LED Lighting

Explained
Understanding LED Sources, Fixtures, Applications, and Opportunities

Text by Jonathan Weinert, Philips Color Kinetics Illustrations by Charles Spaulding, Philips Color Kinetics

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Contents
1 Introducing LED Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LED Lighting Fixtures: A New Kind of Light . . . . . . . . LED Lighting Installations: From Simple to Complex . . . . LEDs and Everyday Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RetrofittingBostonsMarriottCustomHouseTower: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LEDs and the Green Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TheAdvantagesofLEDLighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LEDBasics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABriefHistoryofLEDs . . . . . . . . HowLEDsWork . . . . . . . . . . . . LED Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HowLEDsProduceDifferentColors . HowLEDsProduceMillionsofColors . HowLEDsProduceWhiteLight . . . . LED Fixture Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 7 8

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LED Lighting in Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EvaluatingLightOutput:TheImportanceofDeliveredLight . . TheTroublewithLumens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What Exactly Is a Lumen? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DeficienciesoftheEye-SensitivityCurve . . . . . . RelativePhotometry,AbsolutePhotometry,andEfficiency Lensing, Filtering, Shading, and Other Sources of Loss . . . GeneralLightingExample:TheDownlight . . . . . . Cove Lighting Example: Directional Light . . . . . . . Quality of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Color-RenderingIndexandWhite-LightLEDs . . . . . . DoLEDLightSourcesProduceAcceptableCRI? . . ShortcomingsofCRIforWhite-LightLEDs . . . . . LEDs and Color Consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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 UnderstandingCorrelatedColorTemperature . . . . Consistent,ReliableColor:AllAboutBinning . . . . Choosing the Right White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DeliveringtheWholeRangeofColorTemperatures . EfficacyofLEDLightingFixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ComparingtheEfficiencyofLEDLightingFixtures and Conventional Lighting Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . SomeReal-WorldExamples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MinimizingOff-StatePowerConsumption . . . . . . . . TheImportanceofThermalManagement . . . . . . . . . . . AboutJunctionTemperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HowJunctionTemperatureAffectsLightOutput . . . . . HowJunctionTemperatureAffectsUsefulLife . . . . . . UsefulLife:UnderstandingLM-80,LumenMaintenance, and LED Fixture Lifetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rated Lamp Life of Conventional Sources . . . . . . . . . LumenMaintenanceandLumenDepreciation . . . . . . DefiningtheUsefulLifeofLEDLightSources . . . . . . . TheLumenMaintenanceGap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TheUsefulLifeofLEDSourcesinLightingFixtures . . . . Useful Life Is Not Fixture Lifetime . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparing the Useful Life of Conventional Lamps and LED Lighting Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GettingDependable,AccurateInformation . . . . . . . . DrivingandPoweringLEDLightingFixtures . . . . . . . . . . LED Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PowerOptionsforLEDLightingFixtures . . . . . . . . . Low-VoltagePowerDistribution . . . . . . . . . . . OnboardPowerIntegration . . . . . . . . . . . . . InboardPowerIntegration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Controlling LED Lighting Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DMXControl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethernet Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Control Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dimming LED Lighting Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DimmingLEDLightingFixturesViaDMXorAnother Control Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dimming LED Lighting Fixtures with Commercially AvailableDimmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DimmingThresholdandDimmerWattage . . . . . . . .

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led lighting explained

LED Lighting Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TaskLighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eWProfilePowercore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CaseStudy:Under-CabinetLighting/PrivateResidence . Downlighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eWDownlightPowercore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculite LED Downlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CaseStudy:Downlighting/RetailSpace . . . . . . . . . . Cove Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eWCoveQLXPowercore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iWCovePowercore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iColorCoveMXPowercore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CaseStudy:CoveLighting/HistoricalLandmark . . . . . CaseStudy:CoveLighting/HospitalitySpace . . . . . . . Wall Washing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ColorBlastPowercore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ColorBlaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CaseStudy:WallWashing/ContemporaryLandmark . . . WallGrazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ColorGrazePowercore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CaseStudy:WallGrazing/PrivateResidence . . . . . . . Floodlighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ColorReachPowercore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CaseStudy:ExteriorArchitecturalFloodlighting/Public Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roadway and Area Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Safety and Utility Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PhilipsGardcoCrosswalkSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accent Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ColorBurst6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iColorMRg2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-Splash2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CaseStudy:AccentLighting/HospitalitySpace . . . . . . CaseStudy:AccentLighting/PublicInterior . . . . . . . DirectViewLighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iColorAccentPowercore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iColorFlexLMX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iColorTileMX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CaseStudy:Large-ScaleVideoDisplay/Exterior Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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DoingBusinesswithLEDLighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GlobalLEDLightingFixtureMarketSize . . . . . . . . . . . DrivingtheDemand:Legislation,Policies,andIncentives . . . EU-27EnvironmentalLightingInitiatives . . . . . . . . Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RestrictionofHazardousSubstances Directive(RoHS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EcodesignDirectiveforEnergy-Related Products(ErP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EnergyPerformanceofBuildingsDirective(EPBD) North American Environmental Lighting Initiatives . . . TheEnergyPolicyAct(EPAct)of2005 . . . . . . . TheEnergyIndependenceandSecurityAct(EISA) of 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CaliforniasTitle24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ENERGYSTARforSolidStateLightingLuminaires Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Environmental Lighting Initiatives Around the World . . MakingtheBusinessCase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TotalCostofOwnershipExample . . . . . . . . . . . . BasicLightingEconomicsExample . . . . . . . . . . .

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Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

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led lighting explained