope
is attached to the front of the boat, which is 7 ft below the level of the pulley. If the rope is
pulled through the pulley at a rate of 20 ft/min, at what rate will the boat be approaching the
dock when 120 ft of rope is out
Linear Approximation Section
and Differentials 2.8

A. Differentials
Slope =
Slope of the tangent line =
Also,
Example: Find the differential of given that:
1. (video) =x5sin3
yx
2. (video)
3.
8
86 Section 2.8:Linear Approximation and Differentials
2
34xx+ 5
4. y =
5sin + xx
2
y f(x)
Note:
f(x+x)
and
f'(x)
y
f(x)
0 x x+x x
5. (video) A = r2 (Area of a circle)

a. Usedifferentials to approximatethe changein area whengoing from r = 4ft to r = 4.2ft.
(Find dA)
b. (video) Findthe actual changein area whengoing from r = 4 ft to r = 4.2 ft.

(Find A
Section 2.8: Linear Approximation and Differentials 87
6. a. If then calculate for to
b. Calculate for to
7. (volume of a sphere)
a. Use differentials to approximate the change in volume when going from

to
(Find : Start byfinding )
b. Find the actual change in volume when going from t
(Find )
B.Linearization
Definition: Thelinearization of a function at afixed point is given by the formula
Slope of the tangent line =

y
y=f(x)
y=f(x)
Point Slope:
(a, f(a))
(a, f(a))
y=L(x)
y=f'(a)(x-a) + f(a)
a x
Examples
8. (video) Find the linear approximation of at
9. (video) Uselinearization techniques to approximat

10. Find the linear approximation of at
11. Use linearization techniques to approximat

12. Find the linear approximation of at and use it to approximate 3.9

and .
13. Use alinear approximation to approximate as follows:
The linearization to at can be written in the form . Usin

this, the approximation for is
14. The edge of a cube wasfound to be 60 cm with a possible error of 0.5 cm. Use differentials
to estimate the following:
a. The maximum possible error in the volume of the cube

b. The relative error in the volume of the cube
c. The percentage error in the volume of the cub

Exponential, Section
Logarithmic, and 3R
Inverse Functions
I. ReviewofInverse Functions
A.Identifying One-to-OneFunctions
Afunction is one-to-one if every element in the range corresponds to only one element
in the domain.
If then or if then
Horizontal Line Test: If there is NO horizontal line that intersects the graph more than once,
then the function is one-to-one.
Example: Determine whether each function is one-to-one.
1. 2.
B.Inverse Functions
Let beafunctionthatis one-to-one

andthat goesthroughthe point ab,()
• Then is the inverse of
• willgothroughthepoint ba,()
• The domain of =the rangeof
• The domain of =the rangeof
9
94 Section 3R:Exponential, Logarithmic, andInverse Functions
C.FindingInverse Functions
Steps: 1. Testto see whetherthe function is one-to-one

2. Replace with
3. Interchange and
4. Solve equation for
5. Replace with
Example: Verify that the functions are inverse of each other
1. and
Example: Find the inverse for each of the following:
1.
2.
3
Section 3R:Exponential, Logarithmic, andInverse Functions 95
D. GraphsofInverse Functions
The graph of can be constructed by mirroring the graph of over the

line
Examples
1. Construct the graph of if = 2. The following are points on the graph of
: , , ,
y
6
,
5
Find at least five points on the graph
4
of
3
1
x
-6 -5 -41 -3 -2 -1 2 3 4 56
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
D. Domain and Range ofInverse Functions
The domain of =therange of

The domain of =therangeof
Example: A function has the following graph. Find the domain and range of the inverse
function .
y
II. Reviewof ExponentialandLogarithmic Functions
A.Exponential Functions
DEFINITION: An exponential function is a function in the form . (i.e., the

variable x is in the exponent)
Example: Find x for each of the following:
1. 2. 3.
B.Logarithmic Functions
I. Logarithmic Functions
A logarithm is a function that helps us to solve a quadratic function/logarithms allow us to isolate

the variable in a quadratic function (and the other way around).
DEFINITION: Alogarithmic function is a function in the form .(i.e., the variable

xis in the expression)y =logb x “y is equalto log baseb of x” - Here“b” is
the BASE NUMBER and “x” is the VARIABLE.
logbx =y means
exactlythesamethingasby=x
Examples: Write each equation in its equivalent form:
1. 2.
3. 4
II. Common Logarithmic Properties
1. log1=
bb 4. log x
=bxb
2. log1 0=
b
5. =bxxblog
3. log0 = DNE
b
6. = xxloglog10
Example: Simplify Each Expression
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
III. The Natural Logarithm
DEFINITION: e is a number the equals approximately 2.718281828 log ex==ln
Example
1. 2.
IV. Expansion Properties for Logarithms
1. (Product Rule)
2. (Quotient Rule)
3. (Power rule)
Example: Simplify the following:
1. 2.
3. 4.
Expand the following logarithms
5. 6.
7. 8.
9.
10
Write the following as single logarithms:
11. + 4logzx3log
bb
1
12. log( 2)+ log xx
2
13.
V. Change of Base Formula for Logarithms
log M ln x
logb M==
log b ln b
Example: Use your calculator to find:
1. 2
C.Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
I. Common Base Property for Exponential Functions
If =bb , then
MN
MN=
Example
1. Solve
2. Solve
II. “Exponentiating” (How to solve equations involving e and ln)
ln x
bx= ln b
ln x
=ex
Example
1. Find xif
2. Find xi
III. Common Base Property for Logarithmic Functions
If bbMNloglog=
, then MN=
Example: Solve
IV. Solving for a variable in the exponent
Example
1.
2
D. Graphsof Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
I. Comparison of Logarithmic function graph to Exponential function graph
Comparison of the two

y = 2x y =log2 x graphs, showing the
inversion line in red
y y y
x x x
If =fx() axand gx() log=

axthen fx() and gx() are inverses of each other.
fx() = ax Domain:Allx(No Restrictions) , ()

Range:y > 0 0, ()
fx() =logax Domain: x > 0 0, ()
Range: All x (No Restrictions) , ()
*Note: Since exponential and logarithmic functions (with the same variable and base number) and
are inverses of each other, the domain of one is the range of the other and vice versa.
Example
Find the domain and range of the following:
1. 2. 3
Section
Exponential Functions 3.1
A. Graphof an ExponentialFunction
y
B.Limit Rules
1.
4.
2. If , then and
5. and
3. If , then and
Examples
1. (video) Solve the equation 3x = 2. (video) Solve the equation 84x+1= 3
10
104 Section 3.1:Exponential Functions
3. Starting with the graph of , write the equation of the graph that results from:
a. Shifting 9 units upward
b. Shifting 7 units to the right
c. Reflecting about the x-axis
4. Give the domain of the function:
a. b.
5. Find the exponential function whose graph goesthrough the points (0, 5)
and (2, 20).
6. (video) Fin
Section 3.1: Exponential Functions 105
7. (video) Find
8. Evaluate
9. Evaluate
10. Evaluate
11. Evaluat
Section
Logarithmic Functions 3.2
A. Graphof aLogarithmicFunction
y
A. Review
Expansion Properties for Logarithms

4. (Product Rule)
5. (Quotient Rule)
6. (Power rule)
Examples
x +
31
1. (video) Forthe function the inverse function f 1 (x) equals
x +
24
2. (video) Expand the expression completely:
10
108 Section 3.2:Logarithmic Functions
1
3. (video) Write 4log xz+
log2log( y 3) log8++
asasimplelogarithm andsimplify as
2
much as possible.
B.Limit Rules
6. lim ln x =
x 0+
8. +lim
x logx =
0
7. lim ln x = 9. lim log x =

x x
Examples
4. (video) Find
5. (video) Fin
Section 3.2:Logarithmic Functions 109
6.
7.
8.
9. If f is one-to-one and , then

a. b
10. Find the inverse for each of the following:
a.
b.
c
11. If
a. Find
b. Find
c. Find
C.“Derivative ofInverse” Formula
When we cannot find and is one-to-one
12. For ,find

13. If fin
14. Suppose is the inverse function of a differentiable function and ,
then
15. If aln = 2,ln b3= , andcln =5,evaluate
16. Solve each equation for x:

a.
b. ln(1)4+
xxln
Derivativesof Section
Exponential and 3.3
Logarithmic Functions
A. Derivatives
1. = 3. =
2. = 4. =
Examples: Find the derivative of each
1. (video)
2. (video) fx() 17 x
ex 5sin=+
x
3. (video)
11
116 Section 3.3: Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
4. (video)
5. (video) fx() =ln x
6. (video)
7
Section 3.3: Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 117
8.
9
118 Section 3.3: Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
10.
11
Section 3.3: Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 119
B.Logarithmic Differentiation
Examples: Find the derivative of each
12.
13
Exponential Growth Section
and Decay 3.4

A.Population Growth
where
P(t) = Population after t years

P(0) =Initial Population
K = Growthconstant
t = Time
Examples
1. (video) Solve for t.
2. (video) Solvethe equation9,000= 1,500ekt

for t.
3. A bacteria culture initially contains 600 cells and grows at a rate proportional to its size. After
5 hours the population has increased to 620.
a. Find an expression for the number of bacteria after t hours.
12
122 Section 3.4:Exponential Growth and Decay
b. Find the number of bacteria after 7 hours.
c. Findthe rate of growth after 7 hours.(Remember: Rate= Derivative)
d. When will the population reach 4,000?
B. Half-Life
where
P(t) = Quantityaftert years

P(0)=Initial Quantity
K= Decayconstant
t = Time
4. The half-life of cesium-137 is 30 years. Suppose we have a 900-mg sample.

a. Find the massthat remains after years. (Find an expression for the massthat remains
after years.
Section 3.4:Exponential Growth and Decay 123
b. How much of the sample remains after 150 years?
c. After how long will only 4 mgremain?
d. Find the rate of decay after 20 years

C. Newton’sLaw of Cooling
Alternatively
where where
T(t) = Temperature after time t T(t) = Temperatureaftertime t

Ts= Temperatureof surrounding area Ts = Temperature
ofsurroundingarea
T0=Initial temperatureof object C=Initial temperature surrounding
temperature
K = Growthconstant
t = Time
K= Growthconstant
t = Time
5. A roast turkey is taken from an oven when its temperature has reached 175 Fahrenheit and is
placed on a table in a room wherethe temperature is 65 Fahrenheit.
a. If the temperature of the turkey is 155 Fahrenheit after half an hour, what is its temperature
after 45 minutes?
b. When will the turkey have cooled to 110 Fahrenheit

Section 3.4:Exponential Growth and Decay 125
D.Interest
Compound Interest Continuous Interest
where where
A= FutureValue A= FutureValue
P=Initial Value P=Initial Value
r =Interestrate r =Interestrate
n = Numberoftimes per year t = Timein years
compounded
t = Timein years
6. (video) Find the accumulated value of an investment of $120,000 at an interest rate of 4.5% if
it is compounded monthly for 5 years.
7. (video) Find the accumulated value of an investment of $120,000 at an interest rate of 4.5%
if it is compounded continuously for 5 years
8. If 8,000 dollars is invested at 9% interest, find the value of the investment atthe end of 5 years
if interest is compounded
a. Annually
b. Quarterly
c. Monthly
d. Continuousl
Inverse Trigonometric Section
Functions 3.5
A. Unit Circleand CommonValues
(
y
— )
–1 3
2
2 , (0,1) ,
(–
2
—
2
3
—
2
(1
2
—
2
2 ,
2
—
) —
2
,2
(–
3
— 2 )
90° (2
2 ,1 ) 3
2 3 — 1 )
3 , 2
2 3
4 ( 2
4
5
120° 60° 6
6 135° 45°
150° 30°
(–1, 0) 180° 0° 0 (1,0)
x
210° 330°
7 225° 315° 11
6 240° 300°
6
5
—
3
,–1)
2
4
270° 4
7 ( 3
—
,–1
4
(– 2
2 )
3 5 )
— 3 2
2
— ,– 2 3 ( —
) 2
(–
2
2
—
3
2 ( 2 , –
2 1 —
,– (0, –1) 2
–,
— 2
2
)
3
(–1 2
2 )
127
128 Section 3.5:Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Degree Radians Sinp cosp tan p cot p secp cscp

0° 0 0° 1 0° Undefined 1 Undefined
30° /6 1/ 2 3/ 2 3/ 3 3 23 /3 2
45 /4 2/ 2 2/ 2 11 2 2
60° /3 3/ 2 1/ 2 3 3/ 3 2 23 /3
90° /2 1 0 Undefined 0 Undefined 1
120° 2/ 3 3/ 2 1/ 2 3 3/ 3 2 23 /3
135° 3/ 4 2/ 2 2/ 2 1 1 2 2
150° 5/6 1/ 2 3/ 2 3/ 3 3 23 /3 2
180° 0 1 0 Undefined 1 Undefined
210° 7/ 3 1/ 2 3/ 2 3/ 3 3 23 /3 2
225° 5/ 4 2/ 2 2/ 2 11 2 2
240° 4/ 3 3/ 2 1/ 2 3 3/ 3 2 23 /3
270° 3/2 1 0 Undefined 0 Undefined 1

300° 5/ 2 3/ 2 1/ 2 3 3 2 23 /3
315° 7/ 4 2/ 2 2/ 2 1 1 2
330° 11 /6 1/ 2 3/ 2 3/ 3 3 23 /3 2
360° 2 0 1 0 Undefined 1 Undefined
Examples
1. (Video) Givethe exact value of
2. (Video) Givethe exact value o

Section 3.5:Inverse Trigonometric Functions 129
3. (Video) Give the exact value of
5. (Video) Give the exact value of
7. (Video) Find
8. (Video) Fin
B. Derivatives ofInverse Trigonometric Functions (You Must

KnowThese!)
1. 4.
2. 5.
3. 6.
Examples
9.(video)
Findd 5s 2()
xxec
12
++ 3
dx
10. (video) Find
11. (video) Fin

Section 3.5:Inverse Trigonometric Functions 131
12. Let . Find .
13. Let . Find

14. Find the limit:
15. Find the limit

Indeterminate Forms Section
andL’Hopital’s Rule 3.7
Suppose that and are differentiable, and that or that
(i.e., we have an in determinant form of the type or ), then
A.Indeterminate
form or00
00
If we have a limit of the form where both and , then we have the
in determinant form of type
If we have a limit of the form where both and , then we have
thein determinant
formoftype .
Examples
1. (video)
2. (video)
13
134 Section 3.7:Indeterminate Forms and L’Hopital’s Rule
3. (video)
4. (video)
5. (video)
6.
7. , assumea > 0
8
Section 3.7:Indeterminate Forms and L’Hopital’s Rule 135
9.
10.
11.
12.
13
B.Indeterminate form0 0
Hint: Remember, in order to use L’Hopital’s Rule the expression must be in the
form
If not, ourfirst step is to get it in that form.

If equals either or then you will needto rewrite it first.
You could either rewrite it as or
*Try putting the EASY function on the bottom!
Examples
14. lim 4
ln xx
x 0+
15.
16
Section 3.7:Indeterminate Forms and L’Hopital’s Rule 137
C. OtherIndeterminate Forms
1.
2.
3.
4.
Examplesofthe form “”
17. lim csccotax() ax()
x 0+
Examples of the form “ , , or
18.
19.
20
Maximumand Section
MinimumValues 4.1
A. Absolute Maximumor Minimum/ExtremeValues
Afunction has an Absolute Maximum at if for every point in the

domain.
Similarly, has an Absolute Minimum at if for every point in the
domain.
B.Local/Relative Maximumor Minimum Values
Afunction has a Local Maximum at if for every point that is

near c.
Afunction has a Local Minimum at if for every point that is
near c.
C.TheExtreme ValueTheorem
If is continuous on a closed interval , then attains both a maximum and a

minimum value on .
D.Fermat’sTheorem
If has a local maximum or minimum at , and exists, then .
13
140 Section 4.1: Maximum and Minimum Values
E. Critical Number
A critical number of a function , is a number in the domain such that or

DNE (does not exist).
If has a local maximum or minimum at , then is critical number of .
E. ClosedInterval Method
Tofind Absolute Maximum or Minimum of a continuous function on a closed

interval :
1. Find the values of at the critical numbers of in .
2. Find the values of at the endpoints and of the interval.

3. Thelargest of the values of step 1 and 2is the Absolute Maximum
4. The smallest of the values of step 1 and 2 is the Absolute Minimum
*The Closed Interval Method is used to find all absolute Maximums and absolute Minimums
of a function over a closed interval!
Examples
1. (video) The critical number of the function is
2. (video) The critical numbers of the function i

Section 4.1: Maximum and Minimum Values 141
3. (video)Thecriticalnumbers
ofthefunction fx 5
xx=+()
()is
3
4. (video) Consider the function ontheinterval 0 x 6.

The absolute maximum value of (on the given interval) is __________
and this occurs at equals__________
and the absolute minimum of (on the given interval) is__________

5. Find the critical numbers for the following functions

6. Find the critical numbers for the following functions:
7. Find the critical numbers for the following functions

8. Find the critical numbers for the following functions:
9. Considerthe function , .

and the absolute minimum of (on the given interval) is_________

10. Considerthe function , .

and the absolute minimum of (on the given interval) is__________

11. Considerthe function on the interval . Find the absolute maximu

and minimum of the function.
12. Choose
thebestreason
thatthefunction fx()=+ 91
xx 25 7
++ + 2 has neither a loca
xx13
maximum nor alocal minimum.
a. The function is always positive.
b. The derivative is always negative.
c. The derivative is always positive.
d. The highest power of in is odd.

The MeanValue Section
Theorem 4.2
A.Rolle’sTheorem
Let be a function such that is continuous on , is differentiable on
and , then there is a number in such that
B.The MeanValueTheorem
Let be a function such that is continuous on and is differentiable
on , then there is a number in such that , or equivalently
(b, f(b))
y = f(x)
(a, f(a))
a cb
14
148 Section 4.2:The MeanValueTheorem
C.ConstantTheorem
If for all in an interval then constant on .
D.Corollary
If for all in an interval then is constant on

(i.e., )
Examples
1. (video) Consider the function onthe interval[1,3]. Verifythat this

function satisfies the three hypotheses of Rolle’s Theorem on the interval.
is_____________________on
[1, 3]
is_____________________on
[1, 3]
and = ____________
Then by Rolle’s theorem, there exists a such that . Find the value .
2. (video) Consider the function onthe interval[1, 4]. Findthe averageor

mean slope of the function on this interval, that is,
Bythe MeanValueTheorem,weknowthere existsa in the openinterval(1, 4)suchthat

is equal to this mean slope. For this problem, there is only one that works.
_______
Section 4.2:The MeanValueTheorem 149
3. Considerthe function on the interval . Verify that this function satisfies

the three hypotheses of Rolle’s Theorem on the interval.
is_______________on ; is________________on ; and

____________
Then by Rolle’s Theorem, there exists a number such that . Find the value .
4. Considerthe function ontheinterval[3, 6]. Findthe averageor mean
slope of the function on this interval, that is,
Bythe MeanValueTheorem,weknowthere existsa in the openinterval(3, 6) suchthat

is equal to this mean slope. For this problem, there is only one that works. ______
150 Section 4.2:The MeanValueTheorem
5. By applying Rolle’s Theorem, check whetherit is possible that the function

has two real roots.
Possible or impossible?
Your reason is that if has two real roots then by Rolle’s Theorem: must be
___________
at certain value of between these two roots, but is always negative, positive, or
zero______________
6. Suppose is continuous
on[2, 8] and fx() 39 for all x in (2, 8). Use
the MeanValue
Theorem to estimate .
___ __
Derivativesandthe Section
Shapeof Graphs 4.3

A.TheFirst Derivative
Increasing/Decreasing Test
• If on an interval, then is increasing on that interval.
• If on an interval, then is decreasing on that interval.
A critical number of a function , is a number in the domain such that or

DNE.
If has a local maximum or minimum at , then is critical number of .
f'(x) = 0
f'(x) < 0 f'(x) > 0

f'(x) > 0 f'(x) < 0
f'(x) = 0
maximum
minimum
The First Derivative Test
Suppose is a critical number of a continuous function
• If changes from positive to negative at , then has a local maximum at .
• If changes from negative to positive at , then has a local minimum at .
• If does not change sign at , then has no local maximum or minimum at .
15
152 Section 4.3: Derivatives and the Shape of Graphs
B.TheSecond Derivative
Concavity
• If on an interval, then is concave up on that interval.
• If on an interval, then is concave down on that interval.
Concave Up Concave Down
y y
Increasing
Slope
0 x 0 x
y y
Decreasing
Slope
0 x 0 x
Aninflection point of a function is a point at which the curvature (second derivative)

changes sign. The curve changes from being concave upward (positive curvature) to concave
downward (negative curvature), or vice versa.
f'(x) < 0,
f"(x) > 0
f'(x) = 0, f'(x) < 0,

f"(x) = 0 f"(x) < 0
inflection point
The Second Derivative Test
Suppose that is continuous at
• If and , then has a local minimum at .
• If and , then has alocal maximum at

Section 4.3: Derivatives and the Shape of Graphs 153
Example
1. (video) Given ,find and tell whether the function is increasing

or decreasingat x = 4.
2. (video) Given
a. Find the critical points and the intervals on increase and decrease.
b. State whether each critical point is a maximum or a minimum

3. (video) Given ,find the inflection number.
4.
b. State whether each critical point is a maximum or a minimum.

c. Find the inflection points and the intervals on concavity.
d. Sketch the graph and verify your results
5. =+gx
2cosxx()on

6.

7. Suppose that is continuous on .
a. If and , then f has a local_______________ at .
b. If and , then f has a local_______________ at .
8. Giventhe graph of , determine whether the following conditions are true.
y
a.
5 f (x
3 b.
c.
x
-3 -2 -1 01 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
d.
-3
-4
e.
9. Find a cubic function that has alocal maximum value of 8 at an

alocal minimum value of 6 at .
Section
CurveSketching 4.4
A. Guidelines for sketching a curve
1. Domain
2. Intercepts (x-intercepts and y-intercepts)

3. Symmetry (Odd, even, or periodic functions)
4. Asymptotes
5. Intervals of Increase and Decrease
6. Maximum and Minimum Values
7. Intervals of Concavity
Examples
1. (video) . Sketch the curve using the guidelines 1to 7.
15
160 Section 4.4: Curve Sketching
1. Domain y = axis
2. Intercepts (x-intercepts and y-intercepts) 1
x = axis
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 23 45 6 6
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
3. Symmetry (Odd, even, or periodic
–6
functions)
4. Asymptotes
5. Intervals of Increase and Decrease
6. Maximum and Minimum Values
7. Intervals of Concavit
Section 4.4: Curve Sketching 161
B. Guidelines for sketching a function given a sketch of its derivative
1. Find all intervals where the function is increasing and decreasing.
2. Find all intervals where the function is concave up and concave down.
3. Sketch a function that hasthese characteristics (there are many graphs possible).
Maximumand Minimums roots
Increasing >0
Decreasing <0
Inflection points Maximum and Minimums
Concave up increasing
Concave down decreasing
2. Given the graph of , determine whether the following conditions are true
y a. is concave downward on the interval

3 f'(x)
2.5
1.5 b. hasalocal maximumat x = 0

1
0.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

x c. is decreasing
ontheinterval() ,1.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5 d. hasaninflection pointat x = 0

-2
e. is decreasing
ontheinterval 0,1()
f. isincreasing
ontheinterval() ,1.
162 Section 4.4: Curve Sketching
3. For each of the following is the graph of the derivative of a function. State where the
original function is increasing, decreasing, has max and mins, concave up and down,
inflection points and then sketch .
a. b.
5 5
-5 05 –5 05
-5 –5
5 5
-5 05 –5 05
–5 –
Section
Optimization 4.5
Steps for solving optimization problems
1. Information will be given in the problem to construct a constraint equation. Usually

this equation can easily be found by looking for the quantity (the actual number) given
somewhere in the information. In most cases, there will be two or more variables in this
equation, allowing you to solve for one of these.
2. Determine what quantity needsto be optimized (maximized or minimized). Writean

equation for this quantity—this is your objective equation. Your equation will again be
one of at least two different variables.
3. Substitute the constraint equation into the objective equation. This will yield an objective
equation of only one variable.
4. Once you have a single variable objective equation, it can be optimized by taking the
derivative, setting it equal to zero and then solving for the variable.
5. Remember to answer the original question completely. You may need to plug the quantity
into the objective equation to calculate a different quantity.
Hint: Make sure that units are kept constant—it is easier to equalize units at the beginning of
a problem than during the procedure.
Refer to the page with geometrical formulas that was provided in Section 2.7. You are
responsible for all of these formulas—they may not be provided to you during atest/exam.
Examples
1. (Video) Given , Whatis the maximum value of the function?
16
164 Section 4.5: Optimization
2. (Video) Findtwo numbers Aand B(with A B) whosesum is 56 and whoseproductis

maximized.
3. (Video) Farmer Brown has 6,000 ft of fence to create a rectangular pen that will be adjacent to
a river. If he does not need to put any fence on the side that borders the river, what dimensions
will maximize the area of the pen, and what is the maximum area?
l
Section 4.5: Optimization 165
4. The U.S. Postal Service will accept a box for domestic shipping only if the sum of the length
and the girth (distance around) does not exceed 108 inches. Find the dimensions of the largest
volume box with a square end that can be sent.
Girth = distance around the square
Lengt
5. A box is to be madeout of a 10 by 18 piece of cardboard. Squares of equal size will be cut

out of each corner, and then the ends and sides will be folded up to form a box with an open
top. Find the length , width , and height H of the resulting box that maximizes the volume
(assume that )
6. A cylindrical oatmeal container has a capacity of 3 L. Find the dimensions that will minimize
the cost of production material to construct the container
7. Find the area of the largest rectangle that can beinscribed in a semicircle with a radius 4
8. Find the point on the line , which is closest to the point

9. If 2,000 square centimeters of materialis available to makea box with a square base and an
open top, find the largest possible volume of the box.
x
10. A piece of wire 12 mlong is cut into two pieces. Onepiece is bent into the shape of a circle
of radius and the other is bent into a square of side . How should the wire be cut so that the
total area enclosed is:
a. Maximized
b. Minimized
11. A Norman window hasthe shape of a semicircle atop a rectangle so that the diameter of
the semicircle is equal to the width of the rectangle. Whatis the area of the largest possible
Norman window with a perimeter of 45 ft
12. Arunning track hasthe shape of a rectangle with a semicircle on each end. If the length of
the track is 400 m,find the dimensions so that
a. The rectangular (shaded) region is maximized

b. The entire region is maximized
R
13. Whatangle betweentwo edgesof length 3 will result in anisoscelestriangle withthe largest
area? (See diagram.)
3
14. Consider a rectangle of perimeter 12 in. Form a cylinder by revolving this rectangle about one
of its edges. What dimensions of the rectangle will result in a cylinder of maximum volume
15. A printer need to makea posterthat will have a total area of 200 in.2 and will have 1in.
margins on the sides, a 2-in. margin on the top and a 1.5–in. margin on the bottom. What
dimensions will give the largest printed area?
2 in margin
w– 2
3.5
h margin
– margi
in in
1 1
1.5 in margin
16. There are 50 apple trees in an orchard. Eachtree produces 800 apples. For each additional tree
planted in the orchard, the output per tree drops by 10 apples. How many trees should be added
to the existing orchard in order to maximize the total output of trees?
Section
Newton’sMethod 4.6
A.The Newton’sMethodFormula
Examples
1. (Video) Starting with find the third approximation to the root of the equation
x=3
17
178 Section 4.6: Newton’s Method
2. (Video) Starting with find the second and third approximation to the root of the equation
x=3
3. Starting with find the third approximation to the root of the equation .
Round (ONLY) your final answer correct to eight decimal places.
x=
Section 4.6: Newton’s Method 179
4. a. Find the equation that results in a solution of
b. Find the second, third, and fourth approximations of the root to this function if
x=
Section
Antiderivatives 4.7
Afunction is called the antiderivative of if
Basic rules of antidifferentiation
In general: Reverse basic rules of

differentiation.
Important: *Always use proper notation!
*Don’tforget+C
18
182 Section 4.7: Antiderivatives
Examples: Find the antiderivative for each of the following:
1. (Video)
2. (Video)
3. (Video)
4. (Video)
5. (Video) mx 10tan6cos= xx()

Section 4.7: Antiderivatives 183
6. (Video) Find the general antiderivative F(x), if
7. (Video) Find the antiderivative of and
8
9.
10.
11.
12
13.
14. Find the function given that and .
15. Find the function given that , and

16. A particle is moving with acceleration measured in m/s2

. Its position at time
is and its velocity at time is . Whatis its position at time
17. A stone is thrown straight down from the edge of a roof, 725 ft above the ground, at a speed
of 5 ft/sec.
a. Giventhat the acceleration dueto gravity is 32 ft/sec2, how high is the stone 2 seconds
later?
b. At whattime doesthe stone hit the ground?
c. What is the velocity of the stone when it hits the ground

THE UNIT CIRCLE
The Unit Circle
18
190
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Trigonometric Identities
Trigonometric Functions Pythagorean Identities
Sum and Difference Formulas
Sum and Difference Formulas
Product Formulas
Double Angle Formulas
Law of Cosines
Half Angle Formulas
Reduction Formula
191
ANGLES
Angle
COMMON
FOR
Common
for
VALUES
Values
TRIGONOMETRIC
Trigonometric

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Published in the United States of Americ

DEFINITION Relation: A set of ordered pairs.

Example: Determine whether each of the following is an example of a function or not.

Vertical Line Test for Functions

B. Domain and Range of a Function

DEFINITION Domain:Input x values(i.e., all ofthe valuesof xthat I maypluginto a

DEFINITION Range:Output y values(i.e., all ofthe valuesof ythat afunction canattain)

Domain:__________ Domain:__________ Domain:_________

Range: ___________ Range: ___________ Range: __________

Slope (Use when given two points to find

Slope–Intercept Form (Use when given slope and y intercept)

Point–Slope Form (Use when given one point and slope

Horizontal Line (where b =constant)

For two lines and we have

Twolines are perpendicular

Examples: Find the equation of the line:

1. That passesthrough point (0, 3) withslope = 2

2. That passesthrough points(3, 2) and(4, 5)

3. That passesthrough point (0, 0) and is parallel to the line

4. That passesthrough point (2, 4) andis perpendicularto the line

5. Find the slope and y intercept of the lin

A polynomial function is a function in the form

Examples: State whether each is a polynomial:

A Rational Function is the quotient of two polynomial functions:

A Rational Function is a function of the form

I. Locating Vertical Asymptotes

If is a rational function, and have no common factors and n is a zero of

, then the line is a vertical asymptote of the graph of

II. Locating Horizontal Asymptotes

Examples: Find all asymptotes.

5. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

DEFINITION: An exponential function is a function in the form . (i.e., the variable

DEFINITION: Alogarithmic function is a function in the form . (i.e., the

logbx = y meansexactlythe samething as by = x

Comparison of the two graphs,

Vertical Shifts Movesgraph UP C units

Movesgraph DOWN C units

Horizontal Shifts Movesgraph RIGHT C units

Moves graph LEFT C units

Vertical and Flips graph about x-axis

Vertical Stretching/ for Graph vertically stretches by afactor of C

for Graph vertically shrinks by a factor of

f (x) a.f(x) + 2 b.f (x + 2)

2. Sums, Differences, Products, and Quotients of Functions

1. For the functions and find

DEFINITION: The limit of f(x) as x approaches a, equals L. (Where is the

functions value headed as x is “on its way” to a?)

The limit of f(x) as x approaches a from the LEFT.

The limit of f(x) as x approaches a from the RIGHT.

B.Techniques of Solving Limits

2. Factoring/Manipulation (then Evaluation)

x0 0.1 0.01 0.001

x0+ 0.1 0.01 0.001

Domain: Domain: Domain:_

Range: _____ Range: _ Range: ______