DADSON EMMANUEL 3534518 ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY Table of Contents MINING ................................................................................................................................... 1 - 5 GEOLOGY ............................................................................................................................. 5 - 8 MAPPING ............................................................................................................................. 8 - 10 GEOTECH ............................................................................................................................ 10-12 GEOPHYSICS ............................................................................................................................13 HYDROGEOLOGY ...................................................................................................................14 INTRODUCTION Engineering technology is the practical application of scientific knowledge coupled with engineering to solve problems. It throws more light on the use of engineering techniques to solve problems. The six laboratories my group members and I visited were; Mining Geology Mapping Geotech Geophysics Hydrology
OBJECTIVES The course ensures that student have fair knowledge about other branch of engineering because of the link between the various branch of engineering. The ability to identify and solve broadly defined engineering problem. The ability to practically apply acquired knowledge in identifying and solving problems.
Those labs took as through the practical works and also what are done actually at the field.
MINING Mining is the activity, occupation and industry concerned the excavation made in the earth to extract valuable minerals and other geological materials from the earth. These minerals are usually from an ore body, lode, view, seam, deposit. These deposits form a mineralized package that is of economic interest to a miner.
Terminologies Ore: A mineral deposit that has value to be mined at a profit.
Gangue: A mineral in an ore deposit that has no value and must be removed in treating the ore.
Waste: A material associated with an ore deposit that must be mined to get the ore and discarded.
Mine: An excavation made in the earth to extract minerals.
1 Metallic Ores: Those ores of ferrous metals (iron, manganese, tungsten and molybdenum), the base metals (copper, lead, zinc and tin), the precious metals (gold, silver, the platinum group metals) and the radioactive minerals (uranium, thorium and radium).
Nonmetallic ores (also known as industrial minerals): the nonfuel mineral ores that are not associated with production of metals. These include phosphate, potash, halite, trona, sand, gravel, limestone, sulfur and many others.
Fossil fuels (Also known as mineral fuels): the organic mineral substances that can be utilized as fuels, such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, coalbed methane, gilsonite, and tar sand.
Method of Mining These are four main mining methods: Surface Mining: This method is often used for more shallow and less valuable deposits. Underground Mining: This method is often used to reach deeper deposits. Placer Mining: This method is used to sift out valuable metals from sediments in river channels, beach sands or other environments. In- Situ Mining: this method is primarily used in mining uranium, involves dissolving the mineral resource in place then processing it at the surface without moving rock from the ground.
Surface mining – open pit
2 Profile of open pit
Regolith profile
Laterite Duracrust
Saprolite / Oxide
Bedrock
Surface mining equipments
Dump truck
3 Grader
Hydraulic excavator
Drilling Three main techniques used in drilling. 1. RAB (Rotary air blast) 2. RC (Reverse Circulation) 3. Diamond drilling
Underground Mining Terminologies
1. Adit: Horizontal or nearly horizontal entrance to a mine. 2. Cross Cut: horizontal or nearly horizontal underground opening driven to intersect an ore body. 3. Shaft: Vertical or inclined underground opening through which a mine is worked. 4. Stope : Underground excavation made by removing ore from surrounding rock.
4 5. Sublevel: System of horizontal underground workings normally, sublevels are used only within stopping areas where they are required for production. 6. Ramp: Inclined underground opening that connects levels or production areas ; ramps are inclined to allow the passage of motorized vehicles. 7. Chute: Loading arrangement that utilizes gravity to move material from a high level to a lower level. 8. Ore pass: vertical or inclined underground opening through which ore is transported. 9. Drift: Horizontal or nearly horizontal underground opening.
Underground mining equipments
Scooptram
Underground Train
GEOLOGY Geology is the study of the earth. Mineral: is a solid substance that is a homogeneous naturally occurring inorganic element or compound that has a characteristics chemical composition and has distinctive crystal form and physical properties eg. Feldspar, mica, quartz.
5 Qualification of Minerals A substance is only qualified to be a mineral only if it possesses all the qualities of a mineral listed below. Homogeneous: some minerals should be obtained even when part is broken. Naturally occurring: the element should be naturally produced not synthetic. Definite chemical composition: mineral should be able to be expressed by a chemical formula. Characteristic crystalline structure: it should have orderly arrangement of atom. Solid: it should not be liquid.
Identification of Minerals Minerals can be identified using their; Colour Streak Hardness Specific gravity Cleavage Luster Crystal habit Magnetism
Classification of Minerals Anhedral : Minerals with irregular face or shape Subhedral: Minerals that fall between anhedral and euhedral Euhedral : minerals with regular face or shape. Igneous minerals: these are minerals that form from molten rock (magma) Metamorphic minerals: minerals formed by the replacement of other minerals through metamorphism. Eg. Calcite may become aragonite or vice – versa. Both minerals are CaCO3 , but their atomic structures differ. Minerals can also be classified into two main groups namely; Primary minerals and secondary minerals, according to their importance in the structure and rock composition.
Primary Minerals: Minerals that play major role in the identification of a rock. Eg. Quartz
Secondary Minerals These are minerals which result from alteration of pre- existent minerals.
6 COMMON ROCKS & MINERALS A rock is a substance that’s an aggregate of one or more minerals formed naturally and it’s consolidated or cohesive.
Rock Types Rocks can be classified according to the process by which they are formed. Igneous Rocks: formed from the solidification of a molten liquid when it cools. Eg. Granite.
Sedimentary Rocks : Formed from consolidated sediments, cementation or precipitated .
Eg. Conglomerate
7 Metamorphic Rocks: sedimentary or igneous rocks changed by heat. Eg. Gneiss
PETROGRAPHIC MICROSCOPE
MAPPING Mapping is the creation of maps, a graphical representation of significant features of a part of the surface of the earth. Map: A graphical representation of significant features of a post of the surface of the earth. Types of maps Political map Geological map Topographical map Climatic map Road map Resource map
8 Topographical Map Topographical maps deals with representation of the earth’s physical features, using contour lines to show changes in landscape such as elevation.
Contour Lines: A map line between places of equal heights.
9 Geological Map A map which shows the distribution of the various rock formations exposed on the surface of a specific area.
Map Scale The relationship between map distance and the actual distance on the ground. Types of Scale. Bar scale Fractional scale Ratio form
GEOTECH Soil classification tests.
Atterberg limit test : This is made up of 3 test and they are;
a. Liquid limit test b. Plastic limit test c. Shrinkage limit test
10 Equipments used in atterberg limit test 1. Cassagrande cup 2. Spatula 3. Grooving tool 4. Moisture cans 5. Soil specimen.
Particle size distribution test
Compaction test Consolidation test Triaxial test California bearing ration test Tools and equipments used at the site Wheel barrow Crane Reinforcement bass Scaffold Props Concrete mixture Excavator
Types of foundation Pad foundation
11 Raft foundation
Pile foundation
Mat foundation
12 GEOPHYSICS The application of physics in the study of earth. Characteristic Property of Rock That Can Be Measured and Methods Used To Measure Density – Gravity Method Conductivity / Resistivity – Electrical / Electromagnetic Magnetic Susceptibility – Magnetic Method. Elasticity – Seismic Method. Radioactivity - Radioactive Method Thermal Conductivity – Geothermal Method
Electromagnetic / Electrical Method.
Schlumberger array
Werner array
Dipole – Dipole
13 HYDROGEOLOGY The study of the occurrence, distribution and the movement of water within the earth. Sources Of Ground Water Drilling borehole
Hand dug well
AQUIFER Geologic unit made up of permeable material that can store, transmit and yield economically significant amount of Water.
14 CONCLUSION This course was very helpful. Engineering technology helped in the acquisition of basic skills the operation of machine to undertake work.
RECOMMENDATION Engineering technology should be taught in a more practical way. This will help students develop interest for the course.
