NAME OF EXPERIMENT : MEASURMENT FREQUENCY AND AMPLITUDE OF SINE WAVE .

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE : After completing this experiment, we should be able to:

*measure sine wave voltages and currents with an oscilloscope

*Convert between vpeak and vRMS for sine wave .

INTRUDUCTION : A sine wave is a geometric waveform that oscillates (moves up , down, or side-to-
side) periodically , and is defined by function y=sinex. In other words , it is an s-shaped, smooth wave
that oscillates above and below zero .

History: In 1822, French mathematician Joseph Fourier discovered that sinusoidal waves can be used
as simple building blocks to describe and approximate any periodic waveform, including square
waves. Fourier used it as an analytical tool in the study of waves and heat flow.

Merits:

Demerits:

THEORY : A sine wave, or sinusoid, is a mathematical curve that describes

a smooth periodic oscillation. A sine wave is a continuous wave. It is

named after the trigonometric function sine, of which it is the graph. It
occurs often in both pure and applied mathematics, as well as physics,
engineering, signal processing and many other fields.

Its most basic form as a function of time (t) is y(t) = Asin(2πft + φ) = Asin(ωt
+ φ)
Where:

• A, amplitude, the peak deviation of the function from zero.

• f, ordinary frequency, the number of oscillations (cycles) that occur

each second of time.
• ω = 2πf, angular frequency, the rate of change of the function
argument in units of radians per second
• φ, phase, specifies (in radians) where in its cycle the oscillation is at t
= 0.
When φ is non-zero, the entire waveform appears to be shifted in time by
the amount φ/ω seconds. A negative value represents a delay, and a
positive value represents an advance.1

SINE WAVE

Amplitude (A)
Amplitude is the peak deviation of the function from zero.
Two waves may have the same wavelength, but the crest of one may rise
higher above the reference line than the crest of another. The height of a
wave crest above the reference line is called the amplitude of the wave.
The amplitude of a wave gives a relative indication of the amount of energy
the wave transmits – in other words the signal’s strength..

Angular Frequency (ω)

Angular frequency is the rate of change of the function argument in units
of radians per second. Angular frequency ω (in radians per second), is
larger than frequency ν (in cycles per second, also called Hz), by a factor of
2π. This figure uses the symbol ν, rather than f to denote frequency.4

Angular Frequency – Wikipedia

Angular frequency ω is a scalar measure of rotation rate. It refers to the
angular displacement per unit time (e.g., in rotation) or the rate of change
of the phase of a sinusoidal waveform (e.g., in oscillations and waves), or
as the rate of change of the argument of the sine function. Angular
frequency (or angular speed) is the magnitude of the vector quantity
angular velocity. One revolution is equal to 2π radians.

Angular Wavenumber (k)

In theoretical physics, a wave number defined as the number of radians per
unit distance, sometimes called “angular wavenumber”. It is a scalar
quantity represented by k and the mathematical representation is given as
follows: 7

Where:

• k is the wave number

 • λ is the wavelength

Cycle

A continuous sine wave is composed of several repeating parts called

“cycles”. Points ABCDE comprise one complete cycle having a maximum
value above, and a maximum value below, the reference line. The
maximum value above the line is referred to as the TOP or CREST, and the
maximum value below the line is called the BOTTOM or TROUGH, as
depicted in the figure. Therefore, one cycle has one crest and one trough.

Frequency (f)
Ordinary frequency, the number of oscillations (cycles) that occur each
second of time. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz) which is equal to one
event (cycle) per second.5
When a continuous series of waves passes through a medium (like air), a
certain number of individual waves pass a given point in a specific amount
of time. The number of cycles of a continuous wave per unit of time is
called the frequency of the wave and is measured in Hertz. One Hertz
(abbreviated Hz) is one cycle per second. Therefore, if 5 waves pass a
point in one second, the frequency of the wave is 5 cycles per second or 5
Hz.3
Period (T)
For cyclical phenomena such as oscillations, waves, or for examples of
simple harmonic motion, the term frequency is defined as the number of
cycles (see Cycle definition above) or vibrations per unit of time. The
conventional symbol for frequency is f; the Greek letter ν (nu) is also used.
The period T is the time taken to complete one cycle of an oscillation. The
relation between the frequency and the period is given by the equation: 5

Phase (Φ)
Phase specifies (in radians) where in its cycle the oscillation is at t=0.

Plot of one
cycle of a sinusoidal function. The phase for each argument value, relative to the start of the cycle,
is shown at the bottom, in degrees from 0° to 360° and in radians from 0 to 2π. – Wikipedia

In physics and mathematics, the phase of a periodic function of some

real variable (such as time) is an angle-like quantity representing the

fraction of the cycle covered up to . It is denoted and expressed in

such a scale that it varies by one full turn as the variable goes through

each period (and goes through each complete cycle). It may be

measured in any angular unit such as degrees or radians, thus increasing

by 360° or 2π as the variable completes a full period.6

Wavelength (λ)
The wavelength of a sine wave, λ, can be measured between any two points
with the same phase, such as between crests (on top), or troughs (on
bottom), or corresponding zero crossings.

A wavelength is the distance in space occupied by one cycle of a radio

wave at any given instant. If the wave could be frozen in place and
measured, the wavelength would be the distance from the leading edge of
one cycle to the corresponding point on the next cycle. Wavelengths vary
from a few hundredths of an inch at extremely high frequencies to many
miles at extremely low frequencies; however, common practice is to
express wavelengths in meters. The distance between A and E is one
wavelength.

APPARATUS:

• oscilloscope
• Function Generator
• Digital multi-meter
• BNC -to-clip leads cable
• Scope probe
• AC 3-prong to 2-prong adapter]
PRACTICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits

Safety precautions

To ensure safe operation of the equipment and eliminate the danger of serious injury due to short-
circuits (arcing), the following safety precautions must be observed. Damages resulting from failure
to observe these safety precautions are exempt from any legal claims whatever. • prior to connection
of the equipment to the mains outlet, check that the available mains voltage corresponds to the
voltage setting of the equipment. • connect the mains plug of the equipment only to a mains outlet
with earth connection. • do not place the equipment on damp or wet surfaces. • do not subject the
equipment to direct sunlight or extreme temperatures. • do not subject the equipment to extreme
humidity or dampness. • replace a defective fuse only with a fuse of the original rating. Never short-
circuit fuse or fuse housing. • do not exceed the maximum permissible input ratings. • conduct
measuring works only in dry clothing and in rubber shoes i.e. on isolating mats. • comply with the
warning labels and other info on the equipment. • check test leads and probes for faulty insulation
or bare wires before connection to the equipment. • disconnect test leads or probe from the
measuring circuit before switching modes or functions. • do not cover the ventilation slots of the
cabinet to ensure that the air is able to circulate freely inside. • do not insert metal objects into the
equipment by way of the ventilation slots. • do not place water-filled containers on the equipment
(danger of short-circuit in case of knockover of the container). • do not operate the equipment near
strong magnetic fields (motors, transformers etc.) • do not subject the equipment to shocks or
strong vibrations. • keep hot soldering irons or guns away from the equipment. • allow the
equipment to stabilize at room temperature before taking up measurement (important for exact
measurements) • do not modify the equipment in any way. • do not place the equipment face-down
on any table or work bench to prevent damaging the controls at the front. • opening the equipment
and service- and repair work must only be performed by qualified service personnel. Repair work
should only be performed in the presence of a second person trained to administer first aid, if
needed

PROCEDURES

Step 1: Controls Overview

Step 2: Setup

Step 3: Connect to Oscillating Signal

Step 4: Set Trigger

Step 5: Scale

Step 6: Measure Amplitude

Step 7: Measure Frequency

Step 8: Advanced Oscilloscope: AC/DC/Ground Coupling

Step 9: Advanced Oscilloscope: Dual Channel Measurements

CALCULATION:

DATA TABLE:

RESULT AND DISCUSSION: