1.

Database system architecture: Data Abstraction, Data Independence, Data Definition Language(DDL),Data
Manipulation Language(DML). Data models: Entity-relationship model, network model, relational and object
oriented data models, integrity constraints, data manipulation operations.

2. Relational query languages: Relational algebra, Tuple and domain relational calculus, SQL3, DDL and DML
constructs, Open source and Commercial DBMS - MYSQL, ORACLE, DB2, SQLserver. Relational database design:
Domain and data dependency, Armstrong’s axioms, Normal forms, Dependency preservation, Lossless design.
Query processing and optimization: Evaluation of relational algebra expressions, Query equivalence, Join
strategies, Query optimization algorithms

3. Storage strategies: Indices, B-trees, hashing.

4. Transaction processing: Concurrency control, ACID property, Serializability of scheduling, Locking and
timestamp based schedulers, Multiversion and optimistic Concurrency Control schemes, Database recovery

5. Database Security: Authentication, Authorization and access control, DAC, MAC and RBAC models, Intrusion
detection, SQL injection.

6. Advanced topics: Object oriented and object relational databases, Logical databases, Web databases,
Distributed databases, Data warehousing and data mining.

1 marks

Write the difference between schema & Instance.

Define Relation with an example.
Write the difference between Unique & Primary key constraints.
Define Entity and Relationship.
What is weak Entity? Give an example.
What is Strong Entity? Give an example.
Dashed ellipses in ERD denotes __________ type attribute.
Define meta data.
Define mapping cardinality.
Distinguish the term domain, tuple and attribute.
Write the two disadvantages of File Processing System.
Example of DCL command.
Example of TCL command.
What do you mean by aggregate function?
What is an ISA relationship in an ERD?
What is multi valued attribute ?
A relation is in ____________ if an attribute of a composite key is dependent on an attribute of other composite key.
Which symbol is used to denote the selection operation in relational algebra?
_________ keyword to eliminate duplicate rows from the query result in SQL.
Which operators perform pattern matching in SQL?
What is the difference between a view and a table?
What is the purpose of the HAVING clause in SQL?
What is the purpose of the Group By clause in SQL?
What is the distinction between the HAVING and WHERE clause?
What are the unary operations in Relational Algebra?
Are NULL values equivalent to zero or blank space?
What conditions must be met for a table to be considered in the second normal form (2NF)?
Use of IS operator?
What will be the output value if the following SQL statement is executed? select CEIL(-55.68)from DUAL;
What is a foreign key constraint?
What is Relational Calculus?
What is Relational Algebra?
Define functional dependency in a DBMS.
Define transitive dependency in a DBMS.
What do you mean by Nested Query?
What is the purpose of normalization in DBMS?
Full form of RAID
Sparse index vs dense index
In Dense indexing / Sparse indexing, the total number of records in both the index table and the database table is same.
(TRUE/FALSE)
What is the main advantage of using sparse matrices ?
Ans- use less storage space for large datasets.
have less overheads for insertions and deletions.
SQL injection is one of the most common web hacking techniques. (True / False)
What does RBAC stand for?
Write the full form of DAC in context of Database Security.
What does MAC stand for in context of Database Security?
Replication refers to the act of maintaining duplicate copies of a database across multiple locations. (TRUE/FALSE)
Write the full form of OLAP and OLTP.
What is the distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous DBMS.
Write two commands within the Transaction Control Language (TCL) statement.
Define atomicity property of DBMS.
Which SQL command is used to permanently save any transaction into database ?
Name any two commands are used to control transactions in DBMS.
What do you mean by "Serial Schedule" ?
Define Checkpoint.
The two-phase locking (2PL) protocol consists of ___________phase and __________ phase.
Which mechanism is used in database recovery to create save points in the transaction log for efficient recovery operations ?
Define Transaction.
Define Schedule.
What is the purpose of database recovery techniques such as undo and redo operations?

5 marks
1. Describe the various roles and responsibilities performed by a DBA.
2. “All super keys are candidate key, but vice-versa is not true”- is the statement is true? Justify your answer.
3. What do you mean by generalization and specialization? Give example.
4. Explain the three level schema architecture in DBMS
5. What is DDL and DML? Briefly explain the various commands found in DDL and DML.
6. Differentiate between a 2-tier and 3-tier architecture in a DBMS.
7. Write a short note on Data Independence. (5)

8. Briefly explain Select and Project operation in Relational Algebra with suitable example.
9. What are the differences between DROP, TRUNCATE, and DELETE commands? Give Examples.
10. What are the different types of JOINs supported in SQL? Give an overview of them.
11. List the Armstrong's axioms in the context of database.
12. Consider a relation R(A,B,C,D,E) with the following dependencies: AB->C, CD ->E,DE->B Is AB a candidate key of this
relation? If not, is ABD? Explain your answer.

13. Explain Index File organization. (5)

14. Compare Variable length record and fixed length record. (5)

15. Describe the Precedence graph method used to identify conflict schedules within database management systems. (5)
16. Briefly describe cascadeless schedules and recoverable schedules with example. (5)
What are the different states that a transaction can go through during its execution in a database management system?
Explain with diagram. (5)
 17. Enumerate the types of data fragmentation in DBMS. (5)
18. Define DDBMS and elaborate on its software components. (5)
19. What mechanisms are typically used to provide security in a database? Provide a brief explanation.
20. Write a concise overview of MAC, DAC, and RBAC models.

15 marks
What role do "keys" serve in DBMS, and explain the commonly used keys in DBMS? (1+6)
What is meant by the "degree of relationship" in DBMS? Explain its types briefly with a graphical representation. (1+7)

Briefly describe the network model, relational model, and object-oriented data models, and include diagrams to illustrate their
structures. (15)

How does data abstraction help in managing complexity in database design? (7)
Explain the extended features of the Entity-Relationship model using an example. (8)

Describe the Entity-Relationship (ER) model with its components. (10)

Briefly explain Ternary relationship with an example. (5)

Explain different types of attributes commonly used in ER diagrams with symbol. (10)
Illustrate the difference between a weak entity and a strong entity with an example. (5)

Explain different types of relationships that exist between entities in an ER diagram with examples and diagrams. (10)
Explain the Integrity rules that exist in a Database Management System. (5)

Define the concept of aggregation in ER diagram with example. What is the significance of IS-A relationship ? (5+2)
Explain the distinction between total and partial participation using notation and example. (4)
Create the following table through appropriate SQL command. Define the following Integrity Constraints , like acc_no is primary
key and must be start with ‘0148’ and . cust_name should be entered in Upper case. Acc_type should be in ‘FD’, ‘Savings’, ‘PPF’.
(4)
bank_account ( acc_no, acc_type, CIF_NO, cust_name, ph_no, DOB)
Now add a new attribute ‘amount’ to the bank_account table with appropriate SQL command.

Given the relational schema provided, solve the following queries

using relational algebra (a) ,(b) ,(c) 3x2=6
using SQL (d),(e),(f) 3x3=9

Student (Stid, Stname, Marks, Course_Id)

Course (Course_Id, Course_Title, Credit, Duration)
Instructor (Instructor_Id, Instructor_Name, Course_Id)

a) Retrieve the names and IDs of students enrolled in the MBA course.
b) Identify instructors who teach classes in both BTech (CSE) and BTech (IT) courses.
c) Find the name of the professor who taught a course with duration longer than that of Professor S. Gupta.
d) Display the number of total students enrolled in each course.
e) List the courses that have the same duration.
f) Provide the information of the student who achieved the second highest marks in the "Network Security" course.

??? b) Display the B.Sc(AI) students whose marks are lower than the average marks of their course.
c) Find the total duration of all courses taken by Prof. S. Gupta.
???
Given the relational schema provided, solve the following queries using SQL: (5 X 3)

Member (memid, ename, type, age)

Books (isbn, title, authors, publisher)
Borrow (memid, isbn, date)

a) Write the "CREATE TABLE" command for the three relation. Define the all Integrity Constraints, like primary key,foreign key,
check contraints and other contarints. Member type categories oshould be in student, faculty, and staff. Book ISBN number
must be start with 'ISBN'. (5)
b) Display the names of members who have borrowed books published by Oxford. (2)
c) Find the total number of books published by each publisher. (2)
d) Find the author names and book titles published by Oxford, McGrew, PHI and Pearson publishers. (2)
e) Find the oldest member of the library. (2)
f) Determine the current number of books that have been borrowed. (2)

Assume you are tasked with creating a basic National Hockey League (NHL) database with the following specifications:
The NHL consists of several teams, each team with its own name, city, coach, captain, and list of players; each player is a
member of only one team; each player has a name, position (e.g., left wing or goalie), skill level, and a set of injury records; the
captain of a team is also a player; and an NHL game is played between two teams.
Construct an organized and clear ER diagram for the NHL database along with the cardinality mappings and list your
assumptions., Relation schema. (9)

Consider the following two sets of functional dependencies and check whether they are equivalent or not. (6)
F={A->C,AC->D,E->AD,E->H} and G={A->CD,E- >AH}.

Consider the following universal relation R={A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J} and the set of functional dependencies F={AB->C, A->DE,B->F,F-
>GH,D->IJ}. What is the key of R? Decompose R into 2NF and then into 3NF relations. (4+4)
Given a relational schema R = { EID, ENAME, PID, PNAME, PLOC, HOURS }, the FD = { EID → ENAME, PID → { PNAME, PLOC}, {
EID, PID } → HOURS }, and decomposition D={R1,R2,R3 } where
R1 = { EID, ENAME }
R2 = { PID, PNAME, PLOC }
R3 = { EID, PID, HOURS }
Check whether the decomposition is lossy or lossless. (7)

Define Normalization. Describe some of the common database design issues that normalization can deal with. (2+4)
Explain 1NF to 3NF and BCNF through an example. (9)

What is query processing? Briefly explain the key steps involved in query processing in a DBMS. (6)
Define Partial Functional Dependency and Transitive Functional Dependency. (5)
Discuss SQL aggregation functions with example. (4)

What do you mean by fully functional dependency? (4)

Differentiate between Referential Integrity and Entity Integrity. (4)
A relation R(A,B,C) having FDs A→B, A →C, C→B. Is the rela on in 2NF? Can it be decomposed to 3NF ? Justify your answer. (8)

Define the term Database and DBMS. What benefits do database usage offer compared to file-based storage systems? Provide a
brief explanation. (3+5)
Write a short explanation of Conflict Serializable Schedule and View Serializable Schedule. 7

Explain the states of transaction execution with proper diagram. (7)

What is the use of Wait die and wound wait scheme? Explain. (8)

Discuss the ACID properties of the transactions with example.( 10)

How does a dirty read occur? Explain with an example. (5)
Describe the approach used to identify conflict schedules within database management systems. (9)
Explain the relationship between a Cascade less schedule and a Recoverable schedule. (6)

Explain subsystems of a typical database system structure.10

Write a short explanation of various responsibilities of a DBA concerning database security.(5)

Describe the reference architecture of a distributed database system. (8)

Highlight the features of DDBMS and contrast them with those of traditional DBMS. (7)

Explore the various levels of distribution transparency. (5)

Differentiate a data mart from a data warehouse. (4)
Explore the diverse types of information that can be derived from data mining. (6)