SUCCESSGATE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Motto: RAISING AND EXCELLENT PRODUCTIVE GENERATION

LESSON NOTE
EDUCATOR’S NAME:

SUBJECT: AGRICULTURE (P.V.S)

CLASS: BASIC 8 / GRADE 8 / J.S.S. 2

TERM: THIRD TERM ( 3RD TERM )

SESSION: 2023 – ACADEMIC – SESSION

 SUBJECT: AGRICULTURE CLASS: JSS 2

SCHEME OF WORK 3RD TERM LESSON NOTE

WEEK TOPICS Learning Objectives: By the end of the lessons, students

S should be able to:
1 Revision of last term’s Revision and resumption test
work / Welcome Test
2 Soil formation – rock Explain concept of soil formation, describe rocks, identify
types of rocks , compare and contrast between igneous and
sedimentary rocks
3 Soil fertility and Meaning , group plant nutrients into macro and micro
conservation nutrients with examples, demonstrate ways of maintaining
soil fierlity ,, analyse method of soil conservation
4 Cultural practices – pre- Describe the term cultural practices, itemize implements
planting used for pre-planting operations, carryout pre-planting
operations at the school farm
5 Cultural practices – Describe planting operations, differentiate between
planting operations intraspacing and interspacing, demonstrate planting
operations on the farm
6 Cultural practices – post- Describe post planting operations , explain the steps
planting involved, importance of manure and fertilizer application to
the soil, carry out step involved in cassava processing
7 Mid Term Test Mid-term break / Open day
8 Forest Describe the word forest, identify different types of forest,
discuss the uses of forest resources to satisfy human need
9 Effects of forest on the Explain the effect, enumerate forest reserve areas in Nigeria,
environment compare positive and negative effect of forest in our
environment
10 Human activities that Itemize human activities that have negative effects on forest,
affect the forest discuss degradation and deforestation, advocate for the
protection of trees in forest
11 Revision Revisions and Final Examination
12 Revision Revisions and Final Examination
12-13 Revision Revisions and Final Examination
REFERENCES
UNIFIED SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK: 2 DAY: SUBJECT:
DATE: TOPIC:
SUBTOPIC: PERIODS: DURATIONS:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
1. Definition of Soil formation
2. Agents of soil formation
3. Describe rocks,
4. Identify types of rocks
5. Compare contrasts between igneous and sedimentary work

KEY VOCABULARY WORDS:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Wall charts, Pictures, Related Online Video, Flash Cards

CONTENT: SOIL FORMATION

FORMATION OF SOIL

Soil formation show us how soil is formed. Soil is formed when rocks break down into smaller particles. It
can also be called Weathering. These happens as a result of the following Agents.

Agents of soil formation

The agent of soil formation are:

1. Rain
2. Temperature
3. Wind
4. Man
5. Animals
6. Plants

RAIN

When rain falls, it touches the rocks which tears out tiny pieces of rocks. The water from the rain will wash
these pieces of rock to form soil.

TEMPERATURE

High temperature make rock to expand, crack and break down into small pieces. It is cause by hot sun or
heat.

WIND

When heavy wind blows, it will blow away small pieces of rocks from the large ones which creates more
room for loose rock to fall which later turn to soil.

MAN

Man help in soil formation when he/she make use of some farm tools like hoe on rocky areas, he try to
break the little rocks or stones which later turn to soil. Man splitting firewood on the rock or breaking
objects on the rock leads to soil formation.

ANIMALS
When huge animal like cattle’s, elephant walk on a rocky place, it breaks the rock into smaller pieces
thereby forming soil. Also when animal dies their body decays and mixed with the soil.

PLANT

As plant keeps growing, the root of the plants keep expanding and getting strong on the ground. Like the
root of trees breaks down rock particle during expansion and growth. Also when plants dies their body
decays and mixed with the soil.

THE PROCESS OF SOIL FORMATION

The decomposition and dissolution of rocks through weathering and with the help of soil organisms like
earthworm. Bacteria, fungi, protozoa and the help of chemical substances in the soil bring about soil
formation

Meaning of Rock
Rock is defined as any mineral material of the earth. Rock can also be defined as the aggregate of minerals made
up of hard and soft materials like stone, sand, etc. Rock constitutes a significant part of the earth's crust. The
earth's crust consists of rocks which are the combination of different mineral elements such as silica which contains
silicon and oxygen. Rocks are aggregates (mixtures) of minerals.

The Process of Rock Formation

Rocks are formed as a result of volcanic eruptions from earth’s crust. During the volcanic eruption the molten
material or magma may remain within or escape to the surface . The magma or lava subsequently cools and
solidifies to form glassy crystalline textured mass. In Nigeria rocks are found in Benue, Bauchi, Zaria, Plateau,
Ilorin, Ondo, Ado-Ekiti, Abakiliki and Ogoja in Cross River State, etc. Some of the magma may cool before reaching
the surface of the earth thus forming plutonic rocks (intrusive rocks) while some may reach the surface to form
volcanic rocks (extrusive rocks) Examples of plutonic (intrusive) rocks are granite, diorite, gabbro, etc. Examples of
volcanic (extrusive) rocks are basalt, andesite, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite, scoria and tuff. Rapid cooling gives rise
to fine grained rocks,while slow cooling gives rise to larger grained rocks.

Rock Minerals
Rock contains primary and secondary minerals

LEARNERS ACTIVITIES

 Learners participate in the class discussion

 Learners observe some rock samples

EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES

 Mention three agent of Soil formation.

 How is soil formed?

WHAT ARE ROCKS?

A rock is a solid made up of a bunch of different minerals fused together. Rocks are generally not uniform
or exactly made of the same stuff or strength.

TYPES OF ROCK

Scientists generally classify rocks by how they were made or formed. There are three types of rocks
namely:
  Metamorphic
 Igneous
 Sedimentary

METAMORPHIC ROCK

Metamorphic rocks are formed by great heat and pressure. They are generally found inside the Earth
where there is enough heat and pressure to form the rocks. Metamorphic rocks are often made from other
types of rock.

IGNEOUS ROCK

Igneous rocks are formed by volcanoes. When a volcano explodes, it comes out hot and melted rock
formed from it is called lava and it is broken down into igneous rocks.

SEDIMENTARY ROCK

Sedimentary rocks are formed by years and years of grounds compacting together and becoming hard.
Generally, something like a stream or river will carry lots of small pieces of rocks and minerals to a larger
body of water.

IMPORTANCE OF ROCKS TO MAN

There are so many benefits that rocks provide man. Some of these importance include the following:

 Rocks are very important to man because we use them as fuel for power.
 Many important minerals such as gold and diamond are gotten directly from rocks.
 Salt can be extracted from rocks and can be used to preserve the food we eat.
 Rocks also serve as a source of water supply because many springs and wells all over the world
get their water from rocks.
 Some rocks contain plenty of clay. The clay derived from some rocks is used in producing ceramic
plates.

USES OF ROCKS

Rocks are used for many purposes but some of them that we can see in our daily life are used for:

 Making Cement
 Making Chalk
 Building Material
 ornamental stone
 Making irons and metals.

EVALUATION

Define rocks

List the types of rocks.

SUMMARY

 Rocks are the hard substance.

 They are solid material that form part of the main surface of the Earth.
  There are three main types of rocks according to how they are formed. These rocks are: Igneous
rock, sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock.

Rock Formation and Types

CONTENT:

 Meaning of Rock
 Types of rock

Rock

A rock is any mineral material of the earth. It may be a combination of different mineral elements such as
silica (silica contain silicon and oxygen).

Types of rock

Rocks can be classified into three major groups based on how they are formed and their appearances.
These include

1. Igneous rock
2. Sedimentary rock
3. Metamorphic rock

 Mode of formation of igneous rock:

They are formed as a result of cooling and solidification of molten magma erupted from the earth crust.
Magma occurs from high temperature and pressure underneath the earth and forces itself towards the
earth surface through the cracks. As the magma approaches the earth surface, it cools as a result of the
lower temperature of the earth surface and solidifies to form igneous rocks.
Types of igneous rock

1. Plutonic [or intrusive] igneous rock: These are rocks formed when molten magma solidifies slowly before
it gets to the surface of the earth to form large crystals. Prolonged erosion makes the rock to be exposed
later to the surface. Examples include granite, gabbro, and diorite.
2. Volcanic [extrusive] igneous rock: These are formed when the molten magma cools and solidifies rapidly
when it gets to the surface to form crystals. Examples include basalt, pumice.

Characteristics of igneous rocks

1. They have a glassy appearance

2. They contain crystals i.e. they are crystalline.
3. They do not occur in layers.
4. They do not contain fossils.
5. They are hard and impervious
6. They are resistant to erosion

Evaluation

1. Describe the mode of formation of igneous rock

2. Outline four characteristics of igneous rocks

 Mode of formation of sedimentary rocks:

They are rocks formed from deposits of organic materials and existing weathering rocks which
accumulate and consolidate over time. They are cemented together after a long time to form sedimentary
rocks. The sediments are deposited by natural agents such as water, wind and ice and settle down in
layers one on top of another.
There are three types of sedimentary rocks based on the process of formation.

1. Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks: These are rocks formed from sediments of other rocks that are
accumulated and cemented over a long period. Examples include sandstones, shale, clay, breccia, and
conglomerate.
2. Organically formed sedimentary rocks: These are rocks formed from the remains of living organisms.
When the rocks are formed from the remains of animals like coral or shellfish, they are called calcareous
rocks e.g. limestone and chalk. When the rocks are formed from vegetable matter such as swamps and
forest are called carbonaceous rocks e.g. coal, peak, and lignite.
3. Chemically formed sedimentary rocks: These are rocks formed from precipitated chemically from rock
solution. Examples include gypsum, potash, and dolomite.

Characteristics of sedimentary rocks

1. They occur in layers or strata.

2. They are not in crystal form i.e. they are not crystalline.
3. They contain fossils of plants and animals.
4. They are not resistant to erosion
5. They may be coarse, fine soft or hard.

Evaluation

1. Describe the mode of formation of sedimentary rocks

2. State four characteristics of sedimentary rocks

 Mode of formation of metamorphic rocks:

These rocks result from igneous or sedimentary rocks due to the combined effect of pressure and heat.
The composition and texture of unstable parent rock minerals are changed under pressure and heat.
Examples are marble, quartzite, gneiss, schist, graphite and slate.

1. Slate is formed from clay (sedimentary)

2. Marble is formed from limestone (sedimentary)
3. Quartzite is formed from sandstone (sedimentary)
4. Gneiss is formed from granite (igneous)
5. Schist is formed from shale (sedimentary)
6. Graphite is formed from coal (sedimentary)
Characteristic of metamorphic rocks

1. Some may occur in layer or strata

2. They are not in the form of crystals
3. The rock may be hard or soft
4. They exist in different colours and texture
5. They may contain fossils

Evaluation

1. Describe the mode of formation of metamorphic rocks

2. Give four examples of metamorphic rocks and their parent materials

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. What is a rock?
2. State three types of rock
3. Describe the mode of formation of the two types of igneous rock
4. State four characteristics of sedimentary rocks.
5. Classify sedimentary rocks based on the mode of formation and give two examples in each case

ASSIGNMENT

1. Mention 2 minerals found in rocks

2. Give two examples each under the types of rocks
3. Define sedimentary Rock.
WEEK: 3 DAY: SUBJECT:
DATE: TOPIC:
SUBTOPIC: PERIODS: DURATIONS:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
1. Definition of Soil fertility and conservation
2. Group plant nutrients into macro and micro nutrient with examples
3. Demonstrate ways of maintaining soil fertility
4. Analyse method of soil conservation

KEY VOCABULARY WORDS:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Wall charts, Pictures, Related Online Video, Flash Cards

CONTENT: SOIL FERTILITY AND CONSERVATION

MEANING OF SOIL FERTILITY.

Soil fertility is the capacity of the soil to supply soil mineral nutrient or elements to crop in adequate
amounts and in suitable proportions to enhance crop production.

A fertile soil is that which contains adequate nutrient elements required by crops .

CHARACTERISTICS OF A FERTILE SOIL.

1. High cat ion exchange capacity.
2. Good water holding capacity.
3. Adequate humus contents
4. Good granular (spheroidal) structure.
5. Good workability.
6. Essential elements available in required amount.
EVALUATION
1. Differentiate between soil fertility and fertile soil
2. What are the characteristics of a fertile soil?

PLANT NUTRIENTS

Plant nutrients are classified into two, these include macronutrient and micronutrient.
MACRONUTRIENTS

These are mineral elements or nutrients required by crops in large quantities. Examples are nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium and sulphur.

MICRONUTRIENT OR TRACE ELEMENTS

These are mineral elements or nutrients required by crops in small quantities. Examples are Zinc, Copper,
boron, molybdenum, Iron, Chlorine and Manganese.

FUNCTIONS AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS OF PLANT NUTRIENTS

S/N ELEMENT FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

i. Aids plant growth and reproduction

i. Stunted growth

ii. Promotes vegetative and short system growth

ii. Yellowing of leaves
1. Nitrogen
iii. Excess Nitrogen delay maturation and fruiting
iii. Leaves tend to drop
iv. Promotes chlorophyll formation
iv. Poor formation of fruits and
flowers
v. Necessary for the synthesis of plant hormones
i. It aid enzyme reactions
i. Logging results in cereal crops

ii. It is a constituent of cell division

ii. Stunted growth
iii. Increases soil resistant to diseases
2. Phosphorus iii. Leaves turn purple and
brownish in colour
iv. Helps in the ripening of fruits
iv. Poor root development
v. Help in root development and seed germination
v. Immature fruit drop
vi. Aids seed germination
i. An important constituent of plant tissues
i. Weak slender stems

ii. Aids synthesis of carbohydrates

ii. Delayed growth
3 Potassium
iii. Activates various plant enzyme reactions
iii. Premature loss of leaves
iv. Promotes development of young plants
iv. Brown colour at margin of
leaves
v. Helps in nitrate uptake in the soil
4 Calcium i. Strengthens plant cell with calcium pectate i. Causes stunting of root
system
ii. Helps in translocation and storage of carbohydrate
and proteins in seeds and tubers ii. Weak slender plants

iii. Necessary for normal growth of root tips iii. Pale yellow colour of
leaves
iv. It controls toxicity of aluminium, manganese and
sodium ions
 v. It improves soil PH
i. It is important in the synthesis of carbohydrate as it is a
constituent of chlorophyll

ii. It assists in the transportation of phosphate for fruit i. Chlorosis along leaf veins
seeds development
5 Magnesium
ii. Stunted growth Premature leaf
iii. It enhances plant growth
fall
iv. It is required for normal cell division

v. Necessary for the synthesis of soil in plants

EVALUATION

1. Give five examples each of macro and micronutrients.

2. State the functions and deficiency symptoms of sulphur, iron, manganese copper, zinc, boron and
molybdenum.

Causes of loss of soil fertility

1. Burning:

Burning In some places, big forests and vast grasslands are set on fire to burn. Some of these areas are
good farmlands. When this is done, dead and decaying leaves, grasses and living soil organisms are
burnt. Dead leaves, grasses and soil organisms add fertility to the soil. Soil, therefore, loses its fertility
when they are burnt.

Activity

Mention plants and animals that will be affected when farmlands are burnt.

2. Leaching:
Leaching is the downward movement of nutrients from the topsoil to the underground layers of the soil.
Some nutrients dissolve in water for plants to absorb as food. When rain falls, some water collects in low-
lying areas of the farm and stays there for some time. As this water sinks into the soil, it carries with it,
dissolved soil nutrients. These nutrients can no longer be available to the plants growing on the surface of
the soil. The nutrients are lost or leached away.

3. Erosion:

This is the gradual wearing away of the topsoil by water or wind. When rain falls, water flows on the
surface of the soil. The water carries the topsoil along with it. The topsoil contains nutrients dissolved in
water. These nutrients are carried away by the flowing water and are no longer available for plants to use.
Wind blows and carries some soil particles from one place to another. This soil contains some nutrients
which are also carried away by the wind.

4. Crop removal:

The crops that farmers plant in their farms absorb nutrients from the soil for their growth and
development. These nutrients, once taken up or absorbed, are no longer in the soil. Another crop planted
in the same soil the following year may not have sufficient nutrients for its own growth and development.

5. Clean clearing:

Leaves on forest trees drop on the soil. These leaves die and decay and add nutrients to the soil. When
these trees are removed and the forest undergrowth cut, the soil loses its regular supply of nutrients from
the forest.

6. Over grazing:

Cattle graze on open fields and farmland being led by cattle herdsmen. Sometimes these headsmen allow
the cattle to overgraze, leaving the soil bare, whereas these grasses serve as a cover for the soil. When it
becomes bare it will be heated by the sun and then becomes dry, having lost most of the soil nutrients.

General evaluation

1. When is a soil said to be fertile?

2. Mention four causes of loss of soil fertility

SUMMARY

METHODS OF SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT.

There are several methods that can be used to maintain the fertility of the soil. They include bush
fallowing, cover cropping, rotation cropping, application of organic and inorganic fertilizers.

BUSH FALLOWING: This is the practice of leaving a farm land uncultivated for a period of time. This is to
allow the soil tore gain its lost nutrients in a natural form.

ADVANTAGES

1.It is an effective method in area with low pressure on land.

2. It protects the soil against erosion.

3. Fallen leaves decompose to increase organic matter content of the soil.

4. The method reduces evaporation of water and leaching of minerals are reduced.

5. Living organisms are build up in the soil which help in soil modification and

granulation.

DISADVANTAGES

1. It is very slow method of maintaining soil fertility.

2. If the period for fallow is not enough ,the adequate replacement of lost nutrients will

not be achieved.

3. It can not be used in places where there is high demand on land.

EVALUATION

1. List four methods of maintaining soil fertility

2. Explain the term bush fallowing

3. State two advantages and two disadvantages of bush fallowing

COVER CROPPING: This is the growing of crops purposely to provide a cover for the soil. Crops such as
melon, cowpea, groundnut, sweat potatoes can be grown for this purpose. They are grown along side
with the main crops to provide a cover for the soil.(pueraria, mucuna, and centrosema can be used in
plantation.)

ADVANTAGES

1.They protect the soil against erosion.

2. It reduces evaporation of soil water.

3. It prevent leaching.

4. Cover crops suppress weeds on the farm land.

5. Where legumes are used ,they help to increase the nitrogen content of the soil.

6. Their falling leaves decompose to add organic matter to the soil.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Cover crops compete with the main crops for nutrient and water.

2. They increase the rate of loss of water in the soil through transpiration.

ROTATION CROPPING:This is the growing of crops on a piece of land year after year in a definite order.

ADVANTAGES

1. The method make for continuous use of land without rapid loss of essential nutrients.
2. It is an ideal method to use where land is scarce.

3. It is a labour saving method as the same land is used every year.

4. Weed are effectively checked.

5. It reduces erosion.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Continuous tillage of the surface soil renders it loose and easily eroded.

ORGANIC MANURING: Manures are plants and animals materials that are added to the soil to supply
nutrients needed for the growth of crops. There are three types of organic manure, green manure, farm
yard manure and compost manure.

GREEN MANURE: These are un-decomposed green plants parts which are turned into the soil. Plants to
be used as green manure should be, easily establish, grow quickly, produce abundant succulent shoots
and roots in a short time, easily cover the ground and grow on poor soils.

ADVANTAGES

1. It supply plant Nitrogen and other nutrients

2. It protect the soil against erosion.

3. It reduces the loss of nutrients through leaching.

4. It improve the physical condition of the soil.

DISADVANTAGES

1. They may habour diseases and pests of crop plant

2 . It may be expensive to grow green manure plants

FARM YARD MANURE: It is a mixture of animal droppings, urine, food remains and beddings or litter.
The materials are heaped under a shed to decompose for sometimes before used.

ADVANTAGES

1. It contain all the required plant nutrients.

2. It is cheap.

3. It has a lasting effect on the soil.

4. It binds loose sandy soil together.

5. It loosens compact clay soil.

6. It enables the soil to absorb and retain moisture easily.

DISADVANTAGES
1. It is very bulky.

2. It can encourages rapid growth of weeds

3. It required much labour during application.

COMPOST MANURE: This is the decayed plant and animal remains in heaps or stacks or pit, used as
manure on the farm. The materials needed for compost making include grass cutting, hedge trimmings,
weeds, vegetable wastes leaves and other organic wastes from kitchen. Ash, lime or animal dung ,old
compost and chemical activators such as sulphate of ammonia are also added. Young succulent plant
parts should be used instead of woody and tough parts. This is because decomposition is easier and
contains much nutrients for healthy plant growth.

METHODS OF COMPOST MAKING: There are two methods of making compost, pit method and heap
(stack) method

The pit method is used in area of low rain fall or in the dry season while the heap method is used in high
rainfall areas or during the rainy season. In both method, however, the same processes as well as the
materials used remain the same.

PROCESS OF COMPOST MAKING

1. Dig four pit or peg out four areas.

2. Add kitchen wastes, yam peelings, orange skins and pulp, rotten fruits and anything that can rots
easily. (starter)

3. Add grass cuttings, hedge trimmings vegetable wastes and compress.

4. Repeat this process until the pit is filled or the desired height is reached

5. Cover the top with soil to prevent the entrance of flies.

6. Insert a stick at one end or at the centre in case of pit method(tester). It detects weather the
decomposition is going on or not. The stick will be hot if the there is decomposition after about five days.

7. Turn materials or the content of the pit A or heap A into B after two weeks. Repeat this step until pit or
heap D is reached and the desired quantity obtained.

8. Cover the final product with suitable materials until it is needed for use.This will prevent the loss of
important nutrients due to strong sun or rain water.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSE MANURE.

1. It adds nutrients to the soil for increased crop yield.

2. It improves the structure and texture of the soil.

3. It help to maintain equal amounts of acid and base contents of the soil.

4. It help to conserve soil moisture and prevent soil erosion.

5. It provides sources of food to living organisms in the soil. E. g earthworms, termites and microbes.
6. It has a modifying effect on soil temperature.

DISADVANTAGES .

1. It involves much labour in preparation.

2. It could cause scorching if applied when not fully mature.

3. It may introduce disease causing agents.

4. It is time involving and not economical for use in large farms.

APPLICATION OF INORGANIC MANURE(FERTILIZER)

Inorganic manure are chemical substances in form of powder, granules or crystals which are added to the
soil to provide nutrients that are deficient. Fertilizers are manufacture in the industry from rocks and other
materials.

TYPES OF FERTILIZER

There are two types of fertilizer

1. SINGLE/SIMPLE/STRAIGHT FERTILIZERS: These are fertilizers that contain one of the major plant
nutrients in the form plants can use. They contain one primary element such as nitrogen , potassium and
phosphorous in their composition.

2. MIXED / COMPOUND/COMPLEX FERTILIZERS: These are fertilizers that contain two or more
primary nutrient elements plus filler materials.

METHODS OF APPLYING OF FERTILIZERS

1. Broadcasting : This is where fertilizer is evenly spread on the farm land. It could be done during tillage
operation to incorporate it into the soil .

2. Side dressing: This is where small quantity of fertilizer is placed on one or two sides of individual crop.

3. Ring placement: Here a shallow trench is dug round individual crop a few centimetres away from the
stem ,fertilizer is then sprinkled in the trench and covered with soil.

4. Row placement: These is where fertilizer is applied in row few centimetres away from the crops. It is
suitable when crops are planted in rows.

ADVANTAGES OF FERTILIZERS

1. They help to increase crop yield thus the farmer`s income.

2. They increase productivity of poor soil.

3. They are used on large scale farms.

4. They are ease to handle compared to organic manures.

5. The nutrients in fertilizers are readily available to crops.

Disadvantages of fertilizers:

1. Fertilizers are easily leached in the soil.

2. Some leave acidic residues in the soil.

3. They do not improve the structure of the soil.

4. They are expensive to produce.

5. Some of the nutrients may escape as gases under intense heat of the sun.

EVALUATION:

a) What is the difference between organic manure and inorganic manure?

b) List three methods of applying fertilizer.

c) Explain how to make compost manure.

WEEK: 4 DAY: SUBJECT:

DATE: TOPIC:
SUBTOPIC: PERIODS: DURATIONS:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
1. Definition of cultural practices
2. Itemize implements used for pre-planting operations
3. Carryout pre-planting operations at the school farm

KEY VOCABULARY WORDS:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Wall charts, Pictures, Related Online Video, Flash Cards

CONTENT: CULTURAL PRACTICES

TOPIC: CULTURAL PRACTICES

PRE-PLANTING OPERATION

 Land Preparation
 Stumping
 Farm lay-out
 Tillage
 Ridging

Cultural Practices: Cultural practices are the various ways of ensuring the good growth and
establishment of crops. Cultural practices are classified into pre-planting, planting, post-planting,
harvesting and storage operations
PRE-PLANTING OPERATIONS

These are the operations carried out before planting, while planting is the sowing of seeds. Post-planting
operation include thinning, supplying, irrigation, manuring, mulching and weeding.

(a) Land Preparation: It is carried out by cutting the vegetation and grasses with cutlass or hoes
and felling of trees with axes. It can also be done mechanically.

Burning of thrash (grasses) cut down is not a good habit since it destroys the organic matter
content of the soil including soil microbes.

(b) Stumping: This is the removal of stumps by digging them out manually using cutlasses and axes.
It can also be done mechanically by using bulldozer. Stumps are the left over of already cut trees on the
farm on the soil surface.

(c) Farm layout: Farm layout is a judicious way of using the farmland where the plots are divided into
sections and each section is used to give maximum yield.

(d) Tillage: This is the breaking or turning of the soil with a simple tool or farm machine after the land
has been cleared in preparation for planting crops, it can be done manually with a hoe or mechanically
with a Tractor – driven – disc- plough.

Ploughing is cutting through the soil and making it into lumps or clods of soil called primary tillage. While
secondary tillage (harrowing) is the use of harrow to break down the large clods of soil into fine particles
and making it ready for ridging.

EVALUATION

1. What is a cultural practice?

2. Mention and explain three pre-planting operation

IMPORTANCE OF TILLAGE

1. It loses the soil and allows air and water to reach the roots of plants.
2. It allows easy penetration of roots into the soil.
3. Plant nutrients are brought to the reach of the plant root.
4. Tillage helps to destroy pest by exposing them to the sun.
5. It ensures proper mixture of manure and fertilizer with the soil.

Ridging: This involves the making of ridges on the farm, sometimes heaps are also made to serve the
purpose of ridges on slopes.Ridges are made across, with the ridges made at intervals to check
erosion.Ridges also help to provide water for plant use and aid root penetration and establishment of
crops.

GENERAL EVALUATION

 What is land clearing?

 What is stumping
 Define tillage and state three importance of tillage
 What is ridging?

READING ASSIGNMENT

Junior Secondary agriculture for Nigerian schools Bk 2 by A. Youdeowei, B.K. Kaigama, J.N Ogbazi, S.O.
Adesiyan. Chapter 9 pages 37 – 40
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Primary tillage is otherwise known as ______(a) harrowing (b) ploughing (c) ridging (d) stumping

2. Secondary tillage is otherwise known as _____(a)harrowing (b) ploughing (c) ridging (d)
stumping

3. In farm layout, plots undergo _______ (a) division (b) multiplication (c) digging (d) covering

4. The operation that follows tillage is (a) ridging (b) stumping (c) clearing (d) layout

5. Stumping is carried out with the following except ________(a)gun (b) cutlass (c) bulldozer (d)
axe

THEORY

1. What is cultural practice?

2. Define the following terms: (a) land clearing (b) ridging

WEEK: 5 DAY: SUBJECT:

DATE: TOPIC:
SUBTOPIC: PERIODS: DURATIONS:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
1. Definition of planting operations
2. Differentiate and explain considerations
3. Intraspacing and interspacing discussion
4. Demonstrate planting operations on the farm

KEY VOCABULARY WORDS:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Wall charts, Pictures, Related Online Video, Flash Cards

CONTENT: CULTURAL PRACTICE – CONTINUED- PLANTING OPERATIONS

TOPIC: PLANTING OPERATION – DISTANCE, DATE, SEED RATE, NURSERY AND NURSERY
PRACTICE

CONTENT

 Definition of planting operation

 Planting method
 Basic considerations in planting operation

PLANTING OPERATION: These are the operations carried out when sowing the planting materials
(seeds). When seeds are sown in the soil, they develop root and shoots, this is called GERMINATION
and the young plant that emerge are called SEEDLINGS.

METHODS OF SOWING

1. In-situ (directly into the field/farm land)

2. Nursery
1. In-situ (directly sowing in the field) This is sowing directly in the field on flats (plain land) ridges or
garden beds e.g of crops sown in-situ are maize, okra, cowpea, milled etc.

PLANTING METHODS

 Drilling: – sowing a seed by drilling with stick or knife, followed by dropping seeds and covering them.
 Broadcasting: – Sowing of seeds by casting (spreading) it broadly on prepared seed bed
 Dibbling: – sowing of seeds up the bed at the planting point only and placing the seeds at the correct depth.

EVALUATION

1. What is planting operation?

2. Mention three planting methods

BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN PLANTING OPERATIONS

 Spacing (Planting, space/distance)

 Time (planting date)
 Depth
 Number of seeds
 Viability of seed

(A) SPACING (Planting space): This is the space between a sown or planted seed and the next or
it’s the distance between two plants. Planting is usually in rows and the distance between plants on the
same row is called within row spacing while the distance between plants in two adjacent rows is called
between row spacing.

(B) PLANTING TIME: This is the time of planting or sowing seeds in which the crop can thrive
or perform well.

(C) PLANTING DEPTH: This is the distance of the sown seed in the soil from the soil surface.

(D) NUMBER OF SEEDS: This is the amount of seeds sown per hole per planting point
(position).

(E) SEED VIABILITY: This is the life in the seed or deadness of the seed.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. What is germination?
2. State two method of sowing.
3. Define sowing in-situ.
4. Mention and explain five basic consideration in planting operations.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Junior Secondary agriculture for Nigerian schools Bk 2 by A. Youdeowei, B.K. Kaigama, J.N Ogbazi, S.O.
Adesiyan. Chapter 10 pages 41 – 44 , 48,

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. One of the following is not a basic consideration in planting operation (a)spacing (b) depth (c)
time (d) pod
2. When seeds are sown in soil, it develops roots and shoots. This is called__ (a) germination (b)
seedlings (c) sowing (d) development

3. The distance between two sown seeds/plants is ___(a) planting space (b) time (c) planting depth
(d) planting seed

4. Some seeds are raised in the nursery because___(a) the seedlings are weak (b) the seedling are
green (c) the seedling love the nursery (d) so that the can get enough sunshine

5. This is the distance of the sown seed in the soil__(a) planting time (b) planting depth (c) spacing
(d) number of seeds

THEORY

1. What is planting operation?

2. Explain sowing in-situ.
3. Explain five basic considerations in planting operations.

WEEK: 6 DAY: SUBJECT:

DATE: TOPIC:
SUBTOPIC: PERIODS: DURATIONS:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
1. Describe post planting operations
2. Explain the steps involved
3. State importance of manure and fertilizer application
4. Compost step involved in cassava processing discussion

KEY VOCABULARY WORDS:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Wall charts, Pictures, Related Online Video, Flash Cards

CONTENT: CULTURAL PRACTICES – CONTINUED – POST PLANTING OPERATIONS

TOPIC: POST-PLANTING OPERATION

POST PLANTING OPERATIONS

Post planting operations are the operations carried out after planting. It creates a good condition and
proper maintenance for plants growth.

Post planting operations include the following:

(a) Thinning.

(b) Supplying.

(c) Irrigation/watering.

(d) Use of manure and fertilizer.

(e) Mulching.

(f) Weeding.
THINNING

This is the removal of excess, weak or not well positioned seedlings from a seedbed after the viable
seeds have germinated.

ADVANTAGES OF THINNING

1. It helps to avoid overcrowding.

2. Proper aeration is ensured leading to high yield.

SUPPLYING

This is the replanting of propagative materials where they fail to germinate, especially when no
germination trial was carried out before planting. Replanting should be done as soon as possible.

ADVANTAGES OF SUPPLYING

1. Correct plant population can be maintained.

2. The crop plant attains uniform maturity.

EVALUATION

1. Define post-planting.
2. Mention two advantages of thinning.

IRRIGATION OR WATERING

Irrigation is the artificial watering of farmland especially during dry season.

ADVANTAGES OF IRRIGATION

1. It makes the soil temperature moderate for plant growth.

2. It enables a good nutrient supply to plant.

USE OF MANURE & FERTILIZER

This is the application of organic manure such as poultry droppings, cow dung and green manure or
inorganic manure (made from chemicals) to the soil to maintain soil fertility.

ADVANTAGE OF MANURE/FERTILIZER

It supplies the plants with essential nutrients.

MULCHING

This is the covering of the surface of the soil with a layer of clean dry vegetative part of plant such as
grasses or leaves.

ADVANTAGES OF MULCHING

1. It conserves soil moisture.

2. It regulates the soil temperature.
3. It reduces weed and prevent erosion.
4. It adds humus to the soil.
EVALUATION

1. What is post planting operations?

2. State and explain five post planting operations.
3. Mention two advantages of supplying.

WEEDING

This is the removal of unwanted plants (weed) from the farm. It is done for the following reasons:

1. To avoid competition for nutrients moisture and sunlight between crops and weed.

2. To avoid overcrowding in order to create enough space for the crop

3. To prevent the build-up of pest and pathogens which may destroy the crops.

HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting: The removal of ripe or matured useful part of a crop is known as harvesting. Commonly
harvested parts of a plant are tubers, leaves, fruits, seeds, roots etc.

Harvesting tools like cutlass, hoe, knife, sickle etc are usually used for harvesting and in mechanized
farms, harvesters are used.

EFFECTS OF TIMELY VERSUS LATE HARVESTING

Delayed harvesting can lead to a total loss of products, although some crops like maize can be left on the
field to get dry before harvesting, others like tomatoes and other perishables must be harvested
immediately they are due for harvest. Delayed harvesting can lead to pest attack on crops or rottening of
products.

POST-HARVESTING OPERATIONS

After harvesting, processing of the produce is required in order to make the produce more acceptable and
to prevent spoilage. In some farm products, processing starts from the farm site, e.g. melon, groundnut,
cassava etc.

FARM LEVEL PROCESSING

Melon is usually extracted from its pod and pulp on the farm, also groundnut is detached on the farm, at
times, peeling of cassava starts from the farm. Extraction of cocoa beans from its pods, fermentation and
drying of beans in most cases take place on the farm.

Other forms of processing like milling, de-huskingetc which cannot be done on the farm are done in
factories where machines have been installed for that purpose.

STORAGE

After crops have been processed to usage forms, storage which is the keeping of farm products for future
use is done. Methods of storage are: usage of barns, cribs, silos, refrigerators, baskets, sacks etc.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Define post planting operations?

 2. What is harvesting?
3. List five harvesting tools.
4. Mention two consequences of delayed harvesting.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Harvesting involves the removal of ——– crops. A. big B. matured C. small D. smooth

2. Harvesting tools include the following except A. basketB. knife C. harvesterD. secateurs

3. One of the effects of late harvesting is……… A. increase of harvest B. loss of product C. sale of
product D. enhanced market

4. One of the reasons for processing is………. A. to increase the quantity of the product B. to make it
scarce C. to prevent spoilage D. to increase demand

5. Methods of storage include the following except? A. use of barns B. use of shops C. use of
baskets. D. use of silos

THEORY

1. What is storage?
2. Mention two crops whose processing starts from the farm.

WEEK: 7 MID-TERM BREAK MID-TERM TEST OPEN DAY

WEEK: 8 DAY: SUBJECT:

DATE: TOPIC:
SUBTOPIC: PERIODS: DURATIONS:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
1. Definition of forest
2. Types of forest
3. Uses or importance

KEY VOCABULARY WORDS:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Wall charts, Pictures, Related Online Video, Flash Cards

CONTENT: FOREST

A Forest can be defined as a large expanse of land covered with trees and bushes which are either growing wild or
established by man for some purposes which also serves as habitat to some animals.

A forest is made up of trees. Growing under the trees are shrubs, herbs, lower plants and microscopic organisms in
the soil. Forests contain a complex community of plants and animals.

Forestry is the management of forest and forest resources.

Silviculture is the growing and cultivation trees.

COMMON FOREST TREES

Common forest trees found in the forest are Iroko, Obeche, Mahogany, Nigerian walnut, Ebony, Camwood, Opepe,
Afara, Teak and Abura.

IMPORTANCE OF FOREST
Forests serve many useful purposes which include:
1. Provision of major human needs such as fuel and wood
2. Provides Recreational centres or reserves
3. Increase soil fertility
4. Prevention of soil erosion
5. As a source of revenue to government
6. Licensed hunters search for and hunt wild animals in forests.
7. Forests provide employment and career opportunities

EVALUATION
1. Define a forest
2. Mention five importance of forest.

TYPES OF FOREST
The vegetation in Nigeria is divided into three major types,
1. Forest.
2. Savannah.
3. Montane
However, Forest vegetation is divided in three zones:

ZONE 1: COASTAL FOREST AND MANGROVES

This zone is found along coastal creeks, estuaries and lagoons. Different varieties of the red mangrove
tree(Rhizopheraracemosa) are common in this vegetation. However, in many areas, the coastal vegetation is now
dominated by palm trees and lianas (climbing and twining plants).

ZONE 2: DELTAIC SWAMP AND MOIST LOWLAND FOREST

This is a fresh water swamp forest zone. It occurs extensively in the flood plains of large rivers. It consists largely of
slender trees. The moist lowland forest zone is now restricted to few forest reserves in Ondo and Benin areas and
in the Cross River basin along the Nigerian border with Cameroon. This high forest zone has been reduced to
secondary forest as a result of human activities. Secondary forests contain mainly oil palm. The high forest zone is
now made up of evergreen, water tolerant plants which are of three distinct types.

A. The upper tree layer- consisting of very tall trees between 40-50m high. These are scattered and don not
form any continuous canopy
B. The middle tree layer is made up of trees usually from about 16-40m high. The trees are also scattered, and
the upper tree layer, do not form continuous canopy.
C. The lower tree layer is made up of trees from about 10-16m high. The trees are closely packed, forming a
continuous canopy.

ZONE 3: FOREST- SAVANNAH MOSAIC’

The vegetation pattern of these areas is generally referred to as the “Derived Savannah”. In this zone, rural
population densities and farming activities such as shifting cultivation and annual bush burning have all combined
to degrade the original forest vegetation. The forest trees have been replaced by fire-tolerant savannah species.

GENERAL EVALUATION
 1. What is a forest?
2. Mention and explain eight importance of forest.
3. State and explain three types of forest zones.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. ____ is found along coastal creeks, estuaries and lagoons A. Deltaic swamp and Moist lowland Forest B.
Coastal Forest and Mangroves C. Forest Mosaic D. Montane.
2. Upper tree layer that are scattered and that do not form continuous canopy are between
A. 40-50m high B. 16-40m high C. 10-16m high D. 16-30m high.
3. Secondary forests contain mainly A. oil palm B. Cocoa C. Rubber D. coffee.
4. ____ is the study and care of all living organisms which live in forests A. Fishery
B. Forestry C. Silviculture D. Aquaculture.
5. Forestry practiced solely for the production of timber is calledA. Fishery B. Forestry
C. Aquaculture D. Silviculture.

THEORY
1. What is a forest?
2. List five importance of forest.

FOREST RESOURCES

CONTENT
 Forest Resources
 Importance

FOREST RESOURCES INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

1. Trees
2. Wildlife (animals)
3. Fruits
4. Herbs
5. Fuel
6. Timber
7. Pulp
8. Dye
9. Gum
10. Latex

EVALUATION
1. What is forest?
2. List examples of forest resources.

IMPORTANCE OR USES OF THE FOREST RESOURCES

It is very important for government to encourage the planting of trees because of its usefulness in the following
ways:

1. Provision of furniture e.g timber.

2. Provision of food such as fruits, vegetables, bush meat etc is gotten from the forest.
3. Provision of medicinal herbs: Herbs gotten from the bark of trees are used for local and pharmaceutical
drugs.
4. Provision of fuel (firewood): Some dried or dead wood can serve as fire wood which can be used in cooking
and for other purposes.
5. Provision of pulp. A forest provides pulp used for making paper.
 6. Forest trees serves as wind breaker: This is particularly important in savannah areas where the soil is bare
and susceptible to sheet erosion caused by the wind.
7. Addition of nutrients to soil - The decay or decomposition of trees and plants in the surface of the soil
improve the fertility of the soil.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. State four forest resources.
2. Explain any six resources of the forest.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Forestry practiced solely for the production of timber is called___A. Fishery B. Forestry C. Aquaculture D.
Silviculture.
2. Forest Resources include the following except ____ A. Trees B. Wildlife (animals) C. Aluminium D. Herbs.
3. The ____ of trees and plants in the surface of the soil improve the fertility of the soil.
A. composition B. decay C. germination D. distribution.
4. A forest serves as wind A. centre B. distributor C. Supplier D. breaker.
5. F.E.P.A means A. Federal Environmental Protection Agency B. Federal Environmental Protection Authority
C. Federation of Environmental Protection Agency D. Federation of Environmental Protection Authority.

THEORY
1. State five resources of forest.
2. Mention five importance of forest resources.

WEEK: 9 DAY: SUBJECT:

DATE: TOPIC:
SUBTOPIC: PERIODS: DURATIONS:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
1. Explain the effects of forest
2. Enumerate forest reserve areas in Nigeria
3. Compare the positive and negative effect of forest in our environment

KEY VOCABULARY WORDS:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Wall charts, Pictures, Related Online Video, Flash Cards

CONTENT: EFFECTS OF FOREST ON THE ENVIRONMENT

EFFECT OF FOREST ON THE ENVIRONMENT

EFFECT OF FOREST ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Environment is the sum total of all living and non-living things in the surroundings of an organism. The influence of
forest on the environment forms part of a large and complex relationship between environment and forest
vegetation. Environment is also defined as the physical surroundings in which organisms live such as soil, water
and air. Forest improves the environment in many ways such as
1. Purify air
2. Clean water
3. Rests and recreation
4. Scenic enjoyment
5. Reduced noise level
6. Spiritual replenishment
7. Increase relative humidity of the air
8. Conserve atmospheric carbondioxide content
9. Increase fertility of surface soil
10. Reduction in high atmospheric temperature
11. Reduces maximum soil temperature
 12. Prevention of erosion and flooding
13. Sanitation of the environment due to oxygen production
14. Increases amount of groundwater
15. Provides food and shelter for animals

Forest reserves

 Afi River Forest Reserve.

 Akure Forest Reserve.
 Akure Ofosu Forest Reserve.
 Edumanom Forest Reserve.
 Gujba Forest Reserve.
 Idanre Forest Reserve.
 Ise Forest Reserve.
 Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve

RESOURCES FROM THE FOREST:

There are a number of useful materials which are derived from forest. This is determined by the:
(a) Culture,
(b) Taste and environment,
(c) The level social and industrial development.
1. Wood: Wood is derived from timber and is used for building and construction, raw materials and fuel.
2. Elephant tusks and ivory: Are used for decoration and industrial purpose.

OTHER FOREST RESOURCES INCLUDES:

Resins, medical plants, mush rooms, gums, chewing sticks. These are primary products while secondary
products are paper, news print, rayon; films, plastic, cellophane, ply wood, veneer, fibre boards, insulation
boards, hard boards, explosives, ethyl, methyl, alcohol, turpentine, soap, charcoal, tar-disinfectants,
paints, insecticides, adhesives etc. Wood can be used directly as fuel source or when it is preserved
under the earth it becomes crude petroleum.

EFFECTS OF FOREST IN OUR ENVIRONMENT:

Forests affect our environment in the following ways:
(a). By purifying the air: All living things need oxygen for respiration and release carbon (iv) oxide for
photosynthesis.
(b). Forest acts as a wind break: They reduce the effects of strong wind on the farm land and bare soil
there by checking erosion and desert encroachment.
(c) It causes cloud formation and rainfall: Leaves of plants transpire causing very humidity and of
course cloud formation and rainfall.
(d) Forest protects the soil from erosion: It forms a tick cover on land which reduce the impact of
raindrops.
(e) It increases soil fertility: The leaves and branches decay to form manure which improves soil
structure and prevent leaching.
(f) Forest reduces evaporation of the soil water: The canopy reduces the impact of the intensive
sunshine.
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT AFFECT THE FOREST:

1. Deforestation: Is the felling of all the forest trees. These reduces the wild plants and animals (floral/
fauna). It exposes the soil to erosion but it provides timber, furniture etc.

2. Bush burning: This leads to destruction of plants and animal species.

3. Hunting and poaching (illegal hunting of animals in the forest) causes ecological imbalance.
4. Farming activities: This is when a forest land is needed for crop production. Therefore, the trees are
cleared thereby eliminating the forest.

5. Industrialization and mining: This is when land and forest trees are equally cleared for
industrialization and mining.

EVALUATION QUESTIONS: Answer the following questions:

1. Mention at least six importanc of forest.
2. Outline tree effects of forest in our environment.
3. State four human activities that affect the forest.

GENERALEVALUATION
1. Define the term ‘Environment’.
2. Mention three effects of forest on the environment.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. ___ is defined as the physical surroundings in which organisms live such as soil, water
and air. A. Community B.NicheC.Habitat D. Environment
2. The effects of overpopulation include the following except A. depletion of resources
B. Environmental imrovement C. an impaired quality of life D. the incidence of famine and disease.
3. F.E.P.A means A. Federal Environmental Protection Agency B. Federal Environmental Protection Authority
C. Federation of Environmental Protection Agency D. Federation of Environmental Protection Authority
4. D.P.R means A. Department of petroleum resources B. Department of petroleum regulation C. Department
of public regulator D. Director of petroleum regulation
5. ___ is the washing away of the top soil layer leading to loss of soil nutrient. a. Erosion
b. Percolation c. Transpiration d. Guttation.

THEORY

1. Define the term ‘Environment’.

2. State five effects of forest on the environment.

WEEK: 10 DAY: SUBJECT:

DATE: TOPIC:
SUBTOPIC: PERIODS: DURATIONS:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
1. Itemize human activities that have negative effect on forest
2. Discuss forest degradation and deforestations
3. Advocate for the protection of trees in forest

KEY VOCABULARY WORDS:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Wall charts, Pictures, Related Online Video, Flash Cards

CONTENT: HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT AFFECT THE FOREST

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT AFFECT THE FOREST

Due to the demands on our forest for farm land and other non-agricultural activities, there is now considerable
reduction of our forest land and resources. As a result of such activities, large stretches of land that were once full
of green rich forests have been rendered barren and unproductive. However, those human activities affecting the
forest are,
1. Deforestation: is the deliberate or indiscriminate felling of trees.
2. Overhunting: is the excessive or unsustainable killing of animals.
3. Shifting cultivation: is the practice of moving from place to place establishing arable farms. In this type of
farming people make temporary clearings by slashing vegetation or burning forests and woodlands to grow
food.
 4. Bush burning: This is the act of setting forests, weeds and grasses on fire. It’s done to prepare farmland for
the planting season.
5. Construction activities: This is the conversion of raw land into construction ready housing, commercial, or
industrial building sites. And this involves draining, dredging, excavating, filling, grading, paving, etc
6. Overpopulation: This is the excessive increase in number of people which exceeds the carrying capacity of
its environment. The effects also include depletion of resources, environmental deterioration, an impaired
quality of life, the prevalence of famine and disease etc.

Therefore, restoration of the original vegetation may be delayed or even prevented entirely. Continual vigilance, a
lot of money and management efforts are therefore required to maintain and replenish these valuable natural
resources.

EVALUATION

1. Define a forest.
2. Differentiate between deforestation and reforestation.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. What is an environment?
2. Define a forest.
3. Explain briefly the term “Global warming”.
4. Mention and discuss eight activities of man on the environment.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. A Detrimental effect of bush burning is that it A. destroys soil organic matter B. destroys weed seeds C.
sterilizes the soil D. adds potash to the soil
2. ____is is a type of farming where people make temporary clearings by slashing vegetation or burning
forests and woodlands to grow food A. Crop rotation B. Shifting cultivation C. taungya D. Bush fallowing.
3. Which of the following is not an effective control of deforestation A. Afforestation
B. Government regulations C. Prosecution of offenders D. None of the above
4. Which of the following has a detrimental effect on the forest? A. Crop rotation
B. Shifting cultivation C. Taungya farmingD. Bush fallowing.
5. A deliberate effort to establish a forest is termed A. Crop rotationB. Shifting cultivation C. Afforestation D.
Bush fallowing.

THEORY
1. State eight effect of forest on the environment.
2. Mention and explain six human activities affecting the forest.

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT AFFECT THE FOREST:

1. Deforestation: Is the felling of all the forest trees. These reduces the wild plants and animals (floral/
fauna). It exposes the soil to erosion but it provides timber, furniture etc.

2. Bush burning: This leads to destruction of plants and animal species.

3. Hunting and poaching (illegal hunting of animals in the forest) causes ecological imbalance.

4. Farming activities: This is when a forest land is needed for crop production. Therefore, the trees are
cleared thereby eliminating the forest.

5. Industrialization and mining: This is when land and forest trees are equally cleared for
industrialization and mining.

EVALUATION QUESTIONS: Answer the following questions:

1. Mention at least six importance of forest.
2. Outline tree effects of forest in our environment.
3. State four human activities that affect the forest.

Deforestation occurs when forests are converted to non-forest uses, such as agriculture and road
construction. Forest degradation occurs when forest ecosystems lose their capacity to provide important
goods and services to people and nature.

Deforestation in Nigeria is a result of many factors, including climatic agents, logging, biotic agents
and man. The activities of man like logging, agriculture, petroleum exploration, Urbanization, wood
burning, grazing etc. are the most common causes of deforestation in Nigeria among other agents.

The main cause of deforestation is agriculture (poorly planned infrastructure is emerging as a big threat
too) and the main cause of forest degradation is illegal logging.

How will you protect the trees of the forest?

Learning how to save trees is one of the most powerful things you can do to help the planet.

 Plant New Trees. ...

 Buy Rain Forest Alliance Certified Products. ...
 Support Conservation Organizations. ...
 Use Tree-Free Products. ...
 Enjoy Forests Responsibly.

WEEK: 11 REVISIONS

WEEK: 12 – 13 EXAMINATIONS