Notes of IR - For CSS

30/09/2024, 17:03 Notes of IR - For CSS
Chapter 1
➢ Close connection with people
➢ Cannot be understood in isolation
➢ Closely connected with other human forums like International Organizations and MNCs
➢ IR is depicted as formal exercise performed by state functionaries such as President, Prime
minster, Generals, and Diplomats. Many others like, college students, general public
➢ IR lays deep impact on lives of college students and other citizens, chances of getting job
depends on global economic environment and international economic competition.
➢ IR deals with international politics, decision of govt about foreign actors.
➢ Issues areas include global trade, the environment, and specific conflicts such as Arab-
Israel conflict. Within each issue of an area, the policy maker can either behave in
cooperative manner or conflictual manner extending either friendly or hostile behavior
toward the other nation. IR scholars look at IR, in terms of mix of conflict and cooperation
in relationships among nations.
➢ Decade of 1990s saw a shift of cost when intense attention was paid to the relations of poor
and rich nations of North-South region WRT topics as economic dependency, debt, foreign
aid, and technology transfer.
Level of Analysis: diverse interpretations of international events
➢ Individual: perception, choices and actions of individual human beings. If a few more
voters had voted in favor of Nixon than Kennedy in the 1960 election, the Cuban Missile
crisis would have ended in a different way. E.g. US led Iraq was 2003, President George
Bush’s desire to remove an abhorred person from the helm.
➢ Domestic Level (state, societal level): groups associations, peer group, pressure group,
political groups. These groups function in different kinds of societies and states. E.g.
Democracies and dictatorships. E.g. Was could be attributed to rise of neoconservative
group which brought around the Bush aftermath of 9/11 attacks.
➢ Interstate, international, systematic level: interaction of states in terms of bilateral relations.
Most significant among all levels. E.g. US-Iraq war could have been prompted because of
the predominance of US military power. Since there was no state willing to support Iraq
army, US, being the strongest military power got huge incentive to attack Iraq with no fear
of large-scale military response.
Nation-State: political, economic, social and cultural actors in international system. Multiple
nationalities joined together in a formal political union.
Nation: socio-cultural entity, union of people sharing who can identify culturally and linguistically.
State: legal/pollical entity comprised of permanent population, defined territory, government and
capacity to enter into relations with other states.
WW1 came to an end by an armistice at Versailles in 1919. Germany was made to accept the
degrading ad humiliating terms and conditions. She was forced to give up territory, apologize, and
pay compensation. Coerced to reduce its army and armament in future and admit the guild for the
war. Germany’s resentment against these terms contributed to Adolf Hitler’s rise in 1930. After
WW1 US president Woodrow Wilson launched his endeavors to create the league Of Nations, but
US senate did not approve US participation which rendered league of nations as ineffective. US
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isolation between the wars, along with declining British power, and Russia crippled by its
revolution, left a power vacuum in World Politics.
After WW1 France regained the lost province Alsace-Lorraine and occupied the Saar- the key
industrial area on Germany’s western flank in order to extract coat, steel and iron. French troops
also occupied Rhineland to ensure that Germany demilitarized as the treaty insisted. Germany lost
13% of her land and nearly seven million people in territorial arrangements of 1919. This act
infuriated Germans which provided genuine pretext for Hitler’s national socialists to hit back in
1930s.
Chapter 2 Theories and Approaches
Political Realism
➢ Explains IR in terms of power.
➢ Idealism is the response of Realists to liberal tradition. Idealism lays importance on
International law, morality and international organizations, rather than power alone, as key
influences on international events.
➢ PR finds politics, society in general, being managed and run by actual laws which are
ingrained in human nature.
➢ In Greece, Thucydides wrote an account of Peloponnesian War, he said “the strong do what
they have the power to do and weak accept what they have to accept. English philosopher
Thomas Hobbs in 17th century called it as the state of nature or law of jungle in contrast to
rule of law.
➢ Realists consider political power separate from and predominant over, morality, ideology
and other social and economic aspects of life. For realists, ideologies do not matter much,
not do religious or other cultural factors with which states may explain their action.
➢ In 2002, notable realists opposed US invasion of Iraq and warned that war with Iraq was
not in favor of US. It shows that realists do not always favor war and use of military power,
although at times, they acknowledge need of doing so.
➢ PR admires rational foreign policy because it increases benefits and reduces risks,
addresses both, the moral principle of wisdom and political requirements of success.
According to PR, only factor which keeps the nations together is the absence of all
conflicting interests.
➢ Hans J. Morgenthau believes that content of power and manner of its use are determined
by the political and cultural environment.
➢ Present world can be changed only through the guidance by permanent forces that have
shaped the past and will do the same with future.
➢ Realists think in terms of interest defined as power, as the economists think in the interest
defined as wealth.
➢ Realist conclude that priority of every state leader is to ensure the safety and security of
state. Under anarchy, this objective is not possible. States with greater power are more in
convenient position of surviving than the states with less power and capabilities.
➢ Realists do not consider it proper for states to rely on other actors like League of Nations
or United Nations for their safety and survival as allies today may become foes tomorrow.
➢ All realists agree to three Ss i.e. statism (idea of state as legitimate representative of the
collective will of people), self-help, survival.
Statism
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Within territorial space, sovereignty means that the state has the supreme authority to make and
enforce laws. There is an unwritten contract between the state and the individual which forms the
basis of the state. Its responsibility of state to protect its people within the boundaries to state, but
outside the state, in relation with the other states, there are always dangers, threats, and insecurities
keep on hovering the state which pose great danger to the existence of the state.
➢ Morgenthau offers the definition of power as “man’s control over the minds and actions of
other men”. Power is relational concept which means power cannot be exercised in a
vacuum but in relation to another object. Power is a relative concept.
Survival
➢ State actors much place the protection of their ideology, national interest and national
image as most crucial things of their foreign policy.
➢ Waltz and Joseph Grieco, two defensive realists say that states have security as their main
concern, and therefore look for adequate amount of power to safeguard their own survival.
➢ Offensive realists claim that (John Mearsheimer) that only objective of states is to acquire
commanding positions in international system.
Self-Help
➢ Differences between the domestic and international politics.
➢ In domestic, citizens do not have to defend themselves as it is the responsibility of the state.
International system lacks higher and effective authority to prevent and neutralize it.
Therefore, security can be achieved through self-help. When there is no body for protection
then, self-help is the only way out to shield against insecurity. As in anarchic structure.
➢ Security dilemma crops us when military preparations of one state cause anguish amongst
the pother states and make them think that whether these preparations are for defensive
purpose or they are for offensive purpose. This means that, one state yearning for security
is seena s a source of insecurity for another.
Liberalism
➢ A project to transform IR so that they confirm to models of peace, freedom, and prosperity.
➢ Commercial liberalism promotes the idea of free trade and commerce across the state
borders on the assumption that economic interdependence among states will reduce
incentives to use force and raise cost of doing so.
➢ Republican liberalism endorses the spread of democracy among states so that governments
will be accountable for their citizens and find it difficult to pursue policies that promote
the sectional interest of economic and military elites.
➢ Institutional liberalism operates at the level of international political structure.
Liberal Internationalism (Immanuel Kant and Jeremy Bentham)
➢ Liberal theories of IR ty to explain how peace and cooperation are possible. Immanuel
Kant gave reciprocity principle; states could develop the organizations ad rules to promote
cooperation by forming world federation like UNO.
Idealism
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➢ Core principle of idealism is the belief that what unites mankind is more important than
what divides it. Idealists turn down the realist’s argument that the state itself is the source
of moral value for human beings. Instead they enlighten individual about the need to reform
the international system.
➢ Collective security and collective defense
Neoliberalism and Neorealism
➢ Neorealism: world of security. Waltz believe that structure directs states conduct. Classical
realists believed that power was both means, and an end and rational state behavior was
simply accumulating the most power. For neorealists power is more than the accumulation
of military resources.
Feminism
➢ Difference between sex and gender
➢ Key actors in IR such as diplomats, etc. are men
➢ Contributions of women are denied
➢ Concept of security is not confined to security against atrocities of other nations but against
men as well
➢ Security covers the concept of rape and other violence
➢
➢
➢
➢
First wave of feminism

➢ Industrial society and liberal politics concerned with access and equal opportunities for
women.
➢ WWI, members of National women’s party protesting outside white house against
undemocratic practices. The banner created outrage; women were arrested. Consisted of
white, middle class, and well-educated women
➢ It was believed that when women spoke in public, it is as if she is showing masculine
behavior. Campbell (1989), “no true women could be a public persuader”
➢ First wave feminists pursued the argument of women’s innate moral superiority.
➢
➢ –
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Second Wave of Feminism (1960s to 1970s)

➢ Linked to radical voices of women’s empowerment and differential rights
➢ –
➢
Third Wave of Feminism

➢ More opportunities and less sexism
➢ as “girl feminism” and in Europe it is known as “new feminism”
➢
➢ Effects of globalization and complex redistribution of power, which challenge feminist

theory and politics.
➢ Establishing new critical global perspective between black, diasporic, and subaltern
feminism,
Constructivism
➢ Basic insight from constructivism can be understood by Alexander Wendt says “500
.
➢
Chapter 3
International Political Security
New threats
➢ Environmental degradation
➢ Pandemics e.g. SARS, Bird flu, Swine Flu
➢ Non traditional security threats – 1997 Asian crisis, 2002 bali bombings, 2003 SARS
outbreak
New Powers
New Warfare
➢ Interdependence
➢ Technology creates new forms of insecurity – changes nature of warfare – making it more
destructive – global security
China’s Regional Security Doctrine
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➢ Close link b/w economic development and security

➢ Non traditional security threats are viewed side-by-side with traditional security
challenges.
➢ Common Security – achieving security on partnership with other nation states, without any
nation dominating over the other
➢ Inclusive security – mutual trsuts, respect for the interest of others, ASEAN regional forum
➢ Cooperative security – win-win situation
➢ Evolving security – security depends on long term process subject to change
➢ National security – 1940s
➢ Comprehensive security – 1960s
➢ Cooperative security – 1970/1980s
➢ Human Security – 1990/2000s
➢ Non-traditional security - 1990/2000s
Power
➢ State power- size, level of GDP, professional skills, capability of armed forces
➢ Power of ideas- way of utilizing capabilities in best possible way
➢ Soft power- if a state shares its values with other states at a wider scale, it would be able to
influence other states easily. US has influenced other states to accept the value of free trade.
➢ Power is relational concept
Assesing power
➢ US attacked Iraq, US was powerful nation, Iraq had fought two wars and had to sustain a
decade of sanctions which hindered its capabilities.
➢ GDP is not always a predictor of who will win the war
Basics of power
➢ Power is combination of natural resources, industrial capacity, moral legitimacy, military
capability and popular support of govt.
➢ Credibility of state depends on how well they keep their promises, and how flexible are
they WRT to values of other states
➢ Japan attacked on US fleet at Pearl Harbor 1941. US avenged humiliation at Pearl Jarbor
by dropping atomic bomb on cities of Japan which wiped mankind from earth.
➢ Ability to quickly produce sophisticated weapons and to meet needs of the armies in a
battle.
➢ Geography – important element of power – geopolitics – some use geography to enhance
their military capacbilities by securing bases close to rival power. Controlling oil pipeline
routes in Central Asia is geopolitical issue.
Balance of Power
➢ Sovereignty and power are two main theme of IR
➢ Realist may argue that power is necessary for expansion of boundires and enhancing of
power.
➢ National power – used for peace keeping as well as for warmongering.
➢ Concept of BOP provides best explanation for oscillations of peace and war in Europe.
➢ Equilibrium, when distorted, nations try best to stabilish equilibrium again
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➢ Necessary for peace of world

➢ Is temporary and shortlived
➢ BOP has favored status quo
➢ On one hand, it is belived that it was major factor in preserving the peace, on the other
hand it is belived to be responsible for escalating tension and hastening the wars.
➢ BOP is game of great powers.
➢ BOP neither suits democracy not dictatorship.
Methods of Maintainig BOP
➢ Alliances and Counter-Alliances: offensive and defensive: offensive promote war. All
alliances have conflicting interpretations. Every alliance is defensive for those states who
participate in it and offensive from the viewpoint of those who oppose it
➢ Divide and Rule: Policy of Soviet Union towards rest of the Europe, policy of British
towards subcontinent. Soviet union has always opposed the unification of Europe as it
beleievd that if she scattered and divided nations combine together to form a “western
bloc”, it would prompt the enemies of the Soviet Union to threaten its security.
➢ Compensations: Divison or annexation of territory. Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, which put
an end to Spanish war of succession, acknowledged for territorial compensation.
➢ Armaments: power through which nation endeavours to re establish BOP. Eats major
chunk of defense budget, gives root to fear, suspicion, and feeling of insecurity.
➢ Intervention and Non Intervention: Non intervention policy is adepoted bby small states or
major powers which are satisfied with the political order and can follow peaceful methods
to maintain balance.
Foreign Policy Determinants
➢ Endeavors of independent states which they launch to develop close relations between
them in order to benefit from each other’s achievement in different fields of human act .
➢ Foregin policy is nation’s contemplation, reflection of domestic political trends and
behavior. It is always product of interaction of many forces like
.
➢ Foregin policy acts
Formulation of Foreign policy

➢ FP are outcome of individual human likings and dislinkings. They result from its people
and its political leaders, its diplomats, and bureaucrats upraised on state’s internal
structure.
Comparative FP:
➢ FP relation to its
Models of Decision Making
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➢ Rational Model: set target, assess their relative importance, calculate cost, benefits of every
course of action, then pick the one with highest benefits and lowest cost. Probablities of
outcomes must be kept in consideration.
➢ Government bargaining or :
. E.g.
➢ Individual decision making:
➢ Two options in rational model of decision making to accept psychological realisites.

.
➢ Groupthink refers to tendency of group to make decisions. Groups tend to be more
optimistic about the chances of success and are more willing to take risk.
Crisis Management
➢ Decision in reaching consensus become highly difficult.
➢
.
Domestic Content
Government structure and philosophy: .
no policy can be formulated because leading govt groups can not develop any type of
consensus. During Iran-American hostage crises, there was no central authority in Tehran, despite
apparent authority of Ayatollah Khomeini.
Public Opinion
Who is expressing opinion, what issues in, and what situation.
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➢ , public opinion constitutes only an insignificant factor in definitions of the

situation. Conflict start slowly, and drag on for years, crisis is characterized by sudden
unanticipated actions, high perceptions of threat ad feelings that something must be done
immediately. In these situations, .
nw
Interest groups and Political parties

➢
➢
Parliament/ legislature
➢ , considering state values, political culture,
foreign commitments
➢ . They
pass budget, regulate bureaucratic rules, make trade laws etc
➢
.
Bureaucracy
➢
➢
Attitudes
➢ How policy makers react to the actions, signals, demand of other states. Perceive intension
of other states and define their own objectives towards others.
➢ Analogies: recalling lessons learned through previous experiences, whether good or bad.
In policy making situation, unexamined adherence to analogies may lead to poor policy.
May act as a source of misperception.
➢ Our values, attitude , everything is learned through experience, education and great variety
of information sources. They affect the way we see things. They influence policy but do
not determine it.
Sovereignty
➢ Supreme authority, enjoys power within its terriotiral and geographical limits.
➢ Independent, autonomous, do not interfere in the international affairs of other states.
➢
.
➢
).
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➢
ium. These are the problems in sovereign international system.
➢
.
➢
Elements of National Interest

➢ Elements that contribute to the national power.
Geography
➢ Napoleon “The foreign policy of country is determined by its geography”
Size
➢ Threat of nuclear was has increased the importance of size of territory as a source of
national power. In order to make a nuclear threat credible enough, a nation needs to have
a territory, large enough to spread its industrial and population locations as well as its
nuclear installations. US, Soviet Union, China.
➢
➢
Location
➢ Geographical loation plays a more significant role in making national power.
➢ Due to location, country develops lumbering, hunting, grazing, crop culture, mining,
commerce.
➢ Location makes a state a land power or a sea power with overall advantages and
disadvantages.
Natural Resources
➢ Waterfall and soil fertibility, flora, fauna, minerals
➢ Rubber, timber, tobacco, hides and cotton are raw materials
➢ Coal deposits
➢ Natural wealth may attract foreign aggression and may entice the invaders to attack the
state.
➢ Raw Materials: Vegetable products, animal products, minerals.
Food and Agricultural Products
➢ Food incducated power of nations, if state is sufficient in food it does not need to rely on
imports for food satisfaction.
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.
➢
➢
Minerals
Sources Of Energy
➢ Manpower is major source of energy.
➢ is major source of energy in world.
➢ .
➢ Since WW1, .
➢ In Pak, attempts to explore oil led to the discovery of Natural Gas.

➢ Uranium and Plutonium are major sources of atomic energy.
➢
Position Of US
➢ US is not self-sufficient. Deficient in tin, natural rubber, industrial diamonds, and quartz
crystals. Rely on foreign sources for manganese, chromite, nickel, and bauxite
requirements.
➢ Manganese and chromite are essential minerals used to produce steel and for other items
for which there is no substitute. Main source of these materials is Soviet Union. At present,
India and South Africa are the chief suppliers of manganese.
Chapter 4: Strategic Approach to International Relations

Perspectives on IR and War
➢ Neorealists: state behavior is primarily driven by survival in the international system. State
tries to survive by maximizing its power and trying to change the balance of power in its
favor.
.
➢ actors, exist in anarchic world,
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s. Example, state of great powers in Europe

before WW1 and WW2.
➢ Other view is Liberalism, cooperation, free trade, interdependence.
➢ , increasing democracy, interdependence in trade and increasing
cooperation in international institutions results in making war highly unlikely.
➢ .
Wars
➢ Great curse of international society.
➢ Rational Wars: deliberately initiated with the purpose of achieveing some national purpose.
In ninetnnth century these wars were common and calcultions were not unrealistic.
Between 1816-1911 four-fifths of all the wars were won by the states that initiated them.
➢ Collision war: govt get involved in war because of the gross misjudgements or a failure to
perceive some particular source of events. Outcomes of such wars are difficult to forecast.
➢ Third category of war is initiated because govt is afraid of peace, it feels that if it does not
go to war now, the result of several more years of peace would be more intolerable. E.g.
fear lay behind Japanese decision to bomb Pearl Harbor in 1941.
➢ Hegemonic wars: war for control of world, also called world war, general war or systematic
war. E.g WW1 and WW2
➢ Total Wars: conquer and occupy another. Goal is to reach the capital and force the govt to
surrender. 2003 iraq war is best example. In total wars, entire society gets involved. British
and US bombing killed 600,000 German Civilians and Japanese.
➢ Limited Wars: smaller scale, objective is to give an answer to enemy’s provocation and
replace the existing order. Border clashes. Raids are limited wars. 1981 israeli warplanes
raided an Iraqi nuclear research plant and completely destroyed it.
➢ Civil war: conflict between various groups within the states who are trying to destabilize
the ongoing setup. In 1971, former Each Pakistan ceded from Pakistan to form a new state
of present day Bangladesh.
➢ Guerrilla Wars: no front lines, kind of civil war, purpose is to harass the enemy and punish
it by hit and run tactics. Iraqi paramilitary forces have used such methods in the Iraq war
in 2003.
Asymmetrical Warfare
➢ War is continuation of politics by other means: Carl Von Clausewitz
➢ Asymmetric warfare is strategy of last resort, those who engage are convinced that their
political ends are so morally imperative that ehy justify whatever means are necessary to
achieve them. Group psychology plays important role in motivating people to join
asymmetrical organizations.
Asymmetrical strategic objecitves
➢ Primary objective is psychologival and not military.
➢ Asymmetrical combatants generally use convert terrorists and unconventional guerrilla
warfare tactics and seek to avoid direct military encounters with the adversaries’ vastly
superior armed forces.
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➢ Second but vital objective is to win hearts and minds of potential sympathizers and
supporters, thereby gaining financial and logistic support, safe haven, and ability to recruit
new combatants.
Organizational and Operational Scope:
➢ Two types of organizational structures: individual terrorist attacks and broader insurgies.
➢ Al-Qaeda is large multinational terrorist organization that has undertaken individual
terrorist attacks in US, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia but has also been active in insurgency
operations in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Key Strategic elements of a new strategic vision
Psychological Programs
Diplomacy
Intelligence
Military force: Broader objective is to neutralize the enemy’s ability to achieve its political agenda
through a psychological campaign of fear and intimidations.
Special Convert Operations
Law Enforcement
Protective Security
Pakistan’s Strategic Culture:
➢ Collectivity of beliefs, norms, values and historical experiences.
➢ Jack Snyder “strategic culture represents the sum of total of ideas, conditioned emotional
.
➢ Study of strategic culture focuses on historical experiences and narratives of policymakers,
their perception of adversary’s intentions and capabilities, and the challenges they
encounter in their interaction with the rest of the world.
Pakistan’s Policies
➢ Pakistan emphasizes pluralist power model: principle of sovereignty, equality for all,
respect for other nations, recognision of right to conduct all domestic and international
activities.
➢ Regional security parametes should evolve through dialogue and mutual accommodation
rather than one state imposing its national priorities.
➢
➢ Pakistan and US signed Mutual Defense assistance treaty in may 1954 which facilitated
US arms transer to pak and military training for its personnel by US experts.
➢ Pakistan was admitted to SEATO in September 1954 and Baghdad Pact (CENTO) in
September 1955.
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➢ Policymakers decided to join American alliance system to overcome security problems.

First 6 year economic assistance and military sales package (1981-1987) offered by US to
pak amounted to 3.2 billion $.
➢
➢
.
➢ Had India not gone for nuclear explosion in may 1998, Pakistan would have continued with
the policy of nuclear ambiguity.
Nuclear Deterrence
➢ Stop and discouraging a nation to refrain from doing something or prevent them from
doing so by showing that results will be painful.
➢ During cold war US planners, soviet unio and western European allies.
➢ Defense focuses on military capabilities rather than intension.
.
➢
)
“Star Wars” or “Ballistic Missile Defence” “BMI”
Nuclear Deterrence with Special Reference to Nuclear India and Pakistan
➢
is based in the assumption that nuclear weapons are peacemaker.
➢ Existential deterrence “McGeorge”.
➢ Proliferation pessimists make several interallated claims. First, they argue that
nonproliferation and nuclear disarmament are better than nuclear deterrence for the simple
reason that the latter can fail and nuclear proliferation could lead to regional nuclear war.
➢ Prolifeation optimistis claim that existential deterrence will continue keeping the peace
because regionals rivals will never need to weaponize.
➢ Minimum nuclear deterrence: s
China Factor
➢ Chinese and Pakistani nuclear threats were the major rationales for the Indian nuclear tests
of May 1998.
➢ Security dilemmas faced by paksitan and india over conventional atrocities on borders,
escalation of war.
➢ Dangers of living with the Bomb.
➢ Peace as absence of war: peace as indo-pak economic and social cooperation for lifting
hundreds of millions of Indian and Pakistani citizens from absolute prroverty.
Chapter 5 : Theories in IPE
Mercantilists
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➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
Marxist Concept of IPE

➢
➢
IPE: economic tools of national policy

➢ Style of control
➢ Totalitarian setup: control may be almost complete
➢ Democratic: considerable freedom may normally be permitted. Both polciies are adopted
in pursuit of their national interest.
The Great depression
➢ International trade after WW1 receieved setbacks.
➢
Neo-Marxism
➢ Dependency theory: Hans Singer and Raul Prebisch:
International trade
➢ Trade occurs because of differences in cost
➢ No nation is sufficient on its own
➢ Resources are scarce
➢
➢
Liberal Approach
➢ Free trade
➢ Positive sum game
➢ Absolute gain/trade/wealth
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➢ Assumption is that with free trade investment will flow in developing countries and help
them stabilizing their economies
➢ Mutiple buyers/sellers/ price is decided by market
➢ Demadn curve supply curve
➢ Liberal approach maximizes the overall benefits from the exchanges rathe than being
interested in dividing benefits equally among states.
➢
➢
➢
Imperialism
➢
Objectives
➢ Economic Advantages: (occupying territories for sake of loot, plunder, free market and
source of raw materials)
➢ National Prestige
➢ National Defence: provide areas and bases for defense by providing adequate manpower
from which troops and labors may be drawn, states occupy completely or influence those
states called buffer states)
➢ Overpopulation: can bring immense economic profits because emigrating nationals
promise to be good customers.
Chapter 6: International Trade
➢
➢ Industralzation increased demand for foreign goods, mostly natural resources.
➢
.
➢ Constant struggle for maximization of profits.
➢ Cost of production is controlled by price of labor than of primary goods.
➢ .
➢
Why Nations trade
➢ Importing commodity that nation does not produce and export the commodity produced in
abundance.
➢
Theory of Comparative Advantage
➢
➢
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➢
Free Trade:
➢ Apple Iphone is assembled in china, components made in japoan, Singapore, and half
dozen other locals.
➢
➢ Global deals like Trans Pacific Partnership will boost profits of MNCs and make the richest
one percent even richer. But they will contribute to the steady shrinkage of the American
middle class.
Problems of free trade
➢ Loss of jobs
➢ US textile indsytru sought protection against Chinese and South Korean imports.
Measures to protect domestic industry
➢
,
➢ Preferential Tax Treatment for Domestic Production:
If its corporation taxes, then more funds are available for reinvestment. If
taxes due on shareholder earnings are reduced, then incentive to invest in corporation in
future is increased.
➢ Public Subsidy of Domestic Production:
➢ Import Restrictions Including Prohibition: might seen reasonable but highly destructive in
the light of IR. Impact on employment, investment, and fiscal policies is swift and profound
which provokes economic retaliation and escalation.
.
➢ Product Regulation:
.
EU and Us have had many trade disputes, one of which nearly derailed the Uruguay
Round. In Japan huge positive BOT adds to nation’s wealth, profits,
. Countires may be
affected by overdependence, country may need to try to be self-sufficient even at a higher
economic cost.
unemployment, damag on
Chapter 7: International Political Community
Nationalism
➢ World is divided into distinctive people, these people form nations whose members are
loyal to one another.
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➢ Basis of nationalism: common language, ethnicity, religion , common history.

➢ Nations are born and exist in people’s minds and become objective features of globl,
psychological bond.
➢ Nation should enjoy equal rights and political autonomy. Dominant nations try to exercise
their power on minority groups, turks did to kurds.
Internationalism
➢
Globalization
➢ Internationalization: intensification of cross border interactions and interdependence
between countries.
➢ Liberalization: Lifting barriers, promoting free trade.
➢ Universalization: spreading various objects and expertise to people at all corners of the
earth.
➢ Deterritorialization: shift in geography by which territorial places loose their previiosly
overrding influence.
➢ Globalization: embraces multifarious trades which include international trade,
telecommunication, monetary collaboration, MNCs, technical and scientific alliances,
chultural exchanges of new ideas and connection between the rich and poor nations of the
world.
➢ Concept of Globalization: widening, deepening, and speeding up worldwide
interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life.
➢ According to “transformationalists” states sovereignty is impaired by EU and WTO and
Global Geography
➢ IR is determined by geography and history.
➢
Waves of Globalization
➢ First wave: 4000 bc when Chinese started exporting silk to middle east.
➢ Second wave: 1600 when British East India Company and Dutch East India Company
became operational.
➢ Third wave started in 1950 and still in play.
➢ Father of Globalization “Milton Friedman”: every service should be privatized, wars,
s
Armament Companies
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➢
conflicts. That’s how they make living.
➢
Chapter 8: Approached To Peace

➢ Diplomacy that ends up with war, fails its primary objective of promotion of peace.
➢ Diplomacy achieve its objective through persuasions, compromise and threat of force.
➢ Diplomacy is entire process through which states conduct their foreign relations. It is
means for allies to cooperate and to resolve conflict without use of force.
➢ Importance of diplomacy arises from the fact that most foreign policies re stated very
generally, without indicating the measures of implementations.
➢ Diplomacy aims to further a state’s particular goals while preserving international order.
➢ Diplomacy aims to further a state’s goals while preserving international order. Must
balance need to protect their states interests and to avoid conflict with other states.
➢ Effective communication, interpersonal skills.
➢ Even when country issues warning, it must be in conformity to diplomatic standard for
such communications.
➢ Functions of diplomacy: intelligence gathering, image management, and policy
implementation. : ,
,
.
Functions of Diplomacy
➢ diplomats are eyes and ears of state. Execute policies, to protect its interest
and nationals. Attend social and ceremonial meetings. Diplomat represents country in an
other country, country is jusdged by impression which diplomat makes.
➢ Negotiate and conclude treaties, can be carried out with persuations,
compromise, and sometimes using arm-twisting methods.
➢ provide information by using his skills and familiarity with foreign
society in order to interpret the data and make reliable assessment toward the policies of
his own government.
➢ Observe, analyze, report on political, social and economic conditions and trends
of significance in the country in which they are assigned.
➢
➢
Types of Modern Diplomacy:
➢ Democratic Diplomacy: working with career diplomats who working culture and capability
were bring enhanced by exemplary training.
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➢ Open Diplomacy
➢ Totalitarian Diplomacy: .
➢ Conference Democracy:
➢ Summit Diplomacy:
➢ Shuttle Diplomacy:
➢ Multilateral Diplomacy:
➢ Personal Diplomacy: if normal channel of diplomacy i.e.
➢ Coercive Diplomacy:
. May include the use of military force to bring the enemies on its knees. Economic
threats and sanctions are another set of options that can be used for the same purpose of
deterrence. E.g. .
.
Skills of Diplomacy
➢
➢ Ensure not only interest of his own country but also to honor the prevailing laws of host
nations.
➢ Developed by knowledge, observation and God-gifted qualities.
Diplomatic Immunity
➢ International law is based on the respect and rights of the diplomats.
➢
.
➢ They present their accreditation documents called “Credentials” and after that the
individual so defined as ambassador enjoys certain rights and protections as foreign
diplomats in the host country.
➢
.
➢
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➢ Protection is given for two reasons: diplomats are personal representatives of heads of
states and also the governments, they must be free of certain restrictions which local laws
would otherwise impose in order to be perform their duties in befitting manner.
➢ They enjoy exemptions from direct taxes and custom duties.
History of Modern Diplomacy:
➢ By 17th century, permanent missions had become a necessity rather than eception and
diplomacy had to become a profession and generally acknowledged method of inter-state
relations.
➢ 18th century was golden era of diplomacy of the courts. Rules were drafted to carry on with
diplomatic business. Indsutrial revolution in US and France paved the way for new era of
diplomacy to usher into the late eighteenth century.
➢
International Law
➢ Morality, customs, and law step in to protect society against turmoil, anarchy, and
individual against enslavement and extinction.
➢ .
➢ Ellery C. Stowell 1931:
➢ Public Law
➢
➢ Administrative law: body of rules growing out of regulations adopted by international
administrative agencies like Universal Postal Union.
➢ International Comity:
The Laws of War

➢ Have helped refine warfare but they have not tried to prevent the most inhuman practices,
such as .
➢ Laws of war have not been revised to cover the new and most terrible weapons of
destruction that came into use during WW1 and WW2.
Laws of Peace
Sic divisions of law of peace
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
Sources of International Law
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Enforcement of international law

➢ There is not world police, hence no enforcement. Enforcement depends on power of states
themselves to punish violators.
➢
➢ Sanctions by countries on violation of international law. E.g.
Disarmament, Arms Control and Security

➢ Reduction or elimination of all types of armaments for the purpose of ending armament
race. By doing so, we will be able to avoid the armament race and international anarchy
and war.
➢
.
➢ Other type of disarmament is voluntarily disarmament.
➢
➢ Two main problems with disarmament: it is not clear tht the underlying assumption i.e.
arms cause war, is correct. Second problem is the difficulty of verifying disarmament
agreements. In the absence of reliable verification, disarmament can make the world more
dangerous place.
➢ Arms control is concerned with regulating the armaments race for the purpose of military
stability.
➢ Objectives of control and disarmament are to prevent, limit, and reduce the probability of
illegitimate use of force in international society.
General factors in Disarmament and Arms Control
➢
➢ , nationalism and sovereignity, economic considerations.
➢ It is not correct to believe that armament is the main source of tension and fear and that
complete disarmament would put an end to the possibility of war. Wars were fought even
when there were no weapons. man’s lust for
ac
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Chapter 9: International Political Institutions

UN
➢ Some international agreements and declarations such as Atlantic Charter of August 14,
1941 and Moscow Declaration provided guidelines for building of new organization which
was to replace the league of nations.
➢
.
➢
.
➢ General assembly consist of representatives of all the states.
➢ General assembly has become more important and effective than security council in
matters such as disarmament, the settlement of disputes, and even collective security.
➢ Much of day-to-day work is carried out by Secretariat.
. Secretary general is administrative head of the Secretariat.

➢ Secretariat convenes meetings of principle organs, prepares studies and background
materials for meetings. It acts as executive agent and provides secretarial services for the
other principle organs except the International Court of Justice.
➢
IMF
➢ Conceived at Bretton Woods conference in July 1944. Created in 1946 with 46 members
now it has 188 countries.
➢
.
➢
.
➢ 1973 IMF managed “par value adjustable peg” system
.
➢ Floating exchange rate created new role for IMF in 1990.
.
➢ IMF’s purpose: facilitate trade by restricting certain exchange rate control, creating
monetary stability, provide short term financing to members of countries to correct
temporary balance-of-payments problems.
Balance of Payments
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➢ Accounting of international transactions of govt.

➢
Voting and influence at IMF

➢ Executive board of IMF simply approves loan, policy decisions and many other matters
by majority vote. .
➢
.
Functions of IMF
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
IMF Loan Programs
➢ Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) which provides the bulk of IMF assistance to middle-
income countries. (1-2 year)
➢ Extended Fund Facility (EFF) addresses longer term balance-of-payments problems
requiring fundamental economic reforms and generally runs for three year or longer.
➢ Extended Credit Facility: flexible medium term support to low-income members that have
protracted balance of payments problem.
➢ Stand-by credit facility
➢ Rapid-credit facility: urgent
Special Drawing Rights (SDR)
➢ International monetary reserve asset.
➢ –
➢ .
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Criticizm on IMF
➢
➢
➢ .
➢ .
➢ Fails to understand dynamics of country:
World Bank
➢
➢
.
➢ .
➢
.
➢ International finance corporation (IFC) provides loans, equity, risk management tools, and
structured finance. IFC helps in improving investments in the private sector.
➢
Primary focus of World bank

➢
➢ Solution to special challenges of post conflict countries and fragile states.
➢ .
➢ .
➢ .
Outlook of World bank
➢
➢
➢ .
➢
Chapter 10: IR between two wars

Russian Revolution
➢ Russian armies suffered from lack of supplies and equipment.
➢ Provisional government made Russia the freest country in the world on paper, with equality
before the law, freedom of religion, and the right to strike and so on.
League of Nations
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➢ WW1 destructions
➢ Need for an association of nations was felt long during the seventeenth century but the
outbreak of WW1 in 1914 gave a fillip to it that accelerated the need for a world body that
could avert the scourge of war forever.
➢
➢ Preamble declared as its purpose to promote international cooperation and to achieve

international peace and security.
➢
and the number of non-permanent seat in 1934 and

number of non-permanent seats was increased to eleven.
WW2
➢
➢ Japan’s expansionist plans were facilitated too by China’s crumbling position near to state
of elimination. China, once a great dynastic empire by late 19th century had almost stopped
functioning as a state.
➢
➢ US policy of isolation after WW! Left a power vacuum in world politics with US stepping
aside. This encouraged .
➢
Collapse of International System

➢ .
➢ Demise of international economic system spurred the onset and spread of World War 2.
Britain found it difficult to adjust in the new system in view of her past role performed in
the World Economy before WW1. On the other hand, US refused to take on mantle of the
world leadership that accelerated the war.
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➢ USSR invaded finland in 1939. League of Nation retaliated and expelled Soviet Union.
➢ Hitler believed Germans to be superior nation, a master race and anticommunism. This
concept led to the escalation of war.\
➢
Chapter 11: Cold War

➢
➢
➢
➢ After world war 2, two power blocs emerged on the international level. American Bloc,
known as western or democratic bloc. It was dubbed as capitalist bloc or imperialist bloc
by communists.
➢ Soviet Union bloc known as Eastern Bloc or Soviet Bloc. It was labelled as communist
bloc by western analysis.
➢
➢ In 1960 there were nearly 7000 nuclear weapons in Western Europe alone. The NATO
deployed these weapons to balance soviet conventional superiority while soviet nuclear
forces in Europe compensated for overall American nuclear superiority.
The Cuban Missile Crisis
➢ In 1962, US found that Soviet Union had secretly deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba. This
was coveyed to US president John F. Kennedy on oct 16 1962. US nuclear forces moved
to unprecedented state of alert by imposing bloackage of island. Superpowers stood
eyeball to eyeball and this was the moment during the cold war when the risk of nuclear
war was at its greatest. Crisis end on 28 oct 1962 when USSR agreed to withdraw missiles
on the condition that US would not invade Cuba. US also secretly agreed to remove its
missiles installed in Turkey on Russian border.
➢ Cuban crisis demonstrated that the world with massive nuclear potential and desparate
arms race was at precipice to trigger WW3.
➢ A hotline was installed to link Washington and Moscow to enable the leaders to discuss
directly whenever a serious situation arose.
Détente: 1969-1979
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➢
➢
.
Second Phase of Cold War (1979-1986)
➢ US, pre-empting a nuclear strike by US, shot down a Korean civilian airliner in Soviet
airspace in 1983. Americans reacted sharply and US nuclear missile deployment in Europe
created tension in East-West relations.
➢
End of Cold War

➢
➢
➢
➢
Demise of Soviet Union
➢
. Baltic republics, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Georgia were first to demand
independence but intensity affected vertically all the soviet repuiblics.
➢
US-USSR relations
➢
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After Cold War

➢ Relaxation of tension and reuction in threat.
➢
➢
.
➢ Year 2001 witnessed new rivalries between china, Europe and America. US was left alone
in world politics on sensitive issues like missile race, Kyoto agreement on global warming,
banning of biological weapons. To put more pressure on US, Russia and China concluded
a treaty of Friendship in 2001, and European countries voted the US out of two important
UN Commisions.
➢
➢ –
➢
with SC’s
demand to completely stop the process.
➢
➢ With the dawn of 21st century, China acquired great significance in world politics.
Bipolar System
➢ : two superpowers are surrounded by a group of smaller powers and
non aligned states. US and USSR surrounded with UN.
➢ : Loose will transform into tight. Non aligned states will disappear
and the system will operate only around two super blocs.
New Cold Wars:

➢
➢ Most damaging foreign policy error of presidents Clinton, George bush and Obama was
they yielded to entrenched bureaucratic military establishment and to take advantage of
Russian weakness and the less developed military strength of china.
China Vs America: New Cold War
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➢ Competition between china and America

➢
➢ China disputes with other south-east Asian countries over the Spratly Islands, Paracel
islands, pratas islands, Maccles Field bank and Scarborough shoal. China building military,
naval and air bases on some of these disputed isles.
➢
➢
Chapter 12
Post Cost War
Clash of Civilizations
➢ Cultural
➢ In 1793, R.R. Palmer stated “The wars of kings are over, the wars of people had begun”
➢
➢
➢ Southern Italy may differ from northern Italy but they share a common Italian Culture that
distinguishes them from German villages.
➢
➢ Next world war, if there is one, will be a war between civilizations.

➢
West Versus the Rest

➢
➢ .
➢
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➢ Three possible options,

.
➢ Second alternative; equivalent of est
➢ Third alternative;
Chapter 13
Terrorism
➢ History: zealots were jewish group that emerged in 6 AD and killed local government
official to set off an intense agitation to push the Romans out of Palestine.
➢ In traditional societies, it has been inspired and motivated by religious ideologies and they
claimed of carrying will of God through their acts of terror.
➢ and were
beheaded publically by use of guillotine on state orders.
➢ Secular terrorism; non-religious terrorist acts in which the groups opposed to particular
government were involved.
➢ In 1890, victims of these terrorist attacks were president of France and Italy, king of
Portugal and Italy, prime minister of spain and empress of Austria.
Domestic Terrorism
➢ Domestic terrorism in Pakistan
➢ Objectives
➢ Minorities
➢ Bako haram, terrorist group of Nigeria, kidnapped 200 young schoolgirls in April 2014,
put them on sale in open market. Two female suicide bombers killed at least four people at
a busy market in Northern Nigeria’s largest city kano on December 10, 2014.
➢
➢
International terrorism
➢
➢
.
➢ With overthrow of Shah of Iran in 1979, US directly pitched against international terrorism.
US diplomats were held hostage for over a year in Iran before being released in 1981.
During 1983, Hezbollah killed 241 US soldiers in a suicide truck bombing, US embassy
was destroyed by another truck bombing suicide attack in which seventeen people were
killed.
State Sponsored Terrorism
➢ Use of terrorist groups by states which are controlled by the state’s intelligence agency to
accomplish poltical objectives.
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➢ Pakistan and Bangladesh are accused of supporting terrorism.

➢
Cyber Terrorism
➢ Security risks
➢ Aimed at creating fear and horror in same way as traditional terrorist attacks do.
➢ May intend to cause intense economic political or social damage.
➢ Email bombing, defacing websites, hacking govt confidential databses.
Norco Terrorism
➢
➢ .
Conventional teeorrism
Terrorism with weapons of mass destructions
Causes of Terrorism
➢
,
➢ .
➢ grievance and cultures of violence.
Chapter 14: Human rights

➢ billion people live on the face of earth
➢ Limited resources
➢ Poverty, hunger, disease, bad governance
➢
Gender discrimination
➢ Pakistan; schools are segregated by sex,
.
➢
dead husband’s brother
Plight of Women in 3rd World

➢
➢ 100,000 women die each year from unsafe abortions, almost all in 3rd world.
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➢
➢
Origin of Human Rights
➢ , contained rules
regulations
➢ Three sources: (natural law and natural rights,
natural law exists that grants all humans the right to life, liberty, property, and happiness),
and American and French revolutions in 18th century (humans have certain rights that no
state or other individuals can take away)
Human Rights Versus State Sovereignty
➢ Sovereignty: State to do whatever it likes within its territory.
➢ One school of thought believes that human rights are universal irrespective of the residence
of an individual. It has nothing to do with ethicinity and religion.
➢ Other theory relativism, local traditions and histories should be given due recognition even
at the cost of limiting rights.
Institutions for protection of Human Rights
➢
. Promotes norms of different kinds including banning, torture, guaranteeing

religious and political freedom.
➢ Dividing the list of rights: UDHR into l and . Two main
instruments were formed in 1976. International covenant on economic, social and cultural
rights and international covenant on civil and political rights.
➢ Convention on rights of child enacted in 1990 promotes children’s health, education and
physical well-being. Every country except Somalia and US has approved CRC.
➢ International Convention on the protection of rights of all migrant workers and members
of their families (CMW) enforced in 2003.
➢
NGOs and Human Rights
➢ Amnesty international formed in 1961 when lawyer based in London, Peter Beneson came
to know about group of students arrested in Portugal for drinking the toast of freedom in
restaurant. Launched appeal for Amnesty to release all imprisoned because of their
peaceful expression of beliefs, politics, race, religion or national origin. This campaign
triggered response and quickly spread to other countries.
➢ Human rights watch is the largest human rights organization in US. Established in 1978 as
Helsinki Watch. Rigorous documentation of abuses and sustained backing in media ,
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government institutins and international organziaitons. Objective is to force governments

pay heavy price in reputation and legitimacy if they violate the rights of their people.
War Crimes/Prisoners of Wars (POWs)
➢ German officers;
➢ For the first time, in 1990, UN Security Council set up an international war crimes tribunal
to probe war crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia.
➢
➢ Law of war gives special role to it provides

support to civilians and POWs. It also helps in negotiations for exchange of POWs.
International and Regional Organizations
➢ UN appeared to have weakened itself as instrument of collective security, for example, the
great powers were given a privileged position and through use of Veto in security council,
they could frustrate almost any action that the UN wanted to take.
➢ System may consist of two scales plus a third potion; the holder of the balance or the
balancer. Balancer is not permanently associated with policies of either nation. Objective
is to maintain balance leaving aside the policies the balance will serve. Balancer has no
friends no enemies and has permanent interest of maintaining balance of power itself.
➢ plays a key role to determine outcome of power play, occupies pivotal
position in balance of power system. It has been labeled as “arbiter” or “decider” of system
➢ Balancer has 3 options: press upon one nation or an alliance to join, base its support for
settling disputes, objectives of its own national policy.
➢
The league and UN as Holder of Balance

➢ UN could act as balancer and it might reduce rivalry between US and USSR, stabilizing
the equilibrium.
➢ Prof Wright “Unfotunately UN has not been able to play a more vigorous role in
➢ ound of jobs
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ASEAN
➢ .
➢
ASEAN Structure
➢ ASEAN summit: supreme policy making body of ASEAN, address important issues
concerning ASEAN that cut across the community council, appoint the secretary-general
of ASEAN, address emergency situations affecting ASEAN by taking appropriate actions.
➢ ASEAN coordinating council: prepare meeting of asean summit, cooperation among
ASEAN community councils, coordinate reports of ASEAN community councils to
ASEAN summit.
➢ ASEAN community council: comprised of ASEAN political-security Community council,
ASEAN economic community council, ASEAN socio-cultural community council.
➢ ASEAN sectoral ministerial body
➢ Secretary general of ASEAN and ASEAN secretariat.
➢ Committee of Permanent Representatives (CPR) to ASEAN
➢ ASEAN National Secretariat.
Organization of Islamic Cooperation
➢
➢
➢
➢
Organizational structure
➢ OIC summit held in Cairo Feb 2013 apponited Mr Iyad Madani, former Saudi Minster of
culture as next secretary General as of Jan 2014 rights of children, women, and elderly.
OIC includes Islamic Summit, Council of foreign minsters, Executive committee,
committee of permanent representatives,
➢ Islamic Summit composed of head of state and government of member states.
➢ Council of foreign minsters hold a meeting once a year.
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➢ Executive committee holds decision making powers between the ministerial meetings. It
was created in 2005 to enhance OIC abilities to act more effectively and rapidly on matters
of international concern of its member states.
➢
Human Rights
Protecting muslims and resolving conflucts
Interreligious and intercultural dialogue
Coordinating positions within Un and uts bodies
EU’s engagement with OIC and Sensitive issues
➢ primary interest: promotion of intercultural dialogue and fighting religious hatred.
➢ OIC’s ten year strategic action plan adopted in 2005, enlarged the scope of OIC’s interests
.
➢ Relations b/w EU and OIC have not always been smooth. A notable bone of contention has
been the oIC Secretariat’s persistent efforts in recent years to upgrade of the status of
northern part of cyprus. In 1983, Turkish held area declared itself the “Turkish
Northern Cyprus”. Statu
SAARC
➢
➢ .
➢ Member states meet at annual summits, while foreign ministers are supposed to meet at
least twice annually.
➢ Past 23 years, 15 annual summits, 31 sessions of council of ministers.
➢ Issues of agriculture, health and population, women, youth and children, environment and
forestry, biotechnology.
➢ Breakthough,
.
➢ SAFTA: elimination of all barriers, facilitation of free trade, fair movement of products,
promoting fair competition, expansion of regional cooperation.
WTO
➢ Promotes international trade.
➢ Follower of
.
➢
➢ US and other member states has made liberalization of trade a precondition for seeking
membership of WTO.
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➢ Reciprocity in trade
➢ States can afford MFN status to others that are not WTO members as US did with China
before it joined WTO.
➢ Agriculture trade has greater political significance than manufactured goods. It was given
due attention in Uruguay Round only.
Pressure groups
➢ .
➢ China mopolizing world clothing exports specializing in one type of garment produced for
mass exports to bid retailers.
➢ Intellectual property rights:

.
➢
European Union
➢ Most powerful regional block
➢
.
➢ EU was originated from European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and European
Economic Community (EEC) formed in 1951 and 1958 respectively by 6 countries,
Belgium, France, west Germany, italy, Luxembourg, netherlands.
➢
.
UK withdrawal from EU (Brexit)
➢
➢ Daivd Cameron stepped down after a month Theresa May ascended and became second
female PM of Britain.
➢
Chapter 16: Foreign policies of Selected countries
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US foreign policy
➢
➢
➢
➢ Franklin D. Roosevelt, president of US in 1939 said that
➢ I
US foreign policy after cold war

➢
➢ US opened dialogue with India and Pakistan to convince them to roll back their nuclear
programmes. It is beloieved that Clinton administration was successful to certain extent in
convincing the Indian government of Narasimha Rao in 1994-1995 to abandon nuckear
testing program.
➢
.
➢ Ecnomic Diplomacy: emphasis on trade and business, providing investment opportunities
to American investor in different states. After cold war US-India relations have grown on
friendly terms mainly due to strong economic ties.
➢ Counter terrorism: 1982, suicide bomber killed 241 US military personnel in Lebanon.
Group of Islamic fundamentalist tried to destroy World Trade Center in 1993 and Al-Qaeda
attacked American embassies in Africa in 1998.
➢
on Washington City and New Yokr’s killing throusands of innocent people. Nearly 2700
➢ War On Terror: Bush obbjectives, no compromise with terrorism, judicial trials of terrorists
for crimes against humanity, isolation of countries harbouring the terrorists, provision of
all kinds of assistance of those counties who cooperate in the fighting of terrorism.
➢ ,
Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty tried to stop spread of nuclear power weapons.At that
time only 5 cuntries had nuclear weapons: .
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US Relations with Different states

➢ China: ,
➢ Taiwan:
. Capitalist economy one of the strongest in asia. Many Taiwanese have
pushed for independence, which Beijing would interpret as an act of war.
. When Chinese government
conducted missile testing off coast of Taiwan in 1996, president Bill Clinton ordered two
aircrafts to sail between Taiwan and mainland as warning to china.
➢
➢ North korea:
. Almost all of nation’s
scant resources go to maintaining North Korean army, which is one of the largest in world,
with more than a million soldiers.
➢ Pakistan:
.
US role in 1965 war and its supply of weapons to India seriously curtailed
pakistan’s defence capabilities. US despite of annoyance for establishing relation with
china, requested pak to arrange meeting with president Richard Nixon and Mao Tse Tung,
the Chinese leader. Soviet union was extremely annoyed with this gesture of pak but beside
this US did not help pak in 1971 war.
. Ronald Reagan stepped
in as president of USA in 1980. Reagan administration made an ambitious aid offer to pak
and pak decided to respond to USA offer positively. In September, agreement friendship
was signed b/w Pak and US. US agreed to provide a package of 3.2 billion dollars in
economic and military aid.
Russian Foreign Policy
➢ Rests on 3 geostrategic imperatives: Russia must remain a nuclear superpower, great power
in all facets if international activity, and hegemon, political, military and economic leader.
China’s Foreign Policy

➢
➢ Thir world means china is poor country and is not part of any power bloc of US or Soviet
Union.
➢
➢ .
➢ At UN, China often abstains or refrains from voting on resolutions that mandate sanctions
or interventions to reverse invasions. China’s negative vote would constitute a veto,
angering countries who favor intervention.
Determinants of India’s foreign policy
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➢ Political tradition and Philosophical Basis:

. Nehru being head of department of
Calcutta Conference of 1928 directed All India Congress Committee (AICC), could be
called as Architect of independent india’s foreign policy.
➢ Geography:
➢ International Milieu: 1998 test of nuclear weapon, After cold war, foreign policy of India
underwent shifts on numerous counts: lack of enthusiasm towards non-alligned movement,
eagerness to accommodate the American concerns, resumption of full diplomatic ties with
Israel, emphasis on economic aspects of relations with Europe. Southeast Asia and even
south asia.
Conclusion:
➢ Blend of national and international interest.
➢ Achieve security and socio-economic advancement at the same time working for peace,
freedom, progress, ad justice to all nations and peoples.
Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
Guiding Principle
➢ country’s economic development and industrialization.
➢ Policy not just homeland but ideological and political trendsetter for Muslim world.
➢ Islam as Guiding
➢ Role of religious elements in country’s policies.

➢ .
➢ Military regime of Field Marshal
in order to thwart the soviet communist onslaught.
Religious parties opposed this and said communist was threat to Islam.
Determinants:
➢ Ideological Obligation: separate homeland for practice on principles of Islam.
➢ Historical legacy and Traditions: foreign invaders had from time to time attacked the
subcontinent from North. This threat perception was inherited by both India and Pak.
Pakistan inherited fear of Russia like that of China by India. Pakistan policymakers had to
seek western help in order to thwart Russian advances towards the country.
➢ Geopolitical Setting: Napoleon once sain “Foreign policy of country is determined by its
geography”. Geography controls political environment of country and earth is the prize of
modern international politics.
. Security of state depends on vigilant policy towards its neigbours and it proposes
a sound frontier policy. Size, population, physical environment, economic resources and
other major factors underlying its national power which provides basis for understanding
of IR.
about:blank 40/55
➢ National Interest: It revolves around security and economic development as well as

promotion of Islamic ideas. Z.A Bhutto said “ Pakistan’s security and territorial integrity
”
➢ Phases of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: f
Pak-China Relations
➢
➢ .
➢
➢ .
➢
➢ Friendship was exemplified in Chinese Premier Chou En-lai’s pronouncement that china
would defend Pakistan throughout the world.
➢
➢ .
➢ China extended aid to Pak for industrial growth, offered mechanical complex at Taxila:
.
➢ Pakistan’s membership in Shanghai Coope
.
➢ y.
➢ China helped in building main nuclear generation facility at Chashma. Another 330 MW
unit has commenced in oct 2011. Key supplier of arms and weapons. Provide military jets.
is pertinent example of Sino-Pakistani defence cooperation.
CPEC
➢ connects gawadar port in southern pak to china’s north
➢
➢
.
➢ .
about:blank 41/55
➢
By this project, 5 million commuters will be benefited annually.
➢ “
➢ ’s words “One belt, One road”

➢ CPEC is thorn in india’s side as well because it has a history of bitter relations with both
china and Pakistan.
➢ cherish dream of “Asian tiger’
Pak-Russia Relations
➢
➢
.
➢ Soviet Union leader Josepg Stalin extended invitation to first Pm of Pak Liaquat ali khan
➢ 1954-1958 relations remained strained by hostility against each other.
➢ .
➢ 1956- Nikolai Bulganin offered technical and scientific assistance to PM Suhrawardy for
peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
➢
➢
.U
Russia occupies Afghanistan

➢
➢
Reasons for ipmprovement of Pak-russia relations

➢ .
➢ Secutiy needs, technology transfer in scientific and research fields, access to Russian
markets for export.
about:blank 42/55
Recent Developments
➢
➢ Agreement for development of north-south gas pipeline was concluded and signed by pak’s
➢ Russia second largest producer of natural gas in world and exporting markets after clash
with Ukraine deteriotation
Pak-US relations
➢ Pro western policy in the start
➢
➢
.
➢ 1
➢
➢
➢ PPP regime’s socialist policies, quest for nuclear weapons, islamic summit in Lahore,
➢ In 1979 Zia ul haq refused US aid offer and called it peanuts.

Jimmy Carter’s convert a
.
➢
➢ , india exploited kargil to defame Pakistan. US print and electronic

media termed Pakistan a failed state. This period was worst in Pak-US relations.
➢ Pak role in US china meeting
➢ Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
➢ Post 9/11 period: 2700 killed, Afghanistan war
➢ Pakistan decides to become partner in war on terror: after 9/11 attack pakistan’s afghan
policy put pak in direct clash with international community and particularly
➢
.
Pak-India
➢
about:blank 43/55
➢
Kashmir
➢
➢
➢ Large number of people forced to join with Pak and Indian troops retalisted and
Tashkent Declaration
➢
Kargil Issue
➢
.
➢ s
➢
Indian Designs to Destroy Pakistan’s Nuclear Assets at Kahuta:

➢
.
➢
➢
Pakistan and Afghanistan
➢
➢
➢ an independent pakhtooni
➢
➢
➢ and pak-afghan border was soon closed.
about:blank 44/55
Pak-Iran Relations
➢ .
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢ Iran Pakistan gas pipeline project was abandoned due to Pakistan’s failure to lay 781 km
pipeline in its territory as agreed b/w two countries. Instead another project of Iran-Oman-
India gas pipeline has been launched.
➢
South Asia
Peace in South Asia
➢
➢ Nuclear weapons are not loyal to any nation, cant differentiate between owner and energy.
➢ In 1987 and 1990 when two countries were on verge of armed conflict, Pakistani
governments implied tha the presence of nuclear deterrent had prevented the outbreak of
fourth India-Pak war,
➢
.
➢ Military CBM: type of arms control employing purposely designed to help clarify states’
military intentions, reduce uncertainities about threatening military activities and constrain
their opportunities for surprise attack or coercive use of force.
➢
➢
Existing CBMs
➢ Direct communication link (DCL) knwona s Hotline between DGMOs (Director general
of military operations) was established in 1971.
➢
➢ Communication b/w naval vessels and aircraft of two navies when in each other’s vicinity
(May 1993)
about:blank 45/55
➢ Estalishment of hotline between prime minsters in 1997 after Male Summit.

Following CBMs could improve deteriorating atmosphere of peace
➢ Posting UN observers along the LOC.
➢ Exchange of military instructors at various levels.
➢
Economic CBMs
➢ Elimination of tariff, customs duties, taxes, and non tariff barriers.
➢ Intra-Saarc trade has remained at 4.2% which shows lack of confidence of south Asians
over each other.
➢
➢ SAPTA
➢ Following measures should be adopted: encouraging chambers of trade and commerce
contracts, promoting SAPTA and SAFTA, Join ventures in different trading items, joint
commission on agriculture, promoting trade in region.
➢ Extremist posture: problem both countries are facing
➢
Indus Water Treaty
➢ Indus Basin Treaty 1960 and Water Apportionment Accord 1991 between the four
provinces of pak
➢ Indus system of rivers comprised of Indus and its five main tributaries i.e,. Jehlum,
Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej. They all combine into one river near Mithan Kot in Pak and
flow into Arabian sea, south of Karachi.
➢ At times of independence, 31 out of 37 million acres in Pakistan were irrigated.
Rationale for Indus Water Treaty
➢ , india stopped irrigation water in every irrigation
canal which crossed India-Pak boundary.
.
Commissioners for Indus Water
➢
➢
.
Composite Dialogue Process b/w India and Pak
➢ May 1997 in Male, capital of Maldives, Inder Kumar Gujral PM of India and Nawaz Sharif
PM of Pak mooted idea of Composite dialogue process on a condition that india would
include issue of Kashmir and pak would include issue of terrorism.
about:blank 46/55
➢ In 2003 july, diplomatic relations and direct transport links were re-estabished and in
November ceasefire was initiated.
➢
➢ Eight issues were: peace and security, Jummu and Kashmir, Siachen Glacier, Wullar
Barrage, Sir Creek, Economic and commercial cooperation, terrorism and drug trafficking,
promotion of friendly exchanges in various fields.
➢ India should pro-actively engage with Pak: tension-free relation: issue of terrorism can be
effectively tackled only in cooperation with pak and not in confrontation: india would not
be able to play its role in international affairs so long as it is dragged down by its quarrels
with Pakistan.
Russian invasion of Afghanistan
➢
➢ he led communist based
government, rejects religion
➢
➢
➢ Russians resorted to using napalm, poison gas and helicopter gun ships against mujahideen
– but they experiences exactly same military scenario the Americans had done in Vietnam.
➢ 982, Mujahedeen controlled 75% of Afghanistan despite fighting the might of world’s
.
➢
➢ Geneva accord , signed on April 14, 1988 b/w afghsanitan

and Pakistan with USA and USSR serving as guarantors,
Al-Qaeda 9/11
➢
Chapter 18: Weapons Of Mass Destruction

Nuclear Proliferation
➢ It refers to spread of nuclear weapons to states that did not possess them prior
the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was concluded
➢ 1945: Hiroshima, Nagasaki
about:blank 47/55
➢ 1986: explosion ripped apart the civil nuclear power plant at Chernobyl in former soviet
union, its radiations impacts humankind for long time even crosses frontiers.
➢
➢ Some states make money, US coerced China and USSR not to sell nuclear technology to
Iran which the US believed was trying to build nuclear weapons.
➢ 2006, Israeli PM officially announced that Israel has nuclear weapons. Israel raided Iraq’s
➢ secret nuclear enrichment programe.

North Korea on pressure withdrew from IAEA.
.
➢
Control Of Nuclear Proliferation:
➢ Jan 1946 UN general assembly passed resolution setting up UN Atomic Energy
Commission (UNAEC). Purpose was to suggest proposal for elimination of nuclear
weapons and use of nuclear energy for peaceful and developmental purpose under
international control.
➢ 1950, US came with proposal for stoppage to fissile materials for military purposes. Idea
was to start with comprehensive test ban treaty (CTBT)
➢ 1990, sanction decade
➢
➢ 1914-2000, 34% of sanctions were partially or fully effective in achieving their goals.
➢ – Saddam Hussain’s Iraq –
Treaties Controlling WMD

➢
about:blank 48/55
➢ Non-Proliferation Treaty NPT: combined inventories estimated around 17000 nuclear

warheads.
➢ Currently 4650 warheads in US down from 5113 in 2009 and another 2700 retired
warheads awaiting dismantlement.
➢ According to US congressional budget office, US plans to soend 355 bn $ on maintenance
and moderizination of of its nuclear enterprise.
➢ Nato
Countries Spending on Nuclear Arsenals
➢ UK: current stockpile of 225 weapons is scheduled to decline about 180 by mid2020.
➢ Russia: 4300 warheads, of which approx. 2000 are for nonstrategic weapons, with another
3500 retired warheads awaiting dismantlement. Putin announced in 2012 that Russia
intends to produce more than 400 land and sea ballistic missiles through mid 2020. Defence
budget has increased. Over next 10 years, 19 trillion rubbles (542$ bn) on defence. This is
less than the annual US defence budget.. Ground forces, armour and infantry battalions
alone have been reduced by about 60 percent since 2008.
➢
➢ )
➢ a,
➢ Israel: 80 nuclear warheads for delivery by aircraft and ballistic missiles. Rumours that
Israel may convert cruise missle into nuclear weapon capability for its new Dolphin-class
attack submarines. If that is so, this will provide Israel with new limited-range offensive
capability and more-secure retaliatory capability.
➢ North Korea: nuclear arsenal is in infancy,
➢ Conclusion, all are busy in modernizing their nuclear forces for long haul. No state is
planning to eliminate its nuclear weapons.
➢ n’s
➢ International community can apply pressure to states outside NPT to make every possible
effort to confirm to the full range of international norms on nuclear non-proliferation that
make up this regime. This was seen over 2007-2008 with India.
NPT origins and Objectives
➢ IAEA over 35 years under NPT has been conspicuous international success. Ensuring that
civil uranium, plutonium, and associated plats are used for only peaceful purposes and do
not contribute in any way to proliferation or nuclear weapons programs.
➢
about:blank 49/55
➢ IAEA: International atomic energy agency: help nations develop nuclear energy for
peaceful purpose, safeguards are backed up by threat of international sanctions.
➢ Scope Of Safeguards: operators of nuclear facilities maintain and declare detailed
accounting records of all movements and transactions involving nuclear material.
India’s Emergence as de Facto Weapons State under NPT

➢
➢ July 2007, nuclear cooperation agreement with India was finalized, and requiring india to
put most of the country’s nuclear power reactors under IAEA safeguards and close down
the CIRUS research reactor by 2010.
➢ Oct 2008 US congress passed the bill allowing civil nuclear trade with India and a nuclear
trade agreement was signed with France.
Nuclear Suppliers Groups NSG

➢ Trying to ward off nuclear proliferation by controlling export of material, equipment ad
technology which can be used to build nuclear weapons.
➢ .
➢ Member States: Canada, west Germany, France, Japan, Soviet Union, UK and US. 1976-
1977 admission of Belgium , czechslovakia, east Germany, Italy, Netherland, Poland,
Sweden, and Switzerland. Germany reunited in 1990 while Czechslovakia disintegrated in
1993. China joined in 2004.
➢ Candidates: India:
French President N
➢ Candidates:
Case of Pakistan’s Membership

➢
➢ .
➢
➢ .
➢ Pak is able to supply nuclear related techonology listed on part one and part two of the
NSG supply list.
about:blank 50/55
.
➢ Pak has good relationship with IAEA. In addition to being nuclear power, Pakistan is
strongly committed to principles of the NSG, as is evident by its actions. NSG should
strongly consider Pakistan’s membership application on this basis. As a member, Pakistan
will help strengthen the NSG’s non-proliferation objectives.
Fallout of India’s NSG Dream:
➢
➢
➢
India-Pakistan: Nuclear Postures

➢ Islamabad and New Delhi have been convinced that through nuclear deterrence they
would accomplish various objectives to become party to Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty (NPT) and Comprehensive test ban treaty.
➢ Islamabad has been in pursuit of three objectives: recognition of strategic parity b/w
india and pak by former, upholding strategic stability, minimizing war fighting
preparations expenses.
➢ March 31 2009, Indian Nuclear Fuel Complex received first consignment of natural
uranium of 60 tones from French nuclear supplier AREVA Inc. Intention was to give
msg that India like US is exceptional country and prefer to lead rather than to join.
➢ India’s nuclear capability as aggression against china or defense?
➢
➢
.
➢
and insfrasturcture including spy
satellites, airborne early warnings, and theatre missile defences and rapid reaction
command and controls sytems.
➢ Depending on electromagnetic pulse EMP, all EMP within radius of hundreds of
kilometers could be affected, and country attacked would be on its knees for its knees
for years, although nuclear explosion would not produce fatal blast, heat or radioactive
effects.
Weaponization of Space
➢
➢
.
about:blank 51/55
➢
.
➢ Weaponization of space would go against the global trend towards common security.
➢ UN Outer Space Treaty:
China proposed conference on disarmament on

creating ad hoc committee for purpose of banning the weaponization of space. Pak supports
it.
Chapter 19: Contemporary Issues
➢ Admiral Zumwalt “Indian ocean region has become a focal point of US foreign and
economic policies and has growing impact on our security”
➢ President Nixon May 1973 “US and other industrial nations energy demand rose, need for
Persian Gulf oil would increase, ensuring continuing flow of middle east energy resource
is increasingly important to US, western Europe and Japan”
➢ Post-cold war – disintegration of soviet-union – developments related to information and
communication technologies.
➢ Theories try to explain international relations with 3 key concepts: , , and
.
. Dominance of realism challenged by (i)
➢ Critical Theory presented by Frankfurt School: there are 3 dimensions of power

➢ Open power, active power: openly applied to affect the attitude of another state in a desired
way.
➢ Covert Power: more passive but organized, utilized in a vaguely way in order to make
agenda of powerful side.
➢ Structural power: define attraction and limitation systems with the physical and normative
aspects to shape the relations of parties.
➢ Some scholars say that state should ensure the following to become power center:
economical capacity influential globally, technological development, money, strong
military with nuclear arms, geographical positioning with sea routes, drinkable water
resources, energy sources, and defensive features, universally credited cultural values,
diplomatic space.
➢ Unipolarity:
Power and Policy

➢ Policy:
➢ Direct relationship b/w implementation of national security polices in a successful manner

and national power and utilization of that power effectively.
about:blank 52/55
Evolution of power
➢
)
➢
➢ If other nations sees a policy as legitimate it is due to soft power, nation must take balance
b/w two powers.
➢ Developed nations use technology, industrial good, and financial assets as instruments to
convince other nations. i.e. economy
➢ In order to benefit from globalization and resist its negative effects, state tissues should be
restored in accordance with requirements to maintain
.
Kashmir Conflict
➢ 600 princely states before 1947
➢
➢ Claim of pak on muslim majority Kashmir was rejected by India. (Maharaja Hari Singh)
➢ Tribal invasion in 1947 and “accession of Kashmir” to India, and Indo-Pak war in same
year changed entire map of Jammu Kashmir and divided into two parts- Indian occupied
Kashmir and Pakistan occupied Kashmir.
➢ Development in Afghanistan, Iranian revolution, siatution in eatern Europe, break of USSR
contributed in influencing Kashmiri Youth towards looking for alternate road.
➢
➢ Challenges of Governance in Contemporary kashmr elections were again held in 2002 from
J&K state legislative assembly: – –
.
➢
➢ New chief minister in 2005, Ghulam Nabi azad campaign against corruption also proved
to be merely a , some ministers of his governments have been described as involved
in corruption and exploitation of Kashmiri women in sex scandal.
➢ Conclusion: three legitimate parties involved in this conflict,
.
about:blank 53/55
➢ Negotiation b/w concerned parties

➢
Palestine, Israel and Arab-Israel Conflict

➢
➢
.
➢ 1929, aug 15, members of Betar Jewish youth movement demonstrated and raised Zionist
flag over western wall. Fearing tha the Noble sanctuary was in danger, Arabs responded
by attacking jews in Jerusalem, Hebron and safed. Among the dead were 64 Jews in
Hebron. During week on communal violence, 133 Jews and 115 Arabs were killed and
many wounded.
➢
and land uchases and .
1939 white paper marked the end
of British-Zionist alliance. Same time defeat of arab revolt and exile of Palestine leaders
meant that Palestine was politically disorganized.
. According to UN partition plan, area of

Jerusalem and Bethlehem was become an international zone.
➢ after adoption of plan, arabs were pooered organized,

trained and armed, Zionist military foces were smaller and organized, well trained. 1948,
Zionist forces had securied control over most of territory beyond the partition border. May
15, 1948, British evacuated Palestine and Zionist leaders proclaimed the state of Israel.
about:blank 54/55
Neighbouring states (Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq) declared war to save Palestine. 1949,
war ended signing armistice agreement.
➢
.
Palestinian National movement
➢ UN security council resolution 242 and after the 1967 war UN SC adopted resolution 242
and notes the “inadmissibility of acquisition of territory by force”
➢
.
➢
about:blank 55/55

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First wave of feminism

Second Wave of Feminism (1960s to 1970s)

Third Wave of Feminism

➢ Effects of globalization and complex redistribution of power, which challenge feminist

➢ Close link b/w economic development and security

➢ Necessary for peace of world

Formulation of Foreign policy

Models of Decision Making

➢ Individual decision making:

➢ Two options in rational model of decision making to accept psychological realisites.

➢ , public opinion constitutes only an insignificant factor in definitions of the

Interest groups and Political parties

Elements of National Interest

➢ In Pak, attempts to explore oil led to the discovery of Natural Gas.

Chapter 4: Strategic Approach to International Relations

s. Example, state of great powers in Europe

➢ Policymakers decided to join American alliance system to overcome security problems.

Marxist Concept of IPE

IPE: economic tools of national policy

➢ Preferential Tax Treatment for Domestic Production:

➢ Basis of nationalism: common language, ethnicity, religion , common history.

Chapter 8: Approached To Peace

➢ Personal Diplomacy: if normal channel of diplomacy i.e.

The Laws of War

Enforcement of international law

➢ Sanctions by countries on violation of international law. E.g.

Disarmament, Arms Control and Security

Chapter 9: International Political Institutions

. Secretary general is administrative head of the Secretariat.

➢ Accounting of international transactions of govt.

Voting and influence at IMF

Primary focus of World bank

Chapter 10: IR between two wars

➢ Preamble declared as its purpose to promote international cooperation and to achieve

and the number of non-permanent seat in 1934 and

Collapse of International System

Chapter 11: Cold War

End of Cold War

After Cold War

New Cold Wars:

➢ Competition between china and America

➢ Next world war, if there is one, will be a war between civilizations.

West Versus the Rest

➢ Three possible options,

➢ Pakistan and Bangladesh are accused of supporting terrorism.

Chapter 14: Human rights

Plight of Women in 3rd World

. Promotes norms of different kinds including banning, torture, guaranteeing

government institutins and international organziaitons. Objective is to force governments

➢ Law of war gives special role to it provides

The league and UN as Holder of Balance

➢ Intellectual property rights:

Chapter 16: Foreign policies of Selected countries

➢ Franklin D. Roosevelt, president of US in 1939 said that

US foreign policy after cold war

US Relations with Different states

China’s Foreign Policy

➢ Political tradition and Philosophical Basis:

➢ Role of religious elements in country’s policies.