EXPERIMENT NO:1

STUDY ON TRANSMISSION LINE NETWORK

AIM

To study the transmission network in kerala and various components in transmission line.

THEORY

TRANSMISSION NETWORK IN KERALA

Transmission network is the backbone of any power system enables transfer of bulk power
from the generating stations to the load centers. Over the years the intra state transmission
infrastructure in Kerala has grown substantially with the addition of more and more EHT
substations and lines. The Kerala grid is presently connected to national grid mainly through
400 kV double circuit lines viz. (1) Udumalpett – Madakkathara, (2) Thirunelveli –
Pallippuram (Trivandrum).

The transmission sector of KSEB Ltd is geographically divided in to two zones – the North
Zone headquartered at Kozhikode and the South Zone headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram.
Each zone is headed by a Chief Engineer. In addition to the above, the System Operations
wing which performs the real time management of Kerala Power System also comes under
the Transmission SBU. The System Operations wing is headed by a Chief Engineer and is
headquartered at Kalamassery.

Sl No Voltage No of Substations Line length in

Circuit kms

1 400 kV 1+5* 947.96

2 220 kV 22 2910.98

3 110 kV 162 4803.28

4 66 kV 70 2100.64

5 33 kV 158 2082.69
COMPONENTS OF TRANSMISSIION LINE
CONDUCTOR

A conductor is one of the most important components of overhead lines. Selecting a

proper type of conductor for overhead lines is as important as selecting economic conductor
size and economic transmission voltage. A good conductor should have the following
properties:

 high electrical conductivity

 high tensile strength in order to withstand mechanical stresses
 relatively lower cost without compromising much of other properties
 lower weight per unit volume

Conductor Materials
Copper was the preferred material for overhead conductors in earlier days, but, aluminium
has replaced copper because of the much lower cost and lighter weight of the aluminium
conductor compared with a copper conductor of the same resistance.

Types of transmission line conductors Based on material used

1. All Aluminum Conductors (AAC)

2. Aluminum Conductor, Aluminum Reinforced (ACAR)

3. All Aluminum Alloy Conductor (AAAC)

4. Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR)

5. International Annealed Copper Stand (IACS)

6. High Temperature Low Sag Conductor (HTLS)

7. Bundled Conductor

Types of transmission line ACSR conductor based on Current carrying capacity

1. Dog Conductor

2. Wolf Conductor

3. Panther Conductor

4. Deer Conductor

5. Zebra Conductor

6. Moose Conductor
TRANSMISSION TOWER

transmission towers carry high-voltage transmission lines that transport bulk electric
power from generating stations to electrical substations, from which electricity is delivered to
end consumers; moreover, utility poles are used to support lower-voltage sub-
transmission and distribution lines that transport electricity from substations to electricity
customers.

INSULATOR

There are 5 types of insulators used in transmission lines as overhead insulation:

1. Pin Insulator
2. Suspension Insulator
3. Strain Insulator
4. Stay Insulator
5. Shackle Insulator
Pin, Suspension, and Strain insulators are used in medium to high voltage systems. While
Stay and Shackle Insulators are mainly used in low voltage applications.

CROSS ARM
The cross arm on the power pole or on the light pole is used to support the insulator by
double arming bolt or u bolt
OPTICAL FIBRE GROUND

VIBRATION DAMPER
The use of a vibration damper on high voltage transmission lines can reduce the vibration of
the wires caused by the wind, thereby reducing the probability of accidents.
JUMPER WIRE

A jumper is a conductor that is rated to carry full line (load plus capacitive charging) current
and is installed to connect line spans on opposite sides of a deadend or a large angle structure.
The jumper is installed on each phase of the line and operates at full line voltage.

SPACER

Spacers are used at interval distances to avoid the elements of the weather such as wind, rain,
etc. They also provide support for these conductors which usually run very high voltages
along these lines.

DANGER PLATE

Danger Plate or Board are signage used for installing on Low Tension and High Tension
Poles & Substations for restricted movement in the high voltage electrical areas.

ANTI CLIMBING FENCE

Climbing barriers are to be fitted to transmission line support structures to deter the public
from climbing the support structures and approaching: a) the high voltage conductors of the
overhead transmission circuit(s); and b) other critical ancillary equipment contained on some
support structures.

CORONA RING

he purpose of the corona ring is to distribute the electric field gradient and lower its
maximum values below the corona threshold, preventing corona discharge. Corona rings are
used on very high voltage power transmission insulators and switchgear, and on scientific
research apparatus that generates high voltages.
EXPERIMENT NO 2

IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON FAULTS IN MOTORS

AIM

To identify and make a study on various faults in motors

THEORY

Common motor failure and faults are:

 Overheating
 Insulation breakdown
 Overloads (electrical and mechanical)
 Phase imbalance and any voltage imbalance will lead to an even higher current
unbalance.
 Bearing failure
 Running in reverse
 Shaft misalignment
 Locked rotor
 Vibration

Overheating can occur from undersizing the motor, insufficient cooling at low speed when
using variable speed drives (VSD), changes to the load on the motor such as jammed
equipment and hot ambient conditions.

Insulation breakdown, leading to burnt windings, imply short-circuit either within the motor
or within the power supply circuit for the motor, and may be caused by overheating,
overloads and overvoltages.

About 80% of electrical motor failures are a result of winding damage in the motor stator and
bearing faults.

Bearing failure on motors can be an indication of the incorrect bearings for the application.

A motor mounted vertically needs different bearings then a motor horizontally. A motor
driving a large or multi-belt drive will require bearings that handle big radial loads. A motor
bolted to a distorted base plate will twist.

Bearings are usually small compared to other major motor components, making them
particularly vulnerable to damage and wear; some studies blame more than half of all motor
failures on bearing malfunction, most of which result from too little or too much lubrication.
Another significant cause of bearing failure is misalignment.

Shaft misalignment will destroy bearings well before their full working life.

The motor shaft must be directly in-line with the shaft it is driving.

This can only be achieved using precision alignment techniques such as laser.
Other problems that may occur with motors are water ingress and dust ingress into the stator
coils or the terminal housing leading to short-circuits, soft foot motor feet are bolted down
out of level), wrong motor mounting or housing type and electrical or mechanical unbalance.

Noise indicates motor problems but ordinarily does not cause damage. Noise, however, is
usually accompanied by vibration.

Vibration can cause damage in several ways. It tends to shake windings loose and
mechanically damages insulation by cracking, flaking or abrading the material.
Embrittlement of lead wires from excessive movement and brush sparking at commutators or
current collector rings also results from vibration. Finally, vibration can speed bearing failure
by causing balls to "brinnell," sleeve bearings to be pounded out of shape or the housings to
loosen in the shells.

Whenever noise or vibrations are found in an operating motor, the source should be quickly
isolated and corrected. What seems to be an obvious source of the noise or vibration may be a
symptom of a hidden problem. Therefore, a thorough investigation is often required.

Noise and vibrations can be caused by a misaligned motor shaft or can be transmitted to the
motor from the driven machine or power transmission system. They can also be the result of
either electrical or mechanical unbalance in the motor.

Electrical unbalance occurs when the magnetic attraction between stator and rotor is uneven
around the periphery of the motor. This causes the shaft to deflect as it rotates creating a
mechanical unbalance. Electrical unbalance usually indicates an electrical failure such as an
open stator or rotor winding, an open bar or ring in squirrel cage motors or shorted field coils
in synchronous motors. An uneven air gap, usually from badly worn sleeve bearings, also
produces electrical unbalance.

The chief causes of mechanical unbalance include a distorted mounting, bent shaft, poorly
balanced rotor, loose parts on the rotor or bad bearings. Noise can also come from the fan
hitting the frame, shroud, or foreign objects inside the shroud. If the bearings are bad, as
indicated by excessive bearing noise, determine why the bearings failed.

Another problems motors can face is a long start time

If a motor is subjected to many successive starts, the rotor windings or rotor bars can be
heated up to a point where the electrical connections between the rotor bars and the end rings
are damaged.

Low resistance

Low resistance is the most common cause of failure in electric motors. It is also often the
most difficult to overcome. Under conditions such as overheating, corrosion or physical
damage, degradation of the insulation of the internal windings of the motor may occur. This
then causes insufficient isolation between the motor windings or conductors, leading to short
circuits, leakages and eventually motor failure.

Regularly inspect the insulation of the windings for signs of wear and replace before low
resistance leads to failure. If you are unsure, consult an expert.
Electrical overload

Electrical overload is also commonly referred to as overcurrent. It is caused by an excessive

flow of current within the windings of the motor, which exceeds the design current that the
motor is able to carry efficiently and safely.

Overcurrent is often the result of a low supply voltage, which results in the motor drawing in
more current in an attempt to maintain torque. Electrical overload can also be caused by
short-circuited conductors, or an excessive voltage supply.It is important to install effective
overcurrent protection which is able to detect overcurrent and interrupt supply to protect the
motor.

Shaft - Imbalance, Misalignment, Wear

1. Rotor - Imbalance, Rotor Bar Faults, Loose Rotor, Eccentricity
2. Stator - Stator Looseness, Incorrect Air Gap, Winding Fault
3. Motor Bearing Housing -Mechanical Looseness, Misalignment
4. Rolling Element Bearings - Cage, Ball/Roller, Outer and Inner Race Defects Looseness
within the bearing
5. Motor Feet - Structural Looseness/Soft Foot
6. Base-plate/Foundations - Structural Looseness, Twisted Supports
7. Motor insulation - Insulation breakdown
EXPERIMENT NO 3

REPORT ON 220 KV SUBSTAION VISIT

INTRODUCTION

SUBSTATION

A substation visit was organized on 4/02/2023. Introduction to the KSEB was given by Mr.
NOBY. He also introduced us a brief description about 220kv punnapra substation.

Mr. Adarshexplained the capacity of substation and after about all the components.
Implemented in substation yard he also explained the control panels filled on the room.

A substation is a part of the electrical generator, transmission and distribution system.

Substation transmission voltage from high to low reverse on perform any of several after
important functions, substation are of different types. A transmission substation connects two
or more transmission lines and a distribution substation transfer power from transmission
system is distribution system of area. A substation many include transformer voltage.

RELAY PANEL

Relay is an electrically operated switch, many relays use an electromagnet to

mechanically operates switches, relays are one of the most important parts of substation. The
function of a relay is mainly incorporated in the control Panel. Leading of substation.

CONTROL PANEL

If provide the ability to view and change system setting. It consists of a set of applates
that include adding or removing hardware and software controlling panels.
  Distance protection relay: It is a special type relay used to know at which place
the line has failed
 Auto release relay : It helps to speedy tripping and making up to
connections called fault rectification
 Synchronizing relay : it moves the function of constantly comparing two
voltages and efficiency and their by initiating tripping

mechanism at time of fault.

DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

It is activated at difference in current flowing through relay.

OVERCURRENT RELAY

The relay activate when current exceed the permissible limits. It will be connected to
circuits breakers. In case of any fault due to over current.

EARTH FAULT RELAY

It will be activated when there is any fault in earthing of equipment. It is also

connected to circuit breakers to help tripping circuit.

AUXILARY RELAY

It is designed to operate load then capacitive of switching component. There relay are quit
operation, LED signalizing and switching contact.

LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
 Whenever an incoming comes to a substation initially line is connected through a
lightning arrestor. This is for the protection of station. Generally a lightning arrestor seems
like a section insulator connected together with a ring top. This ring is called grading ring.
The purpose of this ring is that in cable of heavily voltage source the charge is distributed
uniformly.

WAVE TRAP

It is also known as line trap. It is an instrument used for trapping wave. The function of
this trap is that it trips ultimate wave, it is shape is like that of a drum.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

CT meters are installed on any connections which load >100A. conventional meters
can’t be used it. Measure current to more large connection as they wound simply have to be
for large to be predictable.

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

It is an instrument transformer which is used for protection of measurement purpose in

power system. A potential transformer is mainly used to measure high alternating voltage in a
power.

ISOLATER

In order to disconnect a part of system for maintenance and repair isolator are used. It is a
knife switch designed to open a circuit under no load.

CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an

electrical circuit from short circuit.

TRANSFORMER

Transformer are device used in electrical circuit to change voltage of blowing.

Transformer can be used either to increase voltage or decrease voltage. Transformer is
generally classified as two, core type and shell type. These 2 type transformer are
distinguished from each other by manner in which primary and secondary coils are placed
around steel core. In core coils are placed around steel core. In core type winding are
surrounded by terminal core.

BASIC PARTS OF TRANSFORMER

 Laminated core
 Windings
 Insulating materials
 Transformer oil
 Tap changer
  Oil conservator
 Breather
 Cooling tube
 Buchholz relay
CONCLUTION

Working at 220kv substationpunnapra, one day visit was a very good experience. I learned a
lot about electrical substation system and the importance of substation electrical generation,
transmission and distribution. This industrial visit provided up light on how substation works
and thus helps in beginning of this visit I was not aware about merit we were going to receive
from visit but at the end I realized it was a very good experience which I would egret led if I
missed it. Also turning was opportunity from to increase my personal relation both socially
and personally.
EXPERIMENT NO: 4

Layout of 11kv/400v substation

AIM

To study and understand the 11kv/400v substation in our campus and draw the layout

THEORY

Pin type insulator

A pin insulator consists of a non-conducting material such as porcelain, glass, plastic,

polymer, or wood that is formed into a shape that will isolate a wire from a physical support
on a utility pole or other structure, provide a means to hold the insulator to the pin, and
provide a means to secure the conductor to the insulator. By contrast to a Strain insulator, the
pin insulator is directly connected to the supporting pole. The pin insulator is designed to
secure the conductor to itself.

lightning arrester

A lightning arrester is a device used on Electrical power systems from the damaging effects
of Lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground
terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the
power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most
cases to earth. Lightning-produced extreme voltage spikes in incoming power lines can
damage electrical appliances.

Air break switch

An air break switch disconnectors are the vital part of any overhead line network, providing
crucial points of isolation. Most overhead line network designed so that when a fault occurs
or maintenance work needs to be carried out it is relatively simple, by means of a systematic
series switching operations, to isolate the certain section of overhead line. When this
switching process is carried out it is absolutely imperative that the air break switch
disconnector is reliable and effective.
DO FUSE

The dropout (swing out) fuse is an expulsion type and its main function is to protect
Transformers on rural distribution network. It is also particularly useful for inaccessible Sub-
stations where indication of fusing is of advantage.

LA - Lightning arresters are used to protect electric fences. They consist of a spark gap
and sometimes a series inductor. Such type of equipment is also used for protecting
transmitters feeding a mast radiator. For such devices the series inductance has usually just
one winding.

TOD

Time of Day (or TOD) tariff is a tariff structure in which different rates are applicable for use
of electricity at different times of the day. It means that cost of using 1 unit of electricity will
be different in mornings, noon, evenings, and nights.

CT

CT (Current Transformer) Meters are installed on any connections with a load greater than
100 Amps. Conventional meters cannot be used to measure current for these larger
connections as they would simply have to be too large to be practicable. A CT meter only
measures a fraction of the current passing through the connection and a multiplier is applied
to this reading to reflect the actual current.

PT

A potential transformer (P.T.) is an instrument transformer which is used for the protection
and measurement purposes in the power systems. A potential transformer is mainly used to
measure high alternating voltage in a power system.

HT panel

 Switch can make and break the normal rated current.

 Switch can with stand short circuit making current.
 Mechanism has a quick make-make and quick-break feature and the speed of make
and break being entirely independent of the operator.
 The handle is trip free and a trip coil can be fitted if desired.
 Switch is available with Earth Switch for cable earthing with safety interlocking.

MSB

The role of MSB is to divide the main current provided to the swicthboard into smaller loads
for further distribution and to provide switching, over current protection and metering for
these various loads.

TPN

Tripple pole unit with neutral

SFU - Switch fuse unit

APFC

It is an automatic power factor control panel which is used to improve the power factor,
whenever required, by switching ON and OFF the required capacitor bank units
automatically.

SSB

Sub switch board

transformer

Transformer function is based on the principle that electrical energy is transferred efficiently
by magnetic induction from one circuit to another. When one winding of a transformer is
energized from an alternating current (AC) source, an alternating magnetic field is
established in the transformer core. Alternating magnetic lines of force, called “flux,”
circulate through the core. With a second winding around the same core, a voltage is induced
by the alternating flux lines. A circuit, connected to the terminals of the second winding,
results in current flow.
EXPERIMENT NO:5

CONSERVATION AND REDUCTION OF THE ENERGY BILL

AIM

Collect the electricity bill of the institute and suggest suitable means for conservation and
reduction of the energy bill.

REQUIRED DOCUMENTS

Electricity bills of college

STUDY

By comparing the electricity bill for the last 2 months

Contract demand(kVA) =55.0

Connected load (KW) =429.493

READING DETAILS

december january remarks

1. Energy consumption( kWh) 12643 9935

2. Energy consumption( 8520 3568

KVAh)
3. Energy 2807 2339
consumption(KVARh
)lag/lead
4. Avg PF=KWh/KVAh 0.91 0.95

INVOICE

December January

1. Total demand charge 20500.00 20500.00

2. Total energy charge 87038.30 68268.60

3. PF incentive/disincentive 1740.77 0.00

4. Total energy charge 88779.07 68268.60

considering PF

5. Electricity duty 87038x0.100=8703.83 68269x0.1=6826.86

6. Ele. Surcharge 12643x0.025=316.08 9935x0.025=248.38

7. Duty on self generated energy 7140x0.012=85.68 7660x0.012=91.92

Total 118384.66 95936.00

On comparing the last two months electricity bill of our institution we understood that the
total energy charges depends on

1.the energy consumsed

2.the pf

3.Soura Subsidy Scheme

1. Energy consumed can be measured accurately with the help of TOD meter

Time Of Day (TOD) meter is an that records the demand, time, and energy usage of
electricity.TOD metering normally splits rates into an arrangement of multiple segments
including on-peak, off-peak, and critical peak.

TOD metering benefits customers by providing reduced usage rates during off-peak times,
which gives customers a chance to reduce their utility bills.Time of Day metering (ToD),
also known as Time of Usage (ToU), metering involves dividing the day into tariff slots with
higher rates at peak load periods and low tariff rates at off-peak load periods.

a.Energy charge – normal at Rs 6.8 per unit

b.Energy charge – peak at Rs 10.2 per unit

c.Energy charge –off peak at Rs 5.1 per unit

2. Power Factor Improvement to avoid penality

The power factor (PF) of an AC electrical power system is defined as the ratio of working
power (measured in kilowatts, kW) absorbed by the load to the apparent power (measured in
kilovolt amperes, kVA) flowing through the circuit. Power factor is a dimensionless number
in the closed interval of −1 to 1.

The “ideal” power factor is one (also referred to as “unity”). This is when there is no reactive
power through the circuit, and hence apparent power (kVA) is equal to real power (kW). A
load with a power factor of 1 is the most efficient loading of the supply.
There are three main ways to improve power factor:
A)Capacitor Banks
B)Synchronous Condensers
C)Phase Advancers
In our college we have used Capacitor Banks for Improving power factor means reducing the
phase difference between voltage and current. Since the majority of loads are of inductive in
nature, they require some amount of reactive power for them to function.

A capacitor or bank of capacitors installed parallel to the load provides this reactive power.
They act as a source of local reactive power, and thus less reactive power flows through the
line.

Capacitor banks reduce the phase difference between the voltage and current.

3. SOURA SUBSIDY SCHEME

As a part of rooftop solar panel installation projet,kseb has solar panels in our campus this on
grid solar panels helps in saving 10% of total electricity bill every month.

METHODS TO CONSERVE ELECTRICITY

1. Take advantage of natural sunlight

Natural sunlight will create a more relaxed learning.Our collegel construction or buildings
undergoing renovations should consider energy-efficient windows that are south-facing and
heat-reducing, plus skylights in common areas such as hallways and cafeterias. Natural
sunlight helps reduce overall power consumption.

2. Switch to LED lightbulbs

College can replace all incandescent bulbs and standard fluorescent lights with more
efficient options. Lights are on nearly all day, making them one of the most significant
expenses related to powering a campus. Standard lights can also produce a lot of heat,
increasing cooling costs as well.

3. Invest in energy-saving power strips

Keep classroom computers and other devices plugged into power strips to help mitigate
standby power usage. Not only will this help save power on a day-to-day basis, it will also
make it easier to unplug all devices during long holiday breaks. Take it a step further and
invest in, which can save 5% to 10% of power by shutting down power to standby mode
devices that are plugged in.

4. Change Televisions to LCD Screens or Smart Projectors

ENERGY STAR TVs can save up to 15% on electricity compared to conventional models.

5. Invest in Better Cooling Options

Electronic devices such as computers, printers, copiers emit a lot of heat, which needs to be
counteracted by A/C. Teachers and administrators can also employ other A/C-saving efforts
to conserve power and costs, such as using fans in the classroom and ensuring windows are
well-sealed to keep out hot air and having windows that vent or open helps circulate air on
days when the temperature drops .

7. Use Sensors for Lights

Many spaces in college leave the lights on in the rooms entire time . Investing in motion
sensors can help you ensure both savings and safety. These inexpensive units can turn lights
on and off in less-used spaces. When someone enters a room, the sensor triggers lights “on”
and automatically turns the lights back off when there’s no movement for some time. College
campuses can benefit from light sensors as well, in classrooms, bathrooms, and dorms

8. Have Class Outdoors

Find some shade and inspire your students with a new environment.

9. Keep Doors to Different Areas Closed

Keeping doors closed during school hours is a good practice. Beyond security reasons,
closed doors can also limit thermal loss into unused rooms and hallways between classrooms.
INFERENCE

Everyone Can Help Save Energy at College

A combined effort by students, teachers, staff, and administrators can make a big impact to
reduce energy waste at college. From low-cost measures like turning off lights to upgrading
to new energy-saving appliances, the benefits are environmental, economic, and educational.
EXPERIMENT NO:6

COMPARISON OF POWER CONSUMPTION IN STAR MODE AND DELTA MODE

OPERATION OF INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM

To determine the reduction in power consumption in star mode operation of Induction motor
compared to delta mode.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Voltmeter ,Ammeter

CONNECTION DIAGRAM
THEORY

STAR CONNECTION

In STAR Connection, the starting or finishing ends (similar ends) of three coils are connected
together to form the neutral point in the shape of letter “Y”. A common wire is taken out from the
neutral point which is known as the Neutral Wire.

There is a Neutral or Star Point.

There are Four conductors in the star connection (3 Phase Wires + 1 Neutral Wire).

Three phase four wire system is derived from Star Connections (3-Phase, 4 Wires System). 3
Phase 3 Wire System is also possible in the Star Connection as Neutral is optional if not needed.

Line Current is Equal to the Phase Current. i.e.

 Line Current = Phase Current
 IL = IPH

Line Voltage is √3 times of Phase Voltage. i.e.

 Line Voltage = √3 × Phase Voltage
 VL = √3 × VPH

In Star Connection, the total Power supplied by three Phases could be found by:
 P = √3 × VL × IL × CosФ … Or
 P = 3 × VPH × IPH × CosФ
 P = √3 × V × I

The speeds of Star connected motors are slower as they receive 1/√3 voltage.

In Star Connection, Smooth starting and operation with nominal power and normal operation
without overheating can be achieved.

In Star Connection, the phase voltage is low as 1/√3 of the line voltage. Therefore, it needs a low
number of turns, hence saving in copper.

Low insulation required as phase voltage is low as compared to Delta.

Star connection is preferred for long distance transmission and distribution as it requires low
insulation and has a Neutral which helps to balance the circuit.

Two different voltage levels can be achieved by using star connection i.e. single phase and three
phase supply. (3 Phases and Phase + N).

Star connection is preferably used in the domestic and residential applications for single phase
supply (Line or Phase + Neutral = 230V AC – IEC) and three phase supply (Three Phases = 400V
AC – IEC). But the case is different and complex in US – NEC).

Star connection is commonly used for appliances which need less amount of starting current e.g.
small load applications.

Star Connection is a common and general system which is used for both single phase and three
phase power transmission & distribution.

DELTA CONNECTION

In DELTA Connection, the opposite ends of three coils are connected together which forms the
shape of Greek alphabet “Δ”. In other words, the end of each coil is connected with the starting
point of another coil, and the common joints form the three phase wires.

No Neutral Point in Delta Connection.

There are Three conductors in the delta connection (3 Phase Wires e.g. All are phases).

Three phase three wire system is derived from Delta Connections (3-Phase, 3 Wires System). i.e. 3
Phase, 4 Wires system is not possible in Delta Connection due to the absence of the Neutral wire.

Line Current is √3 times of Phase Current. i.e.

 Line Current = √3 × Phase Current
 IL = √3 × IPH

Line Voltage is Equal to the Phase Voltage. i.e.

 Line Voltage = Phase Voltage
 VL = VPH

In Delta Connection, the total Power of three phases could be found by:
 P = √3 × VL × IL × CosФ … Or
 P = 3 x VPH x IPH x CosФ
 P=3×V×I
The speeds of Delta connected motors are high because each phase gets the total of line voltage.

In Delta Connection, motor receives the highest power output.

In a Delta connection, The phase voltage is equal to the line voltage, hence it needs more turns
which increase the total cost.

More insulation is required as Phase voltage = Line Voltage.

Delta connection is preferred for shorter distance transmission and distribution as it requires more
insulation and has the problems of unbalanced currents.

Only a single magnitude of voltage can be achieved by using the delta connection e.g. three phase
supply across three phase conductors.

Delta connection is generally used in the industrial and commercial applications for three phase
supply (Three Phases = 400V AC – IEC).

Delta connection is generally used for high starting torque applications e.g. large electric motors in
the industries etc.

Delta Connection is a typical system commonly used in the distribution Networks & systems and
Industries.

RESULT
EXPERIMENT NO:7

LAYOUT AND ESTIMATION OF OWN HOUSE

AIM

Design residential installation scheme and estimate the material required and draw the details
required for installation

LAYOUT