Ebttl 112
Ebttl 112
Ebttl 112
PART ONE
Objective
- use different parts of speech, phrasal verbs, and revise some tenses
correctly.
A part of speech is also called a word class. It is a category that describes the role word plays in
a sentence. Understanding the different parts of speech can help you analyze how words
function in a sentence and improve your writing.
The parts of speech are classified differently in different grammars, but most traditional
grammars list eight parts of speech in English: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs,
prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Some modern grammars add others, such as
determiners and articles.
Nouns
A noun is a word that refers to a person, concept, place, or thing. Nouns can act as the subject
of a sentence (i.e., the person or thing performing the action) or as the object of a verb (i.e., the
person or thing affected by the action).
There are numerous types of nouns, including Common nouns which are used to refer to
nonspecific people, concepts, places, or things. Proper nouns used to refer to specific people,
concepts, places, or things. Collective nouns used to refer to a group of people or things.
N.B: Proper nouns (e.g., “New York”) are always capitalized. Common nouns (e.g., “city”) are
only capitalized when they’re used at the start of a sentence.
Pronouns
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. Pronouns typically refer back to antecedent (a
previously mentioned noun) and must demonstrate correct pronouns antecedent agreement.
Like nouns, pronouns can refer to people, places, concepts, and things. There are numerous
types of pronouns, including personal pronouns and interrogative pronouns.
Verbs
A verb is a word that describes an action (e.g., “jump”), occurrence (e.g., “become), or state of
being (e.g., “exit”). Verbs indicate what the subject of a sentence is doing. Every complete
sentence must contain at least one verb. Example: I am a student. I sang in a choir for 10 years.
Other types of verbs include auxiliary verbs, linking verbs, modal verbs, and phrasal verbs.
Adjectives
Adverbs
An adverb is a word that can modify a verb, adjective, adverb, or sentence. Adverbs are often
formed by adding “-ly” to the end of an adjective (e.g., “slow” becomes “slowly”), although
not all adverbs have this ending, and not all words with this ending are adverbs. There are
numerous types of adverbs, including adverbs of manner (used to describe how something
occurs), adverbs of degree (used to indicate extent or degree), and adverbs of place (used to
describe the location of an action or event). Examples: Ray acted rudely, Talia writes quite
quickly. Let’s go outside!
Prepositions
A preposition is a word (e.g., “at”) or phrase (e.g., “on top of”) used to show the relationship
between the different parts of a sentence. Preposition can be used to indicate aspects such as
time, place, and direction. Examples: Hasan is coming for dinner at 6 p.m. I left the cup on
the kitchen counter. Caroline walked to the shop.
Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word used to connect different parts of a sentence (e.g., words, phrase, or
clauses). The main types of conjunctions are coordinating conjunction: for, and, nor, but, or,
yet, so. (Used to connect items that are grammatically equal). Subordinating conjunctions:
because, although, before, after, while etc… (Used to introduce a dependent clause), and
correlative conjunctions (used in pairs to join grammatically equal parts of a sentence).
Interjections
Examples:
Text: One day, during the raining season, Carine sent Christelle to go out and look for
mangoes. She went out with her light night wear and a basket. In the basket there was a loaf of
bread.
Questions
Notes: Phrasal verbs are a group of words that combine verbs with an adverbs or a preposition.
Together, these words act as a single verb and take on a whole new meaning that’s independent
from the meanings of individual words.
TD
Exercise1
Exercise2:
Exercise3:
Choose the most suitable words from those in bracket to fill in the gaps so that the complete
sentence makes sense
1- My smart phone is off. The battery has just____________ .( run away, run after, run
down).
2- When the computer ____________ it is very difficult to repair. (breaks down, looks at,
give up)
3- The funeral ceremonies in the village has just ____________ .( kicked off, taken off,
put on).
Expected answers: run down, breaks down, taken off.
Exercise4:
Go through the following sentences and identify the part of speech of the underlined
words.
1- Namitha is not coming today.
2- My mom will be leaving to Yaoundé tomorrow.
3- The teacher asked the students to stand.
4- He is my brother.
5- There is a cat under the table.
6- The clothes did not dry as it was raining all night.
7- Caroline and her sister dance well.
8- I am wearing a green dress for the party.
9- Oh! That is really sad.
10- She is coming with me.
EXERCISE:
Expected answers: flies, am, watches, sets. These verbs are in the simple present tense.
Notes: The simple present tense is an English verb tense used to describe facts and habits, to
tell stories in other words, We use the simple present tense when an action is happening right
now, or when it happens regularly.
EXERCISE: Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
-I usually(go) to school
The present progressive ( auxiliary verb be + verb ending in “ing”). Is used to express a
current action, an action in progress or an unfinished action. Examples : The children are
sleeping right now.
EXERCISE: Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets
EXERCISE:
Put the verbs into the correct form (simple past).
1- Last year I ( spend)________ my holiday in Ireland.
2- It (be) __________ great.
3- I (travel)_________ around by car with two friends and we ( visit) __________ lots of
interesting places.
4- In the evenings we usually (go) ___________ to a pub.
5- One night we even (learn) __________ some Irish dances.
6- We (be) ___________ very lucky with the weather.
The past progressive tense is a verb form used to refer to an action that was ongoing at a time
in the past. The past progressive is formed using the past tense of the auxiliary verb “be”
(was/were) along with the present participle (“ing” form) of a main verb. Examples : I was
thinking. They were working yesterday. I was studying last night. The children were shouting
when the teacher came in. Everyone was clapping. It was midnight when it was raining.
EXERCISE:
Put the verbs into the correct form ( past progressive).
6-While Aaron (work) in his room, his friends (swim) in the pool.
The simple future tense is a tense that is used to represent an action that takes place in
the future. One fact that you should keep in mind is that a simple future tenseaction
starts and finishes in the future itself. Examples: They will write the letter to their best
friend. I will read the newspaper when I go to bus station. Tomorrow , the sun will rise
at 6:00 am.
EXERCISE:
Put the verbs into the correct form
1- I (help) you with your homework.
2- She (be) here very soon.
3- They ( come) at 8o’clock.
4- You (call) me next week.
5- I (use) the money wisely.
6- We (return) as soon as possible.
7- It (rain) tomorrow.
VI- THE FUTURE SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE
Fuure progressive tense is formed with Will+ be + present participle of the verb ( verb
with –“ing”). For example, I will be meeting guests in the evening. Iwill be watching
my shows from lunch until dinner.
EXERCISE
Put the verbs into the correct form ( present perfect simple).
1- I (not/work) __have not worked__ today.
2- We (buy) __________ a new lamp.
3- He (write)__________ five letters.
4- School (not/start) ________ yet.
5- ( speak/he) _________to his boss?
VIII- PAST PERFECT
We use the past perfect simple ( had+ past participle) to talk about time up to a certain point in
the past. Example: She had published her first poem by the time she was eight. We had
finished all the water before we were halfway up the mountain. Had the parcel arrived when
you called yesterday?.
EXERCISE:
Put the verbs into the correct form ( past perfect simple)
PASSAGE 2
In many places in the world today, the poor are getting poorer while the rich are getting richer,
and the programs of development planning and foreign aid appear to be unable to reverse this
trend. Nearly all developing countries have a modern sector, where the patterns of living and
working are similar to those in developed countries. But they also have a non-modern sector,
where the patterns of living and working are not only unsatisfactory, but in many cases are even
getting worse.
What is the typical condition of the poor in developing countries? Their work opportunities are
so limited that they cannot their way out of their situation. They are under-employed or totally
unemployed. When they do fine occasional work, their productivity is extremely low. Some of
them have land, but often too little land. Many have no land, and no prospect of ever getting any.
There is no hope for them in the rural areas, and so they drift into the big cities. But there is no
work for them in the big cities either and of course no housing. All the same, they flock into
citiesbecause their chances of findingsome work appear to be greater there than in the villages,
where such chances are nil. Rural unemployment, then produces mass migration into the cities.
Rural unemployment becomes urban unemployment.
The problem can be stated quite simply: what can be done to promote economic growth in the
small towns and villages which still contain about 80 to 90% of the population? The primary
need is workplaces, literally millions of workplaces. No one, of course would suggest that,
output per worker is unimportant. But the primary aim cannot be to maximize output per worker;
it must be to maximize work opportunities for the unemployed and the under employed. The poor
man’s greatest need is the chances to work. Even poorly paid and relatively unproductive work
is better than no work at all. It is therefore more important that everybody should produce
something, then that a few people should each produce a great deal. And in most developing
countries, this can only be achieved by using an appropriate intermediate technology.
QUESTIONS
1- The expression 'reverse this trend' as used in the text means….
A- Return to the former state of affairs
B- Consider the situation
C- Improve on the situation
D- Make the rich become poor
2- According to the passage, the difference between developing countries and developed
ones is that, while the former have….
A- A modern sector, the latter do not have
B- Two conflicting sectors, the latter have one
C- Higher rural unemployment, the latter have higher urban unemployment
D- Appropriate intermediate technology, the latter adopt an appropriate one
3- In the expression ‘they flock into the city' the word flock is used as a/an……..
A- Noun
B- Adverb
C- Adjective
D- Verb
4- When the writer says… 'literally millions of work places', he is suggesting that……
A- One million jobs must be created
B- The need for numerous workplaces should be appreciated
C- Many millions jobs should be created
D- The size of the work force should be appreciated
5- What the poor man sees as his greatest need is……….
A- Given his basic needs
B- Given the chance to work
C- Given enough assistance
D- Helped by the rich
6- According to the writer, the best way of solving the problem of unemployment in
developing countries is…..
A- Use appropriate intermediate technology
B- A few people should produce a great deal
C- Stop migration to cities
D- Create more work places
7- From the way the writer describes the typical condition of the poor in developing
countries, one could conclude that………..
A- Rural poverty is a disease
B- The poor have no hope
C- Rural poverty is caused by the rich
D- The problems of the poor are temporary
SECTION B
Mensa went and sat down at a corner/ and for the first time since he came to live with his uncle,/
he wept./ He felt nobody had any love for him/ and life was without joy./ Not that he fully
understood his plight,/ but he knew that those who loved and cared for him/ had sent him to a
strange place,/ where human beings existed not for him but for others./
Mensa’s face was still wet with tears when,/ turning his head,/ he noticed a boy who he had never
seen before,/ come to sit by him./ The boy was lean,/ very dark and extremely handsome./ His
features were clean-cut./ He spoke softly and asked him./ "Is your name Mensa?"/ "Yes", he
replied./
SECTION C
"Somebody told me tou were living with our head teacher./ is it true?"/ Yes, it’s true./ "Why did
you choose to live with him?"/ the strnge boy asked./ I don’t know./ "It was my father who sent
me to him."/ Mensa answered. Not knowing why he had said so./ Then, he asked the strange boy,
what is your name?/ "Zuma," the boy told him, and smiled gently,/ displaying a fine set of clean
white teeth./ He had dimples and his face was smooth and well washed./ Lokk, Mensa./ I’ve
bought more fried plantains from the headmaster’s wife than I can eat./ "You’d better have
some", Zuma said,/ pushing some of the fried plantain into Mensa’s hand./ Mensa felt unexpected
warmth and from that day, they became friends./
LISTENING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS (5marks)
Intructions: Using only the material read to you from the listening comprehension passage,
answer each of the following questions as directed.
Choose the best answer from the alternatives (A, B, C and D) for each of the questions
below. Using only the material read to you from the listening comprehension passage,
answer each question as directed.
SECTION A
1- Mensa was surprised because………..
A- He had no money
B- Aunt Zola was among the sellers
C- He had followed the crowd
D- The varieties of food were many
2- When Aunt Zola saw Mensa on the line she stared at him with……
A- Suspicion
B- Anger
C- Surprise
D- Doubt
3- If Mensa had bought anything it would have been interpreted at home that…..
A- He had begged money at school
B- His parents had secretly given him money
C- He had stolen money from the house
D- He had done private paid jobs
4- Mensa was sad and disappointed because…….
A- He was scared of his aunt’s looks
B- He could not buy anything
C- His aunt had given food to her sons
D- The breakfast he had was small
SECTION B
5- In this passage, Mensa wept because he…….
A- Felt frustrated and lonely
B- Was unhappy and life was joyless
C- Lived away from his parents
D- Felt nobody loved him
6- The word 'plight' read to you from the passage is closest in meaning to…..
A- Troubles
B- Dilemma
C- Confusion
D- Pressures
7- You heard the word 'tears' read to you from the passage. Which word below that has the
same sound as that underlined in ‘tears’?
A- Heal
B- Real
C- Pear
D- Head
SECTION C
8- Mensa had to live with the head teacher because…….
A- It was his father’s wish
B- His father wanted him to go to school
C- He would learn better living with him
D- He had nowhere else to live
9- Zuma pushed some of his plantains’ into Mensa’s hand as a sign of……..
A- Pride
B- Riches
C- Pity
D- Humility
10- The most likely moral lesson drawn from this story is that………….
A- Children should school near their homes
B- Children should never leave their homes
C- People should be nice to those they live with
D- Women are very wicked to relatives
LISTENING COMPREHENSION
Title:
SECTION A
Akame was a problem student in Kingston College./ He came to school, skipped most of his
classes/ and did not copy notes./ Worst of all, / he sneaked out of class/ when tests had to be
written./ This attitude cause him to perform poorly/ and was always promoted on trial/ through
form one, two and three./ He failed to gain promotion into form four./ While repeating form
three, he failed again./ His English Language teacher, / Mr. Okons called him "empty-head"/ and
advised him to withdraw./ Akame did just that./ For the next two years,/ he lived a purposeless
life,/ acting like the empty-headed boy his teacher said he was./
SECTION B
One day,/ as Akame was moving around looking for odd jobs to do,/ he ran across one of his
friends- Fule./ Fule proudly told Akame that she was a banker./ Akame felt so ashamed of himself
that/ he immediately made up his mind/ to return to school./
He gain admission into form three of Manga College./ Determined to succeed in life,/ Akame
worked very hard/ and passed to form four,/ then to form five/ where he wrote the GCE
Examination/ and passed in flying colours./ One year later,/ he wrote again/ and passed in three
A Level subjects/ and gain admission into a renowned University/ from where he later graduated
with a degree in Computer Engineering./ He soon got a well-paid job/ in a computer
manufacturing company. He became very rich, generous and popular. Akame then decided to
visit Kingston College/ to extend his generosity to his alma mater/ and award prizes to
meritorious students/ and encourage week ones./
SECTION C
On Akame’s arrival at the college, / the entire community welcomed him./ After the award of
prizes,/ there was animation by different groups of students./ Akame sprayed banknotes on the
animators./ He peered into the crowd/ and saw Mr. Okons in the middle of the groups,/ struggling
to gather some of the banknotes.
When Mr. Okons straightened up, his eyes fell on the engineer. /He wiped his eyes, / put his right
hand into his breast pocket, / pulled out his spectacles / and put them on. / He could not believe
what he saw. / In his mind, / he refused to associate the so much talked about engineer / with the
problem student he had known. This time/ he saw everything clearly/ and shouted in
consternation: "Is this not Akame, / the empty-headed boy?"/ Smiling and moving towards him,
/ Akame replied, you are mistaken, sir. / This is Akame, / the genius.
TD
LISTENING COMPREHENSION
Title:
SECTION A
Akame was a problem student in Kingston College./ He came to school, skipped most of his
classes/ and did not copy notes./ Worst of all, / he sneaked out of class/ when tests had to be
written./ This attitude cause him to perform poorly/ and was always promoted on trial/ through
form one, two and three./ He failed to gain promotion into form four./ While repeating form
three, he failed again./ His English Language teacher, / Mr. Okons called him "empty-head"/ and
advised him to withdraw./ Akame did just that./ For the next two years,/ he lived a purposeless
life,/ acting like the empty-headed boy his teacher said he was./
SECTION B
One day,/ as Akame was moving around looking for odd jobs to do,/ he ran across one of his
friends- Fule./ Fule proudly told Akame that she was a banker./ Akame felt so ashamed of himself
that/ he immediately made up his mind/ to return to school./
He gain admission into form three of Manga College./ Determined to succeed in life,/ Akame
worked very hard/ and passed to form four,/ then to form five/ where he wrote the GCE
Examination/ and passed in flying colours./ One year later,/ he wrote again/ and passed in three
A Level subjects/ and gain admission into a renowned University/ from where he later graduated
with a degree in Computer Engineering./ He soon got a well-paid job/ in a computer
manufacturing company. He became very rich, generous and popular. Akame then decided to
visit Kingston College/ to extend his generosity to his alma mater/ and award prizes to
meritorious students/ and encourage week ones./
SECTION C
On Akame’s arrival at the college, / the entire community welcomed him./ After the award of
prizes,/ there was animation by different groups of students./ Akame sprayed banknotes on the
animators./ He peered into the crowd/ and saw Mr. Okons in the middle of the groups,/ struggling
to gather some of the banknotes.
When Mr. Okons straightened up, his eyes fell on the engineer. /He wiped his eyes, / put his right
hand into his breast pocket, / pulled out his spectacles / and put them on. / He could not believe
what he saw. / In his mind, / he refused to associate the so much talked about engineer / with the
problem student he had known. This time/ he saw everything clearly/ and shouted in
consternation: "Is this not Akame, / the empty-headed boy?"/ Smiling and moving towards him,
/ Akame replied, you are mistaken, sir. / This is Akame, / the genius.
QUESTIONS
SECTION A
1- Which attitude contributed most to Akame’s poor performance?
A- He sneaked out of class when tests had to be written
B- He did not copy notes
C- He came to school late
D- He skipped most of his classes
2- Mr. Okon’s instruction to Akame was to …
A- Take to his advice
B- Drop out of school
C- Seek admission elsewhere
D- Act like the empty headed-boy
3- You have heard the word enoughread to you. Which word from the list below has the
same vowel sound as the underline enough…
A- Enable
B- Engine
C- Enter
D- Entertain
SECTION B
4- Akame felt ashamed of himself because…..
A- He was moving around for jobs
B- He strained to make a living
C- Of the odd jobs he do for a living
D- He was not a banker too