LESSON 1: GEARING UP FOR

PROTOTYPING WITH ARDUINO

EMPOWERNMENT TECHNOLOGY
PROTOTYPING

 Is one of the most exciting experiences in programming.

 Increating a prototype, there must be a tool that allows
you to interpret and execute your program.
 isan open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-
use hardware and software.
 Arduino has different kinds of microcontroller
development boards, from Arduino Uno (entry-level) to
the latest as of this writing, the Portenta H7 which is
capable of High-level programming and AI.

WHAT IS ARDUINO?
ARDUINO
 isa small computation engine that “makes a decision” or “monitors
a system”. Generally, microcontrollers have analog and digital
input/output capabilities.
 Microcontrollers are everywhere, embedded in different devices
such as toys, remote control, microwave ovens, thermostats, and
timers.
 Microcontrollers make objects more interactive. Microcontrollers
are often used in applications that have repetitive tasks.

WHAT IS A MICROCONTROLLER?
 Raspberry
Pi is a general-purpose single-board computer
powered by an operating system (Linux).
 Unlike
Arduino boards, which is a microcontroller
motherboard, Raspberry pi can run multiple programs.
 Raspberry is used to running complicated robots performing
multiple programs and intense calculations.

ARDUINO VS. RASPBERRY PI

RASPBERRY PI
 ARDUINO UNO ANATOMY

1. Digital Pins - These pins can be used for commands such as

digitalWrite (), digitalRead (), and analogWrite () which can be used and
will work only on the pins with PWM function (Pins with tilde "~" symbol.
2. Pin 13 LED - It is the only actuator built-in to your board. This pin is
usually used to start your prototyping journey by using its LED for
debugging and as your first blink sketch.
ARDUINO UNO ANATOMY

3. Power LED - Indicates that your Arduino is receiving power. Also,

it is useful for debugging.
4. ATmega microcontroller - It is the heart of your board. It is a low
power controller that delivers high performance from Microchip, a
company that manufactures semiconductor products.
ARDUINO UNO ANATOMY

5. Analog In/Pins - These pins can be used for commands such as

analogRead(). It can return values from 0 - 1023.
6. It can read GND and 5V pins and it can also be used to provide
+5V power and ground to your circuits
ARDUINO UNO ANATOMY

7. Power Connector - It is used to power your Arduino when it is not

plugged into a USB port for power. It can accept voltages between 7-
12V.
8. TX & RX LEDs - These LEDs indicate communication between your
Arduino and your computer. Expect them to flicker rapidly during sketch
upload as well as during serial communication. It is useful for debugging.
ARDUINO UNO ANATOMY

9. USB Port - It is used to power your Arduino Uno, uploading your

sketches to your Genuino, and for communicating with your
Arduino sketch via Serial.println() and other commands. Bigger
prototypes may require an additional power source to power the
whole project.
10. Reset Button - It resets the ATmega microcontroller.
 Breadboard
 Itis a type of board that can be used to build electronic circuits. It is
like a patch panel that has rows of holes that let you connect wires
and components together.
 There are different versions of breadboard available in the market -
it can require soldering or non-soldering type, like the one in the
picture above.

COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH ARDUINO

 Jumper wires
 These are typically used with breadboards and other prototyping
tools to make it easier to change a circuit as needed.

COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH ARDUINO

 Capacitors

 It is a passive electrical component with two terminals.

 It
is used to store and release electrical energy in a circuit.
When the circuit's voltage is higher than what is stored in the
capacitor, it allows current to flow in, giving the capacitor a
charge.

COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH ARDUINO

 Diode

 The diode ensures that the power only flows in one direction.
 Itis used when there are motors or other high current/voltage load
in the circuit.
 Diodes are polarized, meaning, the directional placement of the
Diode determines the direction of the current.
 Placed one way, it will allow current to pass through and placed
the other way, it blocks it.

COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH ARDUINO

 Gas Sensor the MQ4 Methane Gas Sensor Module is a Compressed
Natural Gas Sensor (CNG), which is mostly made up of methane (CH4),
it is suitable for sensing natural gas concentrations in the air.
 IRReceiver Sensor (TSOP) An IR sensor is an electronic device that can
be used to detect and measure Infrared radiation in its surrounding
environment. The signals detected are converted into electrical signals
on its output pin, typically called signal pin. Photoresistor
 Photoresistor is also known as a photocell or a light-sensitive resistor. It is
a variable resistor whose resistance varies depending on the amount of
light falling on its face.

COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH ARDUINO (INPUT

COMPONENTS)
 Optocoupler This allows connection to two circuits that are not powered
by the same source. A small LED inside illuminates a photoreceptor,
which closes an internal switch when illuminated. The LED lights up and
the internal switch closes when you apply voltage to the + pin. In the
second circuit, the two outputs take the place of a switch.
 PIRSensor The Pyroelectric sensor in the module generates energy when
exposed to heat. Because a human or animal body emits heat energy
in the form of infrared radiation, the sensor will detect movement when
it comes within range of the sensor. The sensor is called a Passive Infra-
Red sensor.
COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH ARDUINO (INPUT
COMPONENTS)
 DC Motors converts electrical energy into mechanical energy when
there is electricity applied to its connectors.
 The coils of wire inside the motor become magnetized when current
flows through it.
 The magnetic field created attracts and repels magnets, making the
shaft inside spin. If the direction of the electricity is reversed, the
motor will spin in the opposite direction.

COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH ARDUINO (OUTPUT

COMPONENTS)
 H-bridge is a circuit that lets you control the direction of the
voltage applied to a load.
 If used in a motor, it can change the direction of the rotation from
clockwise to counterclockwise and vice versa.
 The H-bridge in the kit is an integrated circuit, but it could also be
constructed with several discrete components.

COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH ARDUINO (OUTPUT

COMPONENTS)
 LEDis a type of diode that lightens when electricity passes
through it. Like all diodes, the electricity in LEDs only flows in one
direction.
 Youhave probably seen these on a variety of electronic
devices as indicators.
 The
longer leg is usually the anode, which connects to power,
and the shorter leg is the cathode.

COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH ARDUINO (OUTPUT

COMPONENTS)
 An RGB LED has four pins: one for each color (Red, Green, and
Blue) and one for the common cathode.
 Itcontains three different color-emitting diodes that can be
blended to produce a wide range of colors.
 Colorscan be created by adjusting the brightness of each of the
RGB LED's three LEDs; a PWM signal is used to adjust the brightness
of each LED.

COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH ARDUINO (OUTPUT

COMPONENTS)
 Vibrationmotors are small coreless DC motors that vibrate to
notify users that they have received a signal without making
a sound.
 Vibration
motors can be found in a wide range of
applications, including cell phones, handsets, pagers, and
more.

COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH ARDUINO (OUTPUT

COMPONENTS)
 An LCD is a type of alphanumeric or graphic display based on
liquid crystals. LCDs are available in many sizes, shapes, and
styles. Yours has 2 rows with 16 characters each.
 Piezo is an electrical component that can be used to detect
vibrations and create noises.

COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH ARDUINO (OUTPUT

COMPONENTS)
 ¼ SHEET OF PAPER

1. Rhod wants to do an LED project. He will be using an

Arduino UNO microcontroller. What component can he use
to connect wires and other components together that is
solder-less?
a. Motherboard b. Diode c. H-Bridge d. Breadboard
2. Miguel works in an IT company. Whenever he has a project,
he uses a microcontroller to control sensors and motors. With the
components listed below, what is considered as a
microcontroller?

a. PIR Sensor b. Potentiometer c. Transistor d. Arduino UNO

3. Carol is just starting to learn about Arduino UNO and its
components. As her first project, she wants to light up LEDs in
parallel wiring and use a component to resist the flow of electrical
charge and prevent the LEDs from exploding. What component
can she use?

a. Photoresistor b. Transistor c. Resistor d. H-Bridge

4. Carol wants to expand her simple LED project by adding
a component that whenever the component is pressed, it
will turn on the LEDs. What component can she use?

a. Transistor b. Seven Segment Display c. Push Button d.

Servo Motor
5. Steph has an ongoing project about automated locking
systems. She wants to incorporate a display so that she can put
prompts such as "LOCK CLOSED”, "LOCK OPENED”. What
component can she use?

a. Breadboard b. Optocoupler c. LCD d. Capacitor

What prototypes can we do with Arduino?
How can Arduino ease our tasks when making
prototypes?