INDEX

Sr.No Content Page No

1 Introduction 1
2 Literature Reviews 2
3 Analysis 4
4 Problem Statement 5
5 Objectives Of The Study 6
6 Conclusion 7
7 References 8
INTRODUCTION

ARCC slab is likewise known as as beamless slab, is a slab supported via way of means of columns
alone. Aa part of slab mendacity on every of the 4 aspects ofcolumn is known as panel. The slab is
little widened close to the helping columns a good way to offer power in shear and to reduce -ve r/f
with inside the guide region. The widened section isenlarged,Thisincreases the fringe for the
essential phase of shear and additionally the ability of the slab for resisting two-manner shear. Slabs
of uniform thickness which do now no longer posses drop panels are known as Flat Plates. The
power of slab with out drop as in flat plate shape is constrained, due to the fact punching shear
movement round columns is excessive, and consequently they're frequently used for mild masses
and small spans.

Countries wherein forged in situ paintings is used, this kind of construction is famous over there.Flat
slabs may be visible in offices & warehouses due to blessings like smooth installation,smooth
placement of concrete ,speedy paintings development and aesthetically properly searching shape.

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LITERATURE REVIEWS
• S.D.Bothara et.al [1] research approximately comparative impact of earthquake on flat slab machine
which includes beam spaced at ordinary durations in perpendicular directions, monolithic with slab.
• A.B.Climent [2] investigates approximately the powerful width of r/f concrete flat slab systems
subjected to seismic loading on the premise of dynamic shaking desk exams. The have a look at is
targeted at the behavior of nook slab column connections with structural metal or channel-fashioned
sections as shear punching reinforcement. Significant variations are discovered among the powerful
width acquired from the exams and the values expected via way of means of method proposed
withinside the literature.
• M.A. Eebrik [3] mentioned approximately Flat-slab RC homes showcase numerous blessings over
traditional second resisting frames.This have a look at specializes in the derivation of fragility curves
the use of medium-upward thrust flat-slab homes with masonry infill walls. The advanced curves had
been as compared with the ones withinside the literature, derived for second-resisting RC frames. This
have a look at additionally concluded that earthquake losses for flat-slab systems are withinside the
identical variety as for second-resisting frames for low restriction states, and appreciably distinct at
excessive harm levels.
• R.K.Makode et.al [4] mentioned approximately the flat slab homes wherein slab is without delay
rested on columns, were followed in lots of homes built lately because of the gain of decreased
ground to ground heights to fulfill the least expensive and architectural needs.
• V.K.Tilva et.al [5] research approximately to avail a price assessment among flat slab panel with
drop and with out drop in 4 storey lateral load resisting constructing for studying punching impact
because of lateral masses. On the premise of permissible punching shear standards in keeping with IS
456, least expensive thickness of flat slab with drop and with out drop are decided on and price
assessment is likewise done.

They are classified according to the mode of support as:-

Concept of Flat block
This study report is ready toanalyse the look of flat block by IS 456-2000.Use of Flat block in construction is non
objectional by each IS ferroconcrete Code and unstable Codebut specific criteria have to be compelled to be
followed so as to form such structures acceptable.
The advantages of those systems are:
• The construction of formwork, placement of r/f
• Placement of flexural r/f is simple.
• Concrete are often casted simply.
• Free area for water, air pipes, etc between block and ceiling is offered.
• Walls in floor plan are often placed with none restrictions.

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METHOD:Code of conducts suggests any two of strategies as Direct style technique and
Equivalent Frame technique for analysis and style ofFlatSlab.Design steps concerned in
construction of Flat block by Direct style technique has some limitations like:
(a) There should be minimum 3 spans in every direction.
(b) Staggered column orientation have to be compelled to be avoided.
Hence, Equivalent Frame technique is mostly adopted by engineers for the analysis of such
structures much.

DISCUSSION: Behavior of flat block is similar to behaviour of 2 approach block. block bands
in each directions on column lines area unit speculated to act as beams. Such bands of slabs
area unit same to as column strips. The deflections area unit found to be minimum at supports
and most at middle of spans.The deflected flat block of panel might have saucer form.
whereverwherever and δy is that the deflection in several directions.

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ANALYSIS:

The analysis of slabs is given in Section thirty one, IS: 456 - 2000, below “Flat Slabs”.
The analysis is applicable to flat slabs and two-way slabs with deflecting beams.The
direct style technique of analyzing a two-way block is non recommendable for
prestressedslabs.American Concrete Institute ACI 318-02,recommends use of
Equivalent Frame technique .It is given in section thirty one.5 and IS: 456 - 2000.This
technique is concisely lined during this section for Flat Slabs.
The block system is given by a series of second equivalentframes.An equivalent frame
on acolumn line of the building is finite by the centre-lines of the bays adjacent to the
column line. The equivalent frame is split into a column strip and middle strips. The
column strip is that theportion that is taken into account as central 1/2 the
equivalent frame.bMiddle strip (MS)consists of remaining parts of adjacent frames.

FINDINGS:
1) Flat block construction is innovative and developing technology in Asian
country. However, thanks to some problems regular RCC ought to be the
popular selection for spans up to ten meters.
2) The column heads are often given any angle for the purpose of design thought
except for the look,45º angle on either aspect of vertical member is taken into
account as effective for the look.
3) Number of shortcomings were found in style procedure for Flat block that
have to be compelled to be self-addressed and revised before long. until then
Indian engineers can have to be compelled to continue with use of Indian
codes together with alternative standards to style and analyze flat slabs.
4) The +ve middle span moment is increasing and -ve moment is decreasing after
we analyze the block with Equivalent Frame technique.
5) -ve& +ve moments at exterior support have to be compelled to be
accumulated for IS 456-2000 for Equivalent Frame technique.

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PROBLEM STATEMENT

A concrete slab with an opening usually will have decreased the strength and thus lower the
load capacity than a same-sized slab without opening, whereby the larger the opening is, the
larger the decrease in load capacity of the slab. Besides, the corners and edges of opening
may act as crack initiators, making them more susceptible to cracking when loaded. Thus,
slabs with openings need certain strengthening mechanism to enable the slab to carry the
design load. Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) laminates are commonly used for strengthening
works of reinforced concrete structural member. FRP sheets is bonded to the concrete surface
by using epoxy specified by the sheet’s respective manufacturer and anchor is installed to
prevent debonding of sheets. As the strengthening effect of CFRP is better than GFRP
(Zhang, et. al., 2012), hence this study uses CFRP as the material for strengthening. The
target of this study is to identify the strengthening effect of CFRP sheets together with
anchors on slab with opening at shear zone

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are as follows:
i) To determine the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs with opening located in the
shear zone in terms of load deflection behavior and crack pattern.
ii) To evaluate the performance of CFRP sheets and anchors in the strengthening of
reinforced concrete slabs with openings.
iii) To validate the finite element results with the experimental results

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CONCLUSION:
After range of research, varied issues were noticed such as:-
 The stresses thanks to vertical structural components as in shear walls area
unit found to be unco high. This truth is noticeable within the foundation
necessities.

 Moments within the slabs area unit a lot of close to the Column space. thus the
block is thickened close to the columns by providing the Drops that area unit
a lot of resistive to Shear likewise as Moment. In most cases,the unstable load
combination is tough wherever vertical components area unit closely spaced to
every alternative likewise as within the case of slabs that area unit supported
at the sting of shear wall sections.
 Problems in slabs are often corrected by the employment of a lot of shear
walls within the structural system.Shear walls reduces the displacements
thanks to earthquake leading to a reduced punching shear stress on slabs.
 The use and application of flat-slab structures is restrained thanks to the
assumption that such structures area unit prone to unstable actions.

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REFERENCES:
 P.C. Varghese “Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design”, prentice hall of India limited, New
Delhi, EEE (2002).
 Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, “IS 456:2000, Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code
of Practice”, Fourth Revision, July (2000).
 M.Anitha, B.Q.Rahman and JJ.Vijay, “Analysis and Design of Flat Slabs Using Various
Codes”, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, April (2007).
 Indian Standard IS 456:2000, Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice.

 Purushothaman P., Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements, Tata McGraw-Hill Publication

Company Ltd. New Delhi. 1984

 Gowda N Bharath; Gowda S. B. Ravishankar; A.V Chandrasekhar, Review and Design of Flat
Plate/Slabs Construction in India.

 Structural Design Guide to the ACI Building code, Third edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold
Company. New York. 1985.