# Basic

'''a = int(input("Enter the first number"))

b = int(input("Enter the second number"))

# a = int(a)
# b= int(b)

c = a+b
print(c)
'''
from typing import List

# F funtion
'''
f function (To write the string and variable value together

name = "python"
number = int(123)
number2 = int(10)

print(f"This is the programming languge {number} + {number2} = {number + number2}")

'''

# Arrays in python
'''
# Arrys in python
in pyhton we can store different type of data in an array

data = ['zain', 123 ]

0 1 2 ---> positive indexing

names = ['zain','zain2', 'zain3']
-3 -2 -1 ---> negative indexing

print(names[1])

# Array Slicing
print(names[0:3]) ----> it will give the items from 0 to 2, it excludes
the written index

#in and not operators

fruits = ['apple', 'mango', 'grapes']

print('apple2' in fruits)
print('apple2' not in fruits)

#Other functions

to show length
len()

to add something in array

fruits. insert(1, "Watermelon") ---> first one is the index and second one is
what to insert

to add at the end in array, also works to add an arry in to another array
fruits.append('watermelon')

to add array item in an array

fruits.extend(["hello world", "hi world"])

to remove an item
fruits.remove("apple")

fruits.pop() ---> removes the last item of the array

to find index
fruits.index("apple")

to find a maximum number

numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,60,90,180,20,90]
max(numbers)

to find minimum number

min(numbers)

to concate two arrays values

a = [1,2,3]
b = [4,5,6]
a + b

to replicate array elements

a = [1,2,3]
print( a * 3)

multidimention arrays

a = [ 1,2,3,[4,5],6,7,[8,9],10]
print(a[6][1]) ----> at access 9 from the list

three dimentional arrays

[ 1,2,3,[4,5,[122,155,180]],6,7,[8,9],10]
print(a[3][2][2]) ------> to access 180

to modify array
a = [1,2,3]
a[0:3] = [10,20,30]
Lists(arrays) are modifyable but Tuples are not
#Tuples
fruits = ("mango","apple","banana","grapes")

# Dictionary (it has a key and value, it is not accessed by index, it is accessed
by key) (Dictionary is also changeable)
people = {
"John":32 , -------> (john is key and 32 is value )
"Rob":40 ,
"Tim":20
}
print(people['John'])

Another way to create a dictionary

people = dict(
John:32,
Ron:40,
Rox:60
)
// to add something in dictionary

people["Richard"] = 45 //if the key is already present, then it updates

the value, if it is not present, it adds it in the dictionary

// to delete an entry in dictionary

del people["John"]

// get method
people.get("John") // it does not crash the program if a certain
value in not presnet in the dictionary, but accessing it with the people["John"],
will crash the program if it is not present in it

//to update or add a dictionary into another dictionary

prices = {"iphone":500, "mac":600}

new_prices = {"iphone":800, "watch":500}
prices.update(new_prices)
print(prices)

// to remove something from a dictionary

prices = {"iphone":500, "mac":600}
prices.pop("mac")

//to get all the values of a dictionary

//------------------------Key value in dictionary------------------------

prices = {'iphone':500, 'ipad':400, 'imac':1500}

//method to get the values in a dictionary
 prices.values()

//method to get keys

prices.keys()

//methond to get all keys and values

prices.items()

//------------------------Sets in python------------------------

// A set in python in similar to set in mathematics which includes collection of

unique elements

//method to define a set

numbers = set([1,2,3,4,5,6])

//another way to define a set

numbers = {1,2,3,4,5,6}

//a set cannot have a duplicate value, if there is a duplicate value, the set
ignores it and writes it only once
//order in a set is not retained, if you write {1,3,2}, it will set it in
ascending order

//* empty set--------------

s = set()
// write an empty set like {}, it will not be an empty set, it will be a
dictionay which will have key value pair

*// Operations on set---------

-> to find any element in the set

s = set(['John','Rob','Time'])
print('John' in s)

*// Union of sets--------------

seta = {1,2,3,4,5}
setb = {5,6,7,8,9}
seta | setb

*// Intersection of two sets

seta = {1,2,3,4,5}
setb = {5,6,7,8,9}
 seta & setb

*// Difference (minus)

seta = {1,2,3,4,5}
setb = {5,6,7,8,9}
seta - setb

*// Symmetric difference (minus) ----> it will remove the common elemnts

seta = {1,2,3,4,5}
setb = {5,6,7,8,9}
seta ^ setb

*// To add a number in a set

seta = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
seta.add(50)
print(seta)

*// To remove a number in a set

seta = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
seta.remove(5) *---> if you remove a value that is not present in the
set, it will crash the program, so you will use discard method to avoid the crash
print(seta)

*// To remove a number in a set and prevent the crash if the value is not
present in the set
seta = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
seta.discard(50)
print(seta)

*// To remove a random element in a set

seta = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
seta.pop()

*// To delete all the element in a set

seta.clear = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

//------------------------Code to search items in a

list------------------------
products = ['phone','tablet','laptop','books ']
item = input('Enter product to search:')
print(item in products) ---------> it is case sensitive

//------------------------Code to remove item in a list------------------------

products = ['phone', 'tablet', 'laptop', 'books ']
item = input("Enter the product to remove: ")
products.remove(item)
print(products)
//-----------------------IF statement------------------------
age = 16
if age>16:
print("your are eligible")
else:
print("not eligible")

//-----------------------Else IF (elif) statement------------------------

marks = int(input("Enter marks: "))

if marks>=90:
print("Grade A+")
elif marks>=70:
print("grade b")

//-----------------------Range Function------------------------

numbers = list(range(3,11)) ------> numbers from 3 to 10

numbers = list(range(10)) ------> numbers from 0 to 9
numbers = list(range(3,11,4)) ------> the last number skips counting
print(numbers)

//-----------------------For loop------------------------
for x in range(5):
print(x)

for x in range(1,11):
print(x)

//*looping through a list

fruits = ["Apple","Grapes","Banana"]
for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)

//*looping through a dictionay

people = {"Tim":300, "Robert":200, "James":500}

for x in people:
print(x) -----------> To access the keys
print(people[x]) ------> To access the values

//-----------------------While loop------------------------
counter = 0
while counter<=10:
print(counter)
counter=counter+1
 //-----------------------Adding multiple items in a cart using for
loop------------------------
cart = []
n = int(input("Enter the number of item you want to add: "))
for x in range(n):
item = input("Enter the item you want to add to the cart: ")
cart.append(item)
print(cart)

//-----------------------Adding multiple items in a cart using while loop with

choice to add more items------------------------

cart = []
while True:
choice = input("Do you want to add an item to the cart?")
if choice == "yes":
item = input("Add the item to the cart")
cart.append(item)
print(cart)

else:
break

//-----------------------Adding multiple items in a cart using while loop with

choice to add more items with all attributes+
products=[
{"name": "Laptop", "price": 1000, "description": "portable personal computer"},
{"name": "Tablet", "price": 300, "description": "touchscreen device"},
{"name": "Smartwatch", "price": 200, "description": "wearable timepiece with
smart features"},
{"name": "Bluetooth Speaker", "price": 150, "description": "portable wireless
speaker"},
{"name": "Gaming Console", "price": 400, "description": "entertainment system
for playing video games"},
{"name": "Headphones", "price": 100, "description": "audio device for personal
listening"},
{"name": "Smart TV", "price": 800, "description": "television with internet and
smart features"},

cart =[]
while True:
choice = input("Do you want to continue shopping? ")
if choice == "yes":
for index,product in enumerate(products):
print(f"{index} : {product['name']} : ${product['price']}:
{product['description']}" )
index_id = int(input("Enter the id of the product you want to add to the
cart"))

#check if the item is already present in the cart

if products[index_id] in cart:
products[index_id]['quantity'] +=1
else:
products[index_id]['quantity'] = 1
cart.append(products[index_id])
 total = 0
print(f"your new cart items are:")
for product in cart:
print(f"{product['name']} : {product['price']} :
{product['quantity']}")
total = total + product['price']*product['quantity']
print(total)

else:
break
print(f"Thank you for shopping, your cart items are{cart}")

//-----------------------Functions ----------------------
def hello():
print("hi")
print("bye")

hello()

//*Arguements
def add(a,b):
return a+b

print(add(90,78))

//*Keywords

def speed(distance, time):

return distance/time

print(speed(distance=100,time=2))
print(speed(time=2, distance=100))

//*Default arguements

def area(raduis, PI=3.14): ----> it should be placed on left

print(PI*raduis*raduis)

area(10)

//*Passing list in function

scores=[1,2,3,4,5]

def add(numbers):
for number in numbers:
return number

print(add(scores))

//*Accesing global variable in a function, using global keyword

count = 10
def increment():
global count
count =count+1
 print(count)

increment()

//*Fucntion to check if the given string is palindrom or not

words ="kook"
lenght = len(words)
palindrome = True
for i in range(lenght):
if words[i] != words[lenght-i-1]:
palindrome =False
break
else:
palindrome =True
if palindrome:
print("The string is a palindrome")

else:
print("The string is not a palindrome")

//to pass many arguments in function, use *args

def add(*args):
sum = 0
for n in args:
sum = sum + n
return sum

print(add(9,2,4))

//*to pass many arguments in function as keywords, use **args

def product(**kwargs):
for key,value in kwargs.items():
print(key + ":" + value)

product(name='iphone', price='500')
product(name='ipad',price='800',description='this is an ipad')

//*decorator function

def chocolate():
print("Chocolate")
def decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Chocolate upper wrapper")
func()
print("chocolate lower wrapper")
return wrapper()

decorator(chocolate)

//* Another way to use decorator with @decorator

def decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Chocolate upper wrapper")
func()
print("chocolate lower wrapper")
return wrapper()

@decorator
def chocolate():
print("Chocolate")
@decorator
def cake():

def decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Chocolate upper wrapper")
func()
print("chocolate lower wrapper")
return wrapper()

@decorator
def chocolate():
print("Chocolate")
@decorator
def cake():
print("cake")

chocolate()
cake()

'''
# class Solution:
# def solve(self,board):
# position_dict = {}
# for position in board:
# position_dict[position] = 0

# class Solution:
# def solve(self, board):
# # Example board: [(row1, col1), (row2, col2), ...]
# for position in board:
# row, col = position
# # Process each position on the board
# print(f"Processing position at row {row}, col {col}")
# # Further logic to solve the problem goes here
#
# # Example usage
# board = [(0, 0), (1, 2), (2, 1)]
# solution = Solution()
# solution.solve(board)