Class 10 Part 2 Malayalam

]uckvXy Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv
kndn-b≥ k¨tU-kvIqƒ
At m-kn-tb-j≥
sbcp-itew hn`mKw
]mTm-hen ]Øv
`mKw 2
t{ijvTm-\p-a-Xn-tbmsS {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv
k¨tU-kvIqƒ tI{µ Hmôkv

tZh-tem-Iw, tIm´-bw-˛4
t^m¨: 2572890
1
AN OSSAE PUBLICATION
Sunday School Padavali-X
First Edition: June 2015
Sixth Edition: November 2022
Copies: 4000
Price: ` 80.00
Printed at Alois Graphics, Kottayam
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2
D≈-S°w
bqWn‰v 4 k`m-N-cn{Xw
]mTw 16 s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-c-W-{]-ÿm\w ................................................................. 5
]mTw 17 k`m-hym-]\w BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ ................................................................. 9
]mTw 18 ae-¶-c-k` 17 apX¬ 19 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒhsc ................................................ 13
]mTw 19 ImtXm-en-°m- knw-lm-k-\ -N-cn{Xw ........................................................... 17
bqWn‰v 5 hn. Ip¿∫m\: Hcp ]T\w
]mTw 20 am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\okm ..............................................................20
]mTw 21 Jfin-∏ns‚ ip{iqj ......................................................................................25
bqWn‰v 6 hnizm-k-k-Xy-ßƒ
]mTw 22 ]cn-ip≤ {XnXzw .................................................................................................28
]mTw 23 {InkvXob ]utcm-lnXyw ..............................................................................32
]mTw 24 bpKm-¥y-Z¿i\w .................................................................................................36
bqWn‰v 7 al-Zvhy‡n ]cn-Nbw
]mTw 25 ]cn. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥
ImtXm-en°m _mhm ........................................................................................40
]mTw 26 tUm. ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm (1922-˛1996) ........................................................................45
]mTw 27 ^m. tUm. hn. kn. kmap-h¬ (1912-˛1998) .................................................49
bqWn‰v 8 \√- io-e-ßƒ
]mTw 28 kº-Øns‚ \oXn-]q¿∆-amb hn\n-tbmKw ..............................................53
]mTw 29 Iu¨kn-enwKv .....................................................................................................58
]mTw 30 ssZh-hnfn ..............................................................................................................64
D]-]m-T`
- mKw
]cnip≤ h´-t»-cn¬ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sS -Po-h-N-cn{Xw ..................68
3
]mT-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°n-b-h¿
^m. tUm. H. tXmakv

^m. tUm. sdPn amXyp
^m. tUm. t__n hdp-Kokv
^m. sI. hn. tXmakv
^m. tXmakv hdp-Kokv
4
bqWn‰v \mev
k`m-N-cn{Xw
]mTw 16
s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-c-W-{]-ÿm\w
(Protestant Reformation Movement)
]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: BtKmf k`m-N-cn-{X-K-Xnsb am‰n-a-dn® s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-c-W-

{]-ÿm-\-sØ-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°p-I. \ho-I-cW Bi-b-ß-tfmSp icn-bmb
kao-]\w cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
a\x-]mTw: ""kphn-ti-j-sØ-°p-dn®v F\n°v e÷-bn-√; hniz-kn-°p∂ Gh\pw BZyw
blq-Z\pw ]ns∂ bh-\\pw AXp c£-bv°mbn ssZh-i-‡n-bm-Ip-∂-t√m''
(tdm-a¿ 1:16).
]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: hn. thZ-]p-kvX-Iw, {]m¿∞-\m-{I-aw, hn. Ip¿∫m-\-{Iaw
BapJw
kaq-l-Ønepw k`-bnepw Xn∑-Iƒs°-Xnsc {]Xn-I-cWw Bh-iy-am-Wv. kzm¿∞-
Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ Bkq-{XnX ]≤-Xn-Iƒ C∂v k`-
bnepw kaq-l-Ønepw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. A¿∞-h-Ømb CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS am{Xta
Chsb Xn-cp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-I-bp-≈q. C{]-Imcw \S∂ Hcp N-cn-{X- kw`-h-amWv "\ho-
I-cW'sa∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu \ho-I-cW {]ÿm-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Cu
]mT-Øn¬ ]Tn-°mw.
]mT-`mKw
16-˛-mw -\q-‰m-≠n¬ ]›n-a-bq-tdm-∏n¬ XpS-°-an-´ Hcp aX-hn-π-h-amWv \ho-I-c-Ww.
am¿ń≥ eqY¿ F∂ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m ]ptcm-ln-Xs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ P¿Ω-\n-
bn¬ Bcw`n® Cu {]ÿm\w temI-N-cn-{X-Ønse Xs∂ kp{]-[m\ kw`-h-ß-fn¬
H∂mWv. CXv hni-Z-ambn \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
\ho-Ic
- W Imc-Wß
- ƒ
1. \thm-∞m\ Nn¥m-KXn Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]pkvXI - ß
- f- p-sSbpw Iem-cq-]ß
- f
- p-sSbpw
kzm[o-\w P\-ß-fn-ep-≠mbn.
2. `qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ßƒ.
3. A®-Sn-bpsS I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-Øn-eqsS hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw km[m-cW P\-ßƒ°v
e`y-am°phm-\p≈ km[y-Xbp-≠m°n.
4. tZio-b-X-bv°m-bp≈ P\-ß-fpsS apd-hn-fn h¿≤n®p.
5. am¿∏m-∏m-am-cpsS A{]-am-Zn-Xzhpw Aan-Xm-[n-Im-c-ßfpw tNmZyw- sN-ø-s∏´p.
6. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ \ne\n∂ A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw
Agn-a-Xn-I-fpw. DZm: ]m]-tam-N-\-®o´v.
5
\ho-Ic
- Ww
Ing-°≥ P¿Ω-\n-bnse hn‰≥_¿Kv ]≈n-bpsS hmXn-en¬ 1517 HIvtSm-_¿
31-˛mw XobXn am¿ń≥ eqY¿ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bnse ]m]-tam-N-\-®o´v Dƒs∏-
sS-bp≈ Zpcm-Nm-c-ßsf Jfin®v 95 hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ (95 Theses) ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-
XmWv \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ P∑-ap-lq¿Ø-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. `qX-Im-e-sØbpw
`mhn-Im-e-sØbpw ]m]-ßƒ tamNn-°s∏´v "_kv]p¿°m-\'bnse (ip-≤o-I-cW
ÿew) A·n-bn¬\n∂v c£n-°s - ∏-Sp-hm-≥ hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v tdmanse ]m∏-m \¬Ip∂
kΩ-X-]-{X-amWv "]m]-tam-N-\-®o´v' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Hcp \n›n-X -XpI \¬In
B¿°pw CXv kz¥-am-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p.
\ho-Ic
- W
- {- ]-ÿm-\Ø
- ns‚ hf¿®
eqY-dns‚ Bi-b-ßƒ henb Xma-k-an-√msX P¿Ω-\n-bnepw a‰p {]tZ-i-ß-
fnepw hym]n-®p. kzn‰vk¿e-≠n¬ Dƒdn®v kznw•n (Ulrich Zwingli), P\o-h-bn¬ tPm¨
Im¬hn≥ (John Calvin), kvtIm´ve-≠n¬ tPm¨ Ivt\mIvkv (John Knox), Cw•-≠n¬
sl≥{Sn Ggm-a≥ cmPmhv (Henri VII) apX-emb-h¿ eqY-dns‚ ka-Im-eo-\-cmb \ho-I-c-
W-{]-h¿Ø-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Bi-b-ß-fn¬ sNdnb hyXym-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw
tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ \ho-I-cWw krjvSn-°p-hm\pw AXv temIw apgp-h≥
hym]n-∏n-°m\pw Ch-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v km[n-®p. C{]-Imcw tdma≥ ItØm-
en°m k`bn¬\n∂v hn´p-t]m-b-h¿, "s{]m´-Ã‚ v k`' AYhm "\ho-I-c-W-°m¿'
F∂mWv ]n¬°m-eØv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
\ho-Ic
- W
- X
- X
- z-ßƒ
BZn-a-k-`-bpsS Imew apX¬ ss{IkvXh thZim-kv{X-Ønepw IqZm-i-I-fnepw
A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw ]cn-]m-en-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb hnizm-k-k-Xy-ßsf
tNmZyw sNøp∂ XXz-ß-fmWv Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-Xv.
a. k`-bpsS BNm-c-ßfpw N´-°q-Sp-I-fp-a-√, thZ-]p-kvX-I-amWv {InkvXob Pohn-X-
Øn-s‚bpw hnizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw B[m-c-am-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xv.
b. Xncp-h-Øm-ghpw kv\m\hpw am{X-amWv k`-bnse IqZm-i-Iƒ.
c. kIe hnizm-kn-Iƒ°pw ]utcm-lnXy ÿm\-ap≠v; AXp-sIm≠v {]tXyI ]utcm-
ln-Xy-Øn\v kmwK-Xy-an-√.
d. ssZh-ap-ºmsI am{X-amWv a\p-jy≥ \oXo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
e. ]cn-ip-≤tcm-Sp≈ kwk¿§hpw hmßn-t∏m-b-h¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ {]m¿∞-\bpw
A¿∞-iq-\y-ß-fm-Wv.
ta¬∏-d™ XXz-ßsf Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kÌƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√.
{]Xn-\-ho-I-cWw (Counter Reformation)
CsXm-s°-bm-sW-¶nepw \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ aqe-Im-c-W-ß-fn¬ NneXv kXy-am-
sW∂v t_m≤y-s∏´ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k` ]n∂oSv AXn-\p-≈n¬Xs∂ Nne
Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ hcp-Øn. CXv \ho-I-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-ßsf XS-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw k`-
bpsS hnizm-k-Po-hn-X-ßsf \n¿Ω-eo-I-cn-°p-hm\pw Imc-W-am-bn. tdma≥ ItØm-en-
°m-k-`-bn¬ DS-se-SpØ ]cn-jvIm-c-{]-ÿm-\-amWv "{]Xn-\-ho-I-c-Ww.' 1545 apX¬
1563 hsc s{S‚ v F∂ ÿeØp IqSnb Iu¨kn¬ Cu e£ysØ km[q-I-cn-°p∂
6
H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. k`-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-ß-sfbpw hnizm-k-ß-sfbpw Aev]w ]cn-jv-Im-c-
ß-tfmsS ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-hm≥ CXn¬ km[n®p. Ct·-jykv etbm-fbpw At±lw
ÿm]n® "Cutim k`bpw' (Jesuits) CXn¬ ap≥\n-c-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-®-h-cm-Wv. tdma≥
ItØm-en°m k`bv°v \jv-Ss∏´ {]Xn-—mb Iptd-sb-¶nepw hos≠-Sp-°p-hm≥ CXn-
eqsS km[n-®p.
\ap°v {]m¿∞n°mw
(hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw hmbn-°p∂Xn-\p apºp≈ {]m¿∞-\)
Icp-W-bp≈ ssZh-ta, hnip≤ thZ-]p-kvX-IsØ hmbn®p a\- n-em-°p-
hm≥ Rß-fpsS lrZ-b-I-Æp-Isf {]Im-in-∏n-°-W-ta. BΩo≥.
\ap°v ]mSmw
(hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ Gh≥tK-teym≥ hmb-\-bv°p-tijw
Be-]n-°p∂ Hcp KoXw.)
AJnew Rm\m-cm-™n´pw
ssZh-`-bsØ anI-s®m∂pw
Rm≥ Z¿in-®n√ ˛ X¬kvt\-l-Ømse
[m¿Ωn-I\mw butk-∏m¿∂p ant{kw cmPXzw
aln-X≥ aqi hn`m-Kn-®m≥ hSn-bm¬ hmcn-[nsb
lm\-\n-bm-Zy-∑m-c-Xn-\m¬˛
A·n-bn¬\n∂pw c£n-X-cmbv
X¶-sØ-°m-f-Xp- Imayw
a[p-hn-ep-a-Xp-a-[pcw ]mcw
ssZhm-cm-[-\sb ˛ kvt\ln-t∏m≥ [\y≥.
\n›bw
k`m-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ \n-∂p-sIm≠v \∑-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb
Hcp PohnXw Rßƒ \bn-°pw.
s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-cW Bi-b-ß-tfmSp icnbmb kao-]\w
ImØp-kq-£n-°p-hm≥ Rßƒ {ian-°pw.
\ap-°v Nn-¥n°mw
1. \ho-I-c-W-Im-c-W-ßƒ Fs¥√mw?
2. ]m]-tam-N\- ®
- o-ńs‚ {]k‡n F¥v? am¿ń≥ eqY¿ CXn-t\mSp Fßs\ {]Xn-
Icn®p?
3. \ho-I-c-W-Øn¬ ap∂n´v {]h¿Øn-®-h¿ Bsc√mw?
4. \ho-I-cW XXz-ßƒ Gh? Ahbv°v \ΩpsS k-`-bn-ep≈ {]k‡n F¥v?
5. {]Xn-\-ho-I-cWw hni-Z-am-°p-I.
6. ""\-ho-I-cWw temI-N-cn-{X-Ønse Hcp {][m\ kw`-h-amWv.'' AXns‚ C∂sØ
{]k‡n F¥v?
7
\ap°v Hm¿°mw
""hy‡n-]-c-amb CjvS-ßfpw Xmev]-cy-ßfpw km[n-°Ww F∂p hnNm-cn-°msX
ssZthjvSw \S-°W - s
- a-∂m-bn-cn-°Ww F√m-bvt∏mgpw \nß-fpsS Dt±iyw'' ˛ ]. _tk-
en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm.
{]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
1. \ho-I-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp t{]mPIvSv Xøm-dm-°p-I.
2. \ho-I-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hy‡n-I-fpsS Nn{X-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v B¬_w Xøm-
dm-°p-I.
3. \nßƒ \ho-I-cW ImesØ Hcp tdma≥ ItØm-en°m hnizm-kn-bm-bn-cp-s∂-
¶n¬ \ho-I-c-Wm-i-b-ß-tfmSp Fßs\ {]Xn-I-cn°pam-bn-cp∂p? Hcp D]-\ymkw
Xøm-dm-°p-I.
XpS¿hm-b-\bv°v
Xncp-h-N-\-hm-b-\bpw [ym\hpw ]Xn-hp-t]mse \S-Øp-I.
8
]mTw 17
k`m-hym-]\w BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬
]T-t\m-t±iyw: {InkvXob k`-bpsS ]n¬°me BtKm-f-hn-I-k-\-sØ-°pdn®v a\ n-
em-°m≥.
a\x-]mTw: ""BI-bm¬ \nßƒ ]pd-s∏-´v, ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw ]p-{X-s‚bpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-
hn-s‚bpw \ma-Øn¬ kv\m\w Ign-∏n®pw Rm≥ \nß-tfmSp Iev]n-®s - Xm-s°bpw
{]am-Wn-∏m≥ X°-hÆw D]-tZ-in-®pw-sIm≠v kIe PmXn-I-sfbpw injy-cm°n-
s°mƒhn≥'' (a-Ømbn 28:19-˛20).
BapJw: temI-saßpw t]mbn km£n-I-fm-Ip-I F∂ tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ hm°p-
Iƒ A\p-kc - n® injy-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]n≥Km-an-If - p-sSbpw {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ \ap°v
]cn-Nn-Xa- m-Wv. ]n¬°m-eØv k`m-hym-]\ - Ø- n\v ]pXnb am\-ßfpw A¿∞-Xe - -
ßfpw D≠mbn. hnhn[ coXn-bn¬ hntZ-ic - m-Py-ßf - n-te-bv°v IpSn-tb-dnb {InkvXo-
b-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw k`bpw Ah-ch - ¿ sN∂-bn-Sß - f - n¬ {InkvXp-aX- {- ]-Nm-cØ
- n\v
{]m[m-\yw \¬In. Ah-sb-°p-dn®v Cu ]mT-Øn¬ ]-Tn-°mw.
]mT-`mKw
16-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse s{]m´-Ã‚ v -\-ho-I-cWw k`m-N-cn-{X-Ønse Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-
hmbn. AXn-\p-tijw tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m -˛- s{]m-´-Ã‚ v k`-Iƒ Xß-fpsS \ne-
\nev]n\pw {]Nm-c-Øn-\pw -th≠n i‡n-tbmsS {]h¿Øn-®p. tImf-\n-h-XvI-c-Whpw
kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-Whpw tbmPn-∏n® Hcp ssien-bmWv CXn-\mbn Ccp-Iq-ćpw D]-
tbm-Kn-®Xv. k`m-hym-]-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-amb kphn-ti-j-co-Xn-Ifpw {]ÿm-\-ßfpw
GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
tImf-\n-hX
- vIc
- W
- hpw kphn-ti-jo-Ic
- W
- hpw
t]m¿®p-K¬, kvs]bn≥, {^m≥kv, U®v, {_n´¨ apXemb cmPy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p
tImf-\n-h-XvI-c-WØn\v XpS-°w-Ip-dn-®-Xv. hmWn-Py-Øn\pw a‰p Bh-iy-ßƒ°p-ambn
a‰p cmPy-ß-fn¬ sN∂ Ch¿ {ItaW B cmPy-ß-sf -X-ß-fpsS A[o-\-X-bn-em-°n.
CXmWv tImf-\n-h-XvI-c-Ww. F. Un. 1500-˛1800 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ t]m¿®p-Kepw
kvs]bn\pw Cu Imcy-Øn¬ ap∂n´v \ns∂-¶n¬ {ItaW a‰p cmPy-ßfpw CXn¬
`mK-`m-°m-bn.
tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kphn-ti-jh
- X
- vIc
- Ww
tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-cWw {][m-\-ambpw B{i-bn-®n-cp-∂Xv
t]m¿®pK¬, kvs]bn≥ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-sfbpw t]m∏n-s\-bp-amWv.
AXmXv `cWm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v Ah-c-h¿ Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kphn-ti-j-
h-XvI-cWw \S-Øm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw t]m∏v \¬In. {][m-\-ambpw c≠p -{]-h¿Ø-\-
co-Xn-I-fmWv tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k` kzoI-cn-®Xv:
1. s]t{Um-htUm anj≥ (Pedroado Mission): kvs]bn≥, t]m¿®p-K¬ F∂o cmPy-
ß-fnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS \S∂ kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-Ww.
2. s{]m∏-Km≥Um anj≥ (Propaganda Mission - hnizm-k{- ]-am-Wk
- `
- ): tdma≥ ItØm-
9
en°m k` kz¥w \ne-bn¬ \S-Ønb kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-Ww.
s{]m´-Ã‚ v kphn-ti-jh
- X
- vIc
- Ww
17-˛mw \q‰m≠v s{]m´-Ã‚ v k`sb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kz]-cn-c-£-bp-sSbpw
k`m-ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚bpw Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp-∂p. {_nó-jv, {^©v, U®v tImf-\n-I-fpsS
hf¿® s{]m´-Ã‚ v kphn-ti-jo-I-c-W-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°pw Imc-W-ambn. {][m-\-
ambpw Gjy, B{^n-° `qJ-fi-ß-fnepw ]k-^nIv Zzo]-k-aq-l-ß-fn-ep-amWv Ah¿
{i≤ tI{µo-I-cn-®-Xv. hnZym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Kyw, kmaq-lnIw F∂o taJ-e-I-fnse
]ptcm-K-a\ -{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ {]mtZ-in-I-]-cn-`m-jbv°v Du∂¬
sImSp-ØXpw ChcpsS anj-\dn {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v am‰p-Iqń.
{][m\ kphn-ti-jk
- w-Lß
- ƒ
_m]v‰nÃv anj-\dn skmssk‰n (BMS), e≠≥ anj-\dn skmssk‰n (LMS),
N¿®v anj-\dn skmssk‰n (CMS), {_nójv & t^mdn≥ ss__nƒ skmssk-‰n
(BFBS), Ata-cn-°≥ _m]v‰nÃv anj-\dn skmssk-‰n (ABMS), _msk¬ anj≥ (BM),
{]kv_n-t‰-dn-b≥ t^mdn≥ anj≥ skmssk‰n (PFMS) apXemb-h-bm-bn-cp∂p {][m\
s{]m´-Ã‚ v anj-\dn kwL-ßƒ.
kphn-ti-jh
- X
- vIc
- Ww `mc-XØ
- n¬
`mc-X-Øn¬ kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-cWw BZy-ambn \S-Øn-bXv am¿tØmΩm «olm-
bm-Wv. ChnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ {InkvXob kaqlw Xß-fp-tS-Xmb X\Xv ]mc-º-cy-
ß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kphn-ti-j-hXvI-c-W-
Øns‚ BK-a-\-tØmsS Xt±-iob k`-bn¬\n∂v Bfp-Isf AS¿Øn-am‰p∂ {]h-
WX kwPm-X-am-bn.
sUman-\n-°≥, {^m≥kn-kvI≥, I¿Ω-eo-Ø≥, sPkyq-´pIƒ apXemb k\ym-k-
k-aq-l-ß-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv `mc-X-Øn¬ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kphn-ti-j-
hXvIc- Ww {][m-\a
- mbpw \S-∂n-´p-≈X
- v. {^m≥knkv tkhy¿, tdm_¿´v Un t\m_nen,
^m. {_nt´m, ^m. s_kvIn apXemb-h-cm-bn-cp∂p tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kphn-ti-j-
h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ apJy-[mcm {]h¿Ø-I¿.
tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-WsØ XpS¿∂p `mc-X-Øn¬ i‡n-
{]m-]n-®Xv s{]m´-Ã‚ v kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. _¿Ø-temanb koK≥_mKv,
sl‚n°v πqtjm, hneyw -tI-dn, tXmakv t\m¿´≥, _©-an≥ s_-bven, tPmk^v
s^≥, sl≥dn t_°¿ apXemb-h-cm-bn-cp∂p {][m\ s{]m´Ã‚ v anj-\-dn-am¿.
kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-cWw ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bn¬
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` `mc-X-a-Æn¬ kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\v Xß-fp-tS-Xmb
kw`m-h-\-Iƒ Bcw-`-Im-e-L´w apX¬t° \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. ]nXm-°-∑m¿ XßfpsS
Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-fn-eqsS CXns\ bmYm¿∞yam-°n. F∂m¬ Hcp kwL-Sn-X- kp-hn-ti-
j-h-XvI-c-W-{]-{In-b-Iƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv ]cn. ]cp-ae am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-
\n-bpsS Ime-L´w apX¬°m-Wv. ]cn. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n- Xp-S-°-an´ Cu kphn-ti-j-
h-XvI-c-W-{]-{In-b-Iƒ i‡n-{]m-]n-°p-∂Xv ]t{Xmkv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-
ta-\n-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ k` HutZym-Kn-I-ambn anj-\dn {]ÿm\w Bcw-
`n-°p-Ibpw `mc-X-Øn-\p-≈nse hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kphn-ti-j-sh-fn®w FØn-
10
°p-hm≥ CXn-eqsS km[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn\v Np°m≥ ]nSn® ]nXm-°-∑m-
cmWv tUm. Koh¿Kokv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n, kvtX^m-t\mkv am¿
tXthm-tZm-tkymkv Xncp-ta\n F∂n-h¿.
kphn-ti-jh
- X
- vIc
- W
- Ø
- ns‚ ê-ßƒ
kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-cWw BtKmf ss{IkvX-h-k-`m-X-e-Ønepw kmaq-lnI taJ-e-
bnepw henb am‰-ß-fmWv krjvSn-®-Xv. Ah NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.
1. ss{IkvXh k`m-hnI-k\w km[y-am-bn.
2. hn. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ Xt±-io-b -]-cn-`m-j-Iƒ D≠m-bn.
3. hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-c-Øns‚ Db¿®.
4. sshZy-imkv{X taJ-e-bnse D∂-a\w.
5. kmaq-lnI A\m-Nm-c-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm¿÷\w.
6. [¿Ω-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw.
(hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw hmbn-®p-I-gn-™n-´p≈ {]m¿∞-\)
Imcp-Wy-hm-\mb ssZhta, \o Rßƒ°v X∂n-´p≈ {]tbm-P-\-Ic-amb,
hn-ip≤ ]pkvX-I-Ønse Poh-h-N-\-ßƒ°v th≠n \ns∂bpw \ns‚
]nXm-hn-s\bpw \ns‚ ]cn-ip≤ dqlm-sbbpw Ct∏mgpw Ft∏mgpw
kvXpXn®v kvtXm{Xw sNøp-∂p.
\ap°v ]mSmw
(cm{Xn- \a-kvImc k-a-bØv Be-]n-°p∂ am-hp¿t_m.
ivloam \a-kvIm-c-Øn¬\n-∂pw)
XmX-∑msc ]fin-Xcmw
aev]m-∑mtc! ]mcw tamZn-∏n≥
hN-\-a-XmIpw hnØp-h-f¿t∂-h≥tK-teym\n¬
\mY≥ t\cm-b-cp-fn-b-t]m¬
ap∏-Xp-a-dp-]-Xp-sam-cp-\qdpw ta\n
hnizm-k-aXm-Ip∂ êw
temI¿°-cp-fn-b-tXm¿Øm-em-›cyw
\n›bw
ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ sI´p-]-Wn-°mbn
Rßƒ kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-cWw \S-Øpw.
\ap°v Nn¥n°mw
1. tImf-\n-h-XvI-cWw F∂m¬ F¥v? CXv kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-hp-ambn Fßs\
_‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p?
2. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ {]tXy-IX F¥v?
11
3. s]t{Um-h-tUm, s{]m∏-Km≥Um Ch hni-Z-am-°p-I.
4. BZyIme tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-WsØ C∂sØ Ime-L-´-
hp-ambn XmcX-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
5. ""s{]m´-Ã‚ v kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-cWw Ah-cpsS \ne-\n-ev]ns‚ {]iv\-am-bn-cp∂p.''
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
6. s{]m´-Ã-‚ v kphn-ti-jo-I-cW coXn-Iƒ Gh?
7. s{]m´-Ã‚ v kphn-ti-j-kw-L-ßƒ Gh?
8. `mc-X-Øn¬ kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv Bsc√mw?
9. ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bnse kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hni-Z-
am-°p-I.
10. kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ ê-ßƒ Gh?
\ap°v Hm¿°mw
""hnizm-k-Øn\v AXn-cp-I-fp-≠v. F∂m¬ ssZh-kvt\-l-Øn\v AXn-cp-I-fn√'' ˛
tUm. Koh¿Kokv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbm-kv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm.
{]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
1. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m ˛ s{]m´-Ã‚ v anj-\dn {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv
anj\dn {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn XmcXayw sNbvXv Hcp {]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p-I.
2. ae-¶c k`-bnse anj-\dn kwL-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw anj-\-dn-am-sc-°p-dn®pw Hcp eLp-
hn-h-cWw Xøm-dm-°p-I.
3. Hm¿ØtUmIvkv hnizm-kn-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m ˛ s{]m´-Ã‚ v
anj\dn {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nßƒ Fßs\ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p?
12
]mTw 18
ae-¶c k` 17 apX¬ 19 hsc-bp≈
\q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬
]T-t\m-t±iyw: 17 apX¬ 19 hsc-bp≈ \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ Ac-tß-dnb
\n¿Æm-b-I-kw-`-h-ßƒ a-\- n-em-°m≥.
a\x-]mTw: ""CXm Rm≥ \ns∂ DuXn-°-gn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. sh≈n-sb-t∏mse A√m-Xm\pw.
Rm≥ \ns∂ Ijv S - X - b psS Nqf- b n- e m- I p∂p DuXn- ° - g n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X v ''
(sbiømhv 48:10).
BapJw
GXp `c-W{- I-aØ- n\pw {]ÿm-\ß- ƒ°pw Hcp kph¿Æ-Im-eL - ´w D≠m-bn-cn°pw.
ae-¶c- k
- `
- b
- nse Hcp kph¿Æ-Im-eL
- ´- a
- m-bn-cp∂p 17 apX¬ 19 hsc-bp≈ \q‰m≠pIƒ.
hnhn[ kw`-h-ßƒ°v ae-¶-c-k` Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ km£yw hln-®p. Ah-sb-°p-
dn®v Cu ]mT-Øn¬ ]Tn-°mw.
]mT-`mKw
ae-¶c
- k
- ` kzX-{¥-Xo-cp-am-\ß
- s
- f-Sp-°p-Ibpw AXn-\\
- p-kr-Xa
- mbn apt∂m´p\oßp-
Ibpw sNbvX Hcp Ime-{I-a-amWv 17-˛mw \q‰m≠v apX-ep-≠m-b-Xv. Iq\≥Ip-cniv kXy-
tØmsS ae-¶-c-bpsS kzXz-t_m[w DW¿∂p. F∂m¬ hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep≈ {]Xn-k-
‘n-Iƒ°pw Cu Ime-L´w hnt[-b-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Ch \ap°v hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-
[n-°mw.
Iq\≥Ip-cniv kXy-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ ae-¶-c-k`
1653-˛se Iq\≥Ip-cniv kXy-tØmsS ae-¶ck` hntZ-im-[n-]X - y-Øn¬\n∂v tamNn-
X-am-bn. A∂p-ap-X¬ "am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm-∑m¿' F∂ Xt±iob sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS `cW-
Øn≥Io-gn¬ ae-¶c - k
- ` \ne-sIm-≠p. k`-bpsS Bcm-[\- m-{I-ao-Ic
- W- ß
- ƒ°pw At∏m-
kvtXm-enI ]mc-º-cy-Øn-\p-am-bn, apºv ae-¶-c-k` _‘w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ t]¿jy≥
k`-bpƒs∏sS hnhn[ k`-Isf kao-]n-®p. F∂m¬ 1665-˛¬ At¥ym-Jy≥ k` am{X-
amWv CXn-t\mSp A\p-Iq-e-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-®-Xv. Aßs\ ae-¶-c-k` Xß-fm-{K-ln-®-
Xp-t]mse kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ ho≠pw \ne-sIm-≠p.
1653 apX¬ 1817 hsc H≥]Xv am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS kp[oc t\XrXzw
ae¶-c-k-`-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. am¿tØmΩm H≥]Xm-a\v Xs‚ `c-W-]-c-amb A[nImc-
ßƒ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ A∂sØ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ km[n-®n-√. 1815-˛¬ ]pen-
t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v dºm≥ "am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv' F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm-\m-hp-Ibpw cmP-
Iob hnfw-_-c-Øm¬, "am¿tØmΩm' F∂ A[n-Im-c-Øn\v Xpeyamb "ae-¶c sa{Xm-
t∏m-eoØm' ÿm\w Gev°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm-∑m¿°v tijw
"am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv' F∂ \ma[m-cn-If- mb "ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm'-am-cmWv k`sb
\bn-®-Xv. ae-¶ck-`m-N-cn-{X-Ønse \n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]e kw`-h-ßfpw Ac-tß-dn-
bXv Cu Ime-L-´-ß-fn-emWv; {]tXy-In®pw 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬. Ah hni-Z-ambn \ap°v
At\z-jn-°mw.
13
hń-∏Ww (1808)
am¿tØmΩm Bdm-as‚ {ia-^-e-ambn kzcq-]n® 3000 ]qh-cm-lm≥ (G-I-tZiw
10500 cq]) At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Kman am¿tØmΩm Ggm-a≥ {_nójv CuÃv C¥ym
Iº-\n-bn¬ F´p iX-am\w ]en-ibv°v \nt£-]n-®-Xm-Wn-Xv. h¿jw-tXmdpw kap-Zm-
b-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI tkh-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°mbn Cu ]eni hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bm-bn-
cp∂p e£yw.
]g-bs
- k-an-\mcn ÿm]\w (1815)
1813-˛¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v dºm-\mWv (]n-∂oSv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠ma≥)
CXns‚ \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv. A∂sØ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿
cm⁄n dmWn e£v a n- ` m- b n, CXns‚ \n¿Ωm- W - Ø n- \ mbn 16 G°¿ ÿew
Icsamgnhmbpw 20000 cq], \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb XSn F∂nh Zm\-ambpw \¬In.
Xncp-h√ ]men-tb-°c ]≈n sslµh {_m“-W¿ Xosh-®p-\-in-∏n-®-Xn\v tIW¬
a¨tdm Npa-Ønb ]ng-bpsS ]IpXn XpIbpw skan-\mcn \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\mbn \¬In.
kn. Fw. Fkv. anj-\-dn-am-cp-sSbpw tIW¬ a¨tdm-bp-sSbpw kl-I-c-W-tØmsS
1815-˛¬ skan-\mcn {]h¿Ø\k÷-am-bn.
amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme (1836)

kn. Fw. Fkv. anj-\-dn-am-cp-am-bp≈ kl-I-cWw Bcw-`-Im-e-L-´-ß-fn¬ kulr-
Z-]-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse Bcm-[-\m-]m-c-º-cy-ß-fn-
tebv°v s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-c-Wm-i-b-ßƒ Xncp-In-°-b-‰p-hm≥ Ch¿ {ian-®Xv Ccp-Iq-
ćpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w De-bp-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. 1835-˛¬ I¬°-´-bnse
Bw•n-°≥ _nj∏v hn¬k¨ Xs‚ Bdn\ \n¿t±-i-ß-fp-ambn ae-¶-c-bn¬ FØn.
Ch-sb-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-hm-\mbn 1836 P\p-hcn 16-˛\v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv \mem-a≥
(tN-∏m´v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv) amth-en-°c ]pXn-b-Imhv ]≈n-bn¬ Hcp ]≈n-{]-Xn-
]p-cp-j-tbmKw hnfn®p tN¿Øp. tbmKw _nj∏v hn¬ks‚ \n¿t±-i-ßsf X≈n-°-
f-bm\pw Xßƒ XpS¿∂ph∂-psIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \ne-
\n¬°m\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p. Cu Xocp-am-\-amWv "amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme' F∂ t]cn¬
Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv (1876)

"amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme'bneqsS \ho-I-c-Wm-i-b-ß-tfmSp ae-¶-c-k` hnS]d-™p-
sh-¶n-epw, amcm-a¨ ]me-°p-∂Øv G{_lmw aev]ms‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp-Iq´w
Bfp-Iƒ AXn-t\mSp A\p-`m-h-]q¿∆-amb \ne-]m-SmWv kzoI-cn-®-Xv. Ch¿°v
k`bn¬\n∂pw cq£-amb FXn¿∏v t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p. XXv^-e-ambn 1841-˛¬ G{_lmw
aev]m≥ Xs‚ A\-¥n-c-h-\mb amXyqkv siΩm-is\ At¥ym-Jy-mbn-te-bv°-b®v
"amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv' F∂-t]-cn¬ sa{Xm-\m-°n. 1843-˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬
Xncn-sI-sb-Ønb ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv A∂sØ `c-W-Iq-SsØ
kzm[o-\n®v Xs‚ ÿm\w Dd-∏n-®p. X∑qew am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv \mem-a\v Xs‚
ÿm\w Hgn-tb-≠-Xmbn h∂p. F∂m¬ ae-¶c k`m-a-°ƒ, ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v
IØ-\msc At¥ym-Jy-bn-te-°b - ®v 1865-˛¬ "am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv' F∂-t]-cn¬ sa{Xm-
\m-°n. 1866-˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ aS-ßn-sb-Ønb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ Xs‚
"ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm'ÿm\w Dd-∏n-°m≥ {ian-s®-¶nepw AXn\p km[n-®n-√.
Ah-km-\w, CXns\mcp Xo¿∏p-≠m-°p-hm-\mbn am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw Iqćpw ]m{Xn-
14
b¿°o-kns\ ae-¶-c-bn-tebv°v £Wn-®p. Aßs\ 1876-˛-¬ FØnb ]t{Xmkv XrXo-
b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ A[y-£-X-bn¬ apf-¥p-cpØn am¿tØm-Ω≥ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v
aq∂p-Zn-hkw ssZ¿Ly-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ "apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv' IqSn. am¿ AØm-
\m-tkym-kns‚ A[n-Im-c-sØbpw \S-]-Sn-I-sfbpw tNmZyw-sNbvX kp∂-l-tZm-kv,
ae-¶c
- k
- `- bv°v Nne `c-W{- I-aß
- ƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-t\m-Sp≈ hnt[-
bXzw {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
`{Zm-k\ hn`-P-\hpw sa{Xm≥ hmgvNbpw
apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv amXyqkv Hc¿∞-Øn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°os‚ A[o-iXzw
AwKo-I-cn-°-em-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw Iqćpw Xß-fpsS XpS¿{]-
h¿Ø-\ß - f- n¬ CXn-\\ - p- Iq-ea
- mbn {]h¿Øn-®n-√. CXv a\- n-em-°nb ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ Adn-thm, kΩ-Xtam IqSmsX H∂m-bn-cp∂ ae-¶-c-k-`sb
Ggp `{Zm-k-\-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-°p-Ibpw Bdp ]pXnb sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-amsc hmgn-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIm´-bw, Xpº-a¨, A¶-am-en, \nc-Ww, I≠-\m-Sv, sIm®n, sIm√w
F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p ]pXnb `{Zm-k-\-ßƒ. ]utemkv am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbm-kv,
Koh¿Kokv am¿ bqen-tbm-kv, Koh¿Kokv am¿ Iqdn-tem-kv, Koh¿Kokv am¿ {KotKm-dn-
tbm-kv (]-cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n), ]utemkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv (]n-∂oSv ae-¶-c-k-`-
bpsS H∂mw ImtXm-en-°), sia-hq≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂n-h¿ Bbn-cp∂p
]pXnb sa{Xm-∑m¿.
tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n (1889)
apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv amXyqkv am¿ AØ-m\m-tkym-kns‚ "a-e-¶c sa{Xm-
t∏m-eoØm' ÿm\sØ Xnc-kvI-cn-s®-¶nepw tImSXn aptJ\ A¥naXo¿∏p-≠m-
°m≥ `c-WI - qSw Bh-iy-s∏-´p. AX-\p-kc
- n®v 1879-˛¬ "skan-\mcn tIkv' F∂ t]cn¬
am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Pn√mtImS-Xn-bn¬ ka¿∏n® tIkn¬, 1889-˛¬ tdmb¬ tImS-
Xn-bn¬\n∂pw A¥na hn[n-bp-≠m-bn. tdmb¬tIm-SXn hn[n-bn-eqsS am¿ Zoh-∂m-
tkym-kns‚ "ae¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm' ÿm\w Dd-∏n-®p. IqSmsX ]m{Xn-b¿°o-
kn\v ae-¶-c-bn¬ Bflob A[n-Imcw am{X-ta-bp-≈q-sh∂v Ak-∂n-Kv≤-ambn {]Jym-
]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
(hn-f°v sImfp-Øptºmgp≈ {]m¿∞-\, ]mºm-°pS \a-kvImcw)
{]Imiw \nd-™n-cn-°p∂ tbipth, kIe krjvSn-I-sfbpw {]Im-in-∏n-
°p∂ kXy-{]-Imiw \o BI-bm¬ \ns‚ {]Im-i-Øn-em-Ip∂p Rßƒ
{]Imiw ImWp∂-Xv. kz¿§ob ]nXm-hns‚ IXn-cm-bp-≈-ht\, \ns‚
tim`-bp≈ {]Im-i-Øm¬ Rßsf {]Im-in-∏n-°-W-ta. BΩo≥.
\ap°v ]mSmw
(ivloam \a-kvImcw ˛ sh≈n {]`m-Xw)
k`sb! \n≥ hmXn¬-˛-Im-h¬°m-sc∂pw
kmØm-\n¬ \n∂pw-˛-Im-°p∂p \ns∂
iotam-\m-[m-cw-˛-]u-temtkm inev]n
tbml-∂m-\n-jvS≥-˛-ip-{iq-j-°m-c≥
lm... dqlm-X≥ hoWm-˛-\mZw ZmhoZmw
15
\n›bw
k`-bpsS ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS Ic-ßƒ°v i‡n-]-I¿∂v
k`m-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ Rm≥ AN-©-e-\m-bn-cn-°pw.
\ap°v Nn¥n°mw
1. Iq\≥Ip-cniv kXy-Øn\v tijw ae-¶-c-k-`sb \bn-®-Xmsc√mw?
2. "hń-∏Ww' F¥mWv?
3. kn. Fw. Fkv. anj-\-dn-am-cpsS {]h¿Ø\w ae-¶c k`bv°v t\´hpw tIm´-hp-
am-bXv GXp-hn-[-Øn¬?
4. apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv hnP-btam? ]cm-P-btam? hniZoI-cn-°p-I.
5. ]m{Xn- b ¿°okv cq]o- I - c n® `{Zm- k - \ - ß ƒ GsX√mw? hmgn® sa{Xm- ∑ m¿
Bsc√mw?
6. tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
{]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
1. ""19-˛mw \q‰m≠v ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v \n¿Æm-b-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.'' \nß-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
2. ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn, apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv F∂nh-sb-°p-dn®v hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
\S-Øp-I.
3. ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse \n¿Æm-b-I-kw-`-h-ßsf kw_-‘n® Hcp B¬_w Xøm-dm-
°p-I.
\ap°v Hm¿°mw
""\ΩpsS k`-bn¬ kw`-hn-®n-´p≈ h≥Im-cy-ß-sf√mw \ΩpsS _p≤n-i-‡n-
sImt≠m `c-W-ssh-`-hw-sImt≠m BsW∂v \ap°v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-hm≥ \nhr-Øn-
bn√'' ˛ tUm. ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm.
16
]mTw 19
ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\ Ncn{Xw
]T-t\m-t±iyw: ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS `c-W-kn-cm-tI-{µ-amb ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-
sØ-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°m≥.
a\x-]mTw: ""Fs∂ A\p-Ka- n-®n-cn-°p-∂h
- c
- mb \nßƒ ]p\¿P-\\
- Ø
- n¬ a\p-jy-]p{X≥
Xs‚ al-Xz-Øns‚ knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Ccn-°p-tºmƒ \nßfpw ]{¥≠p
knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Ccp∂p bn{km-tb¬ tKm{Xw ]{¥-≠n-s\bpw \ymbw
hn[n°pw'' (aØmbn 19:28).
BapJw
`c-W-Øn¬ kncm-tI-{µ-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv AXnse `c-W-I¿Øm-°-fm-Wv.
P\m-[n-]-Xy-am-bmepw GIm-[n-]-Xy-am-bmepw AXn\p Hcp ]c-tam-∂X Xe-h≥ D≠m-
bn-cn-°pw. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS `cW kncm-tI-{µ-amb ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-sØ-
°p-dn®v Cu ]mT-Øn¬ ]Tn-°mw.
]mT-`mKw
]cn-ip≤ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Bÿm\w tIm´bw tZh-temIw ImtXm-en-t°‰v
Aca\bpw Xe-h≥ ImtXm-en°m _mh-bp-am-sW∂v \ap-°d- n-bmw. am¿tØmΩm «olm-
bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn-emWv ImtXm-en°m _mhm hmW-cp-fp-∂-Xv. Cu ImtXm-en°m
knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn-te°v \ap°v {]th-in-°mw.
am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k\w
I¿Ør-in-jy-\mb am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS ss]Xr-I-amWv \mw Ah-Im-i-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv. ""am¿tØmΩmbpsS am¿§hpw hgn-]mSpw'' (hn-izm-khpw PmXn-bpw) F∂mWv
CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. BZn-a-Imew apX¬t° D]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cn-°p∂ am¿tØmΩ≥
ss]Xr-Ihpw A[n-Im-c-hp-amWv am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-ambn IW-
°m-°p-∂X - v. ae-¶c k`-bn¬ Imem-Im-eß
- f
- n¬ `c-WI
- ¿Øm-°f
- mb thZ-Øe- h
- ∑m¿,
PmXn°p I¿Ø-hy-∑m¿, A¿°Znbmt°m-∑m¿, am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm-∑m¿, ae-¶c
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿, ImtXm-en-°m-am¿ F∂n-h-cmWv am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS
knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ Ah-Im-in-Ifpw ]n¥p-S¿®-°m-cpw.
ImtXm-en°
tdma≥ km{am-Py-Øn\v shfn-bn-ep≈ k`m-X-e-h-∑m-sc-bmWv "ImtXm-en-t°mkv'
F∂ t]cn¬ hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn\v `c-W-I¿Ømhv F∂mWv A¿∞w. t]¿jy≥
km{am-Py-Ønse skep-jym-˛-sÃ-kn-t^m-Wnse sa{Xm-\mWv "ImtXm-en°m' F∂
t]cv BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. F. Un. 410, 420, 424 Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ ktΩ-fn®
t]¿jy≥ kp∂-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ ImtXm-en-°-bpsS A[n-Im-c-h-Im-i-ßƒ \n¿Æ-bn-®p.
ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w
BZn-ak`bn¬ Xt±-io-b-amb hym]-\-am-bn-cp∂p k`-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
"ImtXm-en°' F∂ kw⁄ ae-¶-c-bn¬ D]-tbm-K-Øn-em-Ip-∂Xv 1912-˛se ImtXm-
en°m knwlm-k-\-ÿm-]-\-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse ap≥Im-e-`-c-W-I¿Øm-
°-sf√mw ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\-Øn\v Xpey-amb `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-amWv \n¿∆-ln-®n-
17
cp-∂-Xv. "thZ-Ø-e-h-∑m¿' XpSßn "ImtXm-en°m' hsc-bp≈ A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-ßƒ
Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]cn-Wmaw {]m]n®v h∂-XmWv (historical evolution).
ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\
- ÿ
- m-]\w
1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15˛\mWv ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w ÿm]n-°p-
∂-Xv. A∂sØ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bm-bn-cp∂ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdmas\
(h-´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n) At¥ym-Jy≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmb am¿ A_vZp≈m apS-°n-b-
XmWv ChnsS kzX{¥ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn ÿm]n-°Ww F∂ Bh-
iy-Øn\v i‡n-Iq-ń-b-Xv.
A_vZp≈m ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv, Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdmas\ apS-°n-b-bp-S≥ Xs∂
ae-¶-c-k-`m-a-°ƒ A_vtZZv ainlm ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ae-¶-c-
bn¬ kzX{¥ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn®v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. \nb-am-\p-kr-Xa - mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw F∂m¬ Xp¿°n kp¬Øms‚
AwKo-Imcw \jv-S-s∏-´-Xn-\m¬ `c-W-ÿm-\-Øp-\n∂v cmjv{So-b-ambn {`jvS-\m-°-s∏-
Sp-Ibpw sNbvX ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmWv am¿ A_vtZZv ain-lm. ae-¶-c-bnse \nP-ÿn-
Xn-bd- n™ A_vtZZv ainlm ]m{Xn-b¿°okv 1912-˛¬ ae-¶c - b
- n¬ FØp-Ibpw \ncWw
]≈n-bn¬h®v apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ ]utemkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn-s\, "am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv
]utemkv' F∂ t]cn¬ ImtXm-en-°-bmbn hmgn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ ae-¶-
c-bnepw kzX{¥ `c-W-{I-a-Øns‚ {]Xn-cq-]-amb ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-ÿm-
]\w bmYm¿∞y-am-bn.
1934-˛¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-a≥ Imew sNbvX-Xn-\p-tijw ae-¶c sa{Xm-
t∏m-eo-Øm-ÿm-\hpw ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\hpw Hcm-fn¬Xs∂ \n£n-]vX-am-bn. aq∂mw
ImtXm-en-°mbmb _tk-en-tbm-kv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mh-bmWv C{]-Imcw
BZy-ambn Ccp-ÿm-\-ßfpw Hcp-an®p hln-®Xv. AXn-\p-tijw ÿm\-ta‰ F√m
ImtXm-en-°-amcpw Ccp-ÿm-\-ßfpw Hcp-an-®mWv hln-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv.
1934-˛¬ ae-¶c k` AXns‚ `c-W-L-S-\bv°v cq]w-sIm-Sp-Øp. kzX-{¥-`m-c-X-
Øns‚ `c-W-L-S-\m-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\v 16 h¿j-ßƒ°p-apºv cq]o-Ir-X-amb `cW-L-
S-\-bn-eqsS ae-¶-c-k` AXns‚ hy‡n-Xzhpw ]q¿Æ kzmX-{¥yhpw hy‡-am-°n.
ImtXm-en°m, k`-bpsS Bflo-bhpw ùXn-I-hp-amb Xe-h-s\∂v kwi-b-t`-Z-sat\y
CXn- e qsS {]Jym- ] n- ° - s ∏- S p- I bpw sNbv X p. t]¿jy- b nse skeq- j y- b nepw
sX{Koknepw AXXp {]tXyI kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰pw a{^n-bm-t\‰pw
ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xp-t]mse ae-¶-c-bnse {]tXy-I-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ChnsS ÿm]n-
X-amb ImtXm-en-t°‰v k`m-N-cn-{X-Ønse Hcp s]m≥Zo-]-ambn C∂pw ]cn-e-kn-°p∂p.
(G-I-]-cn-ip-≤-t\m-Sp≈ {]m¿∞-\)
]cn-ip≤ ]nXm-hmb am¿ tXmam-«olm, ssZhw Aß-bpsS kpIr-XØn¬
Rßsf kw_-‘n-∏n-°p-Ibpw \ns‚ {]m¿∞\ aqew Ft∂bv°pw ssZh-
Øns‚ Icp-W-Iƒ°pw Zb-hn\pw Rßsf tbmKy-cm-°n-Øo¿°p-Ibpw
sNøp-am-dm-I-W-ta. BΩo≥.
\ap°v ]mSmw
am¿tØmΩm knwlm-k-\Øn¬
Bcq-V-\mIpw ]nXmth
Ing-°n-s‚-sbm-s°bpw hµy ImtXm-en°m
Btam-Z-ambv hmgvI \oWmƒ (2) (am¿tØm-Ωm...)
18
\{km-b-\m-taip injy¿°p \¬Inb
AXn-t{i-jvTm-Nm-cyXzw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ (2)
ssIa-dn-s™-Ønbo hµy ]nXm-hn-em˛
Zo]w sImfpØn \o Bbn-c-ambv (2) (am¿tØm-Ωm...)
]ń-Wn-∏m-h-ßƒs°∂pw XpW-bmbv
tcmKn-Iƒ ZpxJn-X¿°m-ew-_-ambv (2)
]Xn-\m-bn-c-ßƒ X≥ a°ƒ°n-S-b-\mbv
sFiz-cy-k-ºq¿Æ-\mbv hmgvI (2)
am¿tØmΩm... Btam-Z-ambv hmgvI \oWmƒ (3)
\n›bw
k`-bpsS kzXzhpw X\n-abpw kzmX-{¥yhpw ImØp-kq-£n-°m≥
ImtXm-en-t°‰n≥ Iogn¬ Rm≥ F∂pw ASn-bp-d®v \n¬°pw.
\ap°v Nn¥n°mw
1. am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k\w F∂-Xp-sIm≠p \nßƒ A¿∞-am-°p-
∂Xv F¥v?
2. ImtXm-en° F∂m¬ BcmWv? ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ct∏m-gsØ ImtXm-en°
BcmWv?
3. ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ {]k‡n F¥v?
4. ae-¶c
- k
- `
- b
- n¬ Im-tXm-en°m knwlm-k\
- ÿ
- m-]\w bmYm¿∞y-am-bXv Fßs\?
5. ae-¶-c-k`bpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bn-eqsS k`bv°v e`y-amb t\´-ßƒ Fs¥√mw?
\-ap°v Hm¿°mw
""\ΩpsS k`-bpsS \ne-\n-ev]n\pw t£a-Øn\pw ta¬K-Xn°pw Hgn-®p-Iq-SmØ
AXym-h-iy-sa-s¥∂v \nß-fn¬ ]ecpw \tΩm-Sp-IqSn ]c-am¿∞-ambn hniz-kn-°p-
∂Xpw CXp-h-sc-bmbn ]e {]bm-k-ßƒ kln®v \msa-√m-hcpw kwc-£n-®p-sIm-≠n-
cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb ImtXm-en°m ÿm]-\sØ ]pe¿Øn-s°m≠v t]mIm-\p≈ Npa-X-
ebpw \mw \nß-fn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cnepw ka¿∏n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p'' ˛ ]cn-ip≤ h´-t»cn¬
Znh-∂m-tkymkv Xncpta\nbpsS A-¥y-I-ev]-\bn¬\n-∂pw).
{]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
1. ae-¶c- k
- `- sb Imem-Im-eß
- f
- n¬ `cn® ]nXm-°∑
- m-sc-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm°pI.
2. ImtXm-en°, ]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kv F∂nh XΩn-ep≈ kmay-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ I≠p-]n-
Sn-°p-I.
3. ""ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kzmX-{¥yØns‚ {]Xo-I-am-Wv.''
N¿® sNøp-I.
am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv H∂m-a≥ (h-enb am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kv) AYhm am¿tØmΩm Bdm-a≥
am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-a≥ (]p-en-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kv H∂m-a≥)
am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv aq∂m-a≥ (]p-∂{X am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kv)
am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv \mem-a≥ (tN∏mSv am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kv)
am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ (]p-en-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kv c≠m-a≥)
am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-a≥ (h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kv)
19
bqWn‰v A©v
hnip≤ Ip¿_m\ Hcp ]T\w
]mTw 20
am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\okm
]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: "am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\okm' F∂ kvXpXn∏v KoX-Øns‚
A¿∞hpw {]m[m-\yhpw a\- n-em-°p-I. `h-\-Øn¬ {]`m-X-{]m¿∞-\m-k-a-
bØv Cu {]m¿∞\ sNm√p-I. hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS Bcw-`-Øn¬ F√m-hcpw
tN¿∂v Cu KoXw sNm√p-tºmƒ A¿∞w a\- n-em-°n, `‡n-tbmsS ]s¶-
Sp°p-I.
a\x-]m-T-hmIyw: ""Fs‚ D≈w I¿Øm-hns\ aln-a-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p; Fs‚ Bflmhv
Fs‚ c£n-Xm-hmb ssZh-Øn¬ D√-kn-°p∂p'' (hn. eqt°mkv 1:46, 47).
]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: hn. Ip¿∫m-\-{I-aw, hn. thZ-]p-kvX-Iw, {]m¿∞-\m-{I-aw.
BapJw
hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ F√m-hcpw ]Xn-hmbn ]s¶-Sp-°m-dp-≠-t√m. hn. Ip¿∫m\
]c-ky-ambn Bcw-`n-°p-tºmƒ F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v sNm√p∂ KoXamWv ""\n≥ amXmhp
hnip-≤∑m¿...'' Cu KoX-Øns‚ t]cv am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\okm F∂mWv.
amXm-hn-s\bpw hnip-≤-scbpw \mw Hm¿°p-Ibpw I¿Øm-hns‚ P\-\hpw IjvSm-\p-
`-hhpw {Iqip-a-c-Whpw Dbn¿∏pw Hm¿°p-Ibpw ]cn-ip≤ {XnXz-Øn¬ ic-W-s∏-Sp-
Ibpw sNøp∂ t{ijvT-amb Hcp KoX-am-Wn-Xv. Cu KoXhpw AXns‚ A¿∞hpw
{]m[m-\y-hp-amWv \Ωƒ C∂p ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv.
]mT-`mKw
am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\okm
am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\okm F∂p \mw hnfn-°p∂ KoX-Øns‚ KZy-cq]w
]mºm-°pS \a-kvIm-c-Ønepw a‰pw ""kz`mh{]Imcw ac-W-an-√m-Ø-h\pw...'' F∂p
XpS-ßp∂ {]m¿∞-\-bmbn sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. C∂p \mw sNm√p∂ KoX-Øns‚
]Zm-\p-]Z KZyw \man-t∏mƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hn. Ip¿∫m-\-{I-a-Øn-ep≠v.
F¥mWv "am\okm?'
"am\okm' F∂ kpdn-bm-\n-]-Z-Øn\v "kvXpXn∏v' F∂m-W¿∞w. \ΩpsS k`-
bpsS Bcm-[-\-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kvXpXn∏pIƒ hn. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw BZna-
k-`-bpsS Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-Ønepw ImWp∂ kvXpXn-∏p-I-fpsS kz`m-h-Øn-emWv {Iao-
I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]utemkv «olm Ft^-ky-te-J-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p: ""Bflmhv
\nd-™-h-cmbn k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-fmepw kvXpXn-I-fmepw Bflo-b-Io¿Ø-\-ß-fmepw
XΩn¬ kwkm-cn®pw \nß-fpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ I¿Øm-hn\p ]mSnbpw Io¿Ø\w
sNbvXpw \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hmb tbip-{InkvXphns‚ \ma-Øn¬ ssZhhpw ]nXm-hp-
ambh\v F√m-bvt∏mgpw F√m-‰n-\pw-th-≠nbpw kvtXm{Xw sNbvXp-sImƒhn≥'' (Ft^.
5:19-˛20).
20
Bcm-[-\-bnse aq∂p-X-c-Øn-ep≈ kwKo-X-ßsf∏‰n-bm-Wn-hnsS ]cm-a¿in-°p-
∂-Xv. k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ (Psalms), kvXpXn-∏p-Iƒ (Hymns), Bflo-b-Ko-X-ßƒ (Spiritual
songs) F∂n-h-bmWv ]utemkv ]d-bp∂ KoX-ßƒ. "\n≥ amXmhp hnip-≤-∑m¿'
F∂p XpS-ßp∂ ]m´v CXn¬ c≠m-aXp ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂ Iq´-Øn-ep≈XmWv.
Ch shdpw ]m´p-Iƒ F∂-Xn-ep-]cn k`-bpsS hnizmkw {]Jym-]n-°p∂ Ah-k-c-
ßƒ IqSnbmWv. \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-c-l-kysØ kw_-‘n-®mWv
am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv ]mSn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXns‚ D≈-S°w kq£va-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-
®m¬ CXp kvXpXn-∏n-t\m-sSm∏w Hcp \√ hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]\w (Creed) IqSn-bm-sW∂p
a\- n-em-°mw.
At¥ym-Jy-bnse am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv (F. Un. 465-˛538)
]uckvXyk-`-I-fnse henb ]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ Hcp-h-\mbncp∂ am¿ tkth-dn-
tbmkv {InkvXp-h¿jw 465-˛¬ ]nkn-Zym-bnse skmtkm-t]m-eokv (Sozopolis of Pisidia)
F∂ ]´-W-Øn¬ P\n-®p. Ipeo-\-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ ]nd∂ Ct±lw henb kmwkvIm-
cnI tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂ Ae-Ivkm-{¥n-b-bn-emWv `mjbpw {]kw-K-I-e-bp-sams°
A`ykn®-X.v AXn-\p-tijw s_bvdqń¬ (Beirut) t]mbn tdma≥ \nb-aØ - n¬ AhKmlw
t\Sn. AhnsS h®mWv Ct±lw I∏-tZm-Iy≥ ]nXm-°∑ - m-sc-∏‰n Adn-bp-∂Xpw {InkvXo-
b-kv\m\ta‰-Xpw. Xo£vW-amb k\ym-k-{h-X-ßƒ kzoI-cn® am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv
henb \nb-a-]-fin-X-\m-bn-´p-IqSn sbcp-i-te-an¬ Xmakn®v k\ym-kn-bmbn Pohn-
°p-hm-\mWv CjvS-s∏-´-Xv. Xs‚ ]nXr-kz-Øp-°-sf√mw ]mh-ßƒ°v Zm\w sNbvX
tkth-dn-tbmkv "ssZh-tØm-Sp≈ kaXzw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°p-hm≥ hnNm-cn-°msX a\p-
jym-h-Xmcw sNbvX {InkvXp-hn-s\-°p-dn®v' ]mSpI am{X-a-√, Xs‚ kz¥w Pohn-X-
Øn¬ AXp {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
I¬°-tZm≥ kp∂-l-tZm-kn-\p-tijw \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ ssZh-Xzhpw a\p-
jy-Xzhpw XΩn-ep≈ tbmPn-∏ns\ kw_-‘n-®p≠mb X¿°-Øn¬ "Ccpkz`m-h-hmZn-
Isf' i‡-ambn t\cn´ ]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ A{K-K-Wy-\m-bn-cp-∂p am¿ tk-th-dn-tbmkv.
At±-l-Øns‚ {KŸ-ßfpw IØp-Ifpw thZ-hn-]-co-Xn-I-fp-ambn \S-Ønb kwhm-Z-ß-
fp-sa√mw {InkvXpimkv{X-]-c-ambn kphy-‡-ambn Adnhp ]I-cp-∂-h-bm-Wv. F. Un.
512-˛¬ At¥ym-Jy-bnse ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmbn Ah-tcm-[n-°s - ∏´ Ct±lw Xs‚ ÿm\m-
tcm-l-W-{]-kw-K-Øn¬Xs∂ \nJym, IpkvX-¥o-t\m-t∏m-eokv, Ft^-kqkv F∂o
kp∂-l-tZm-kp-I-fnse hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]-\-ßsf ]pI-gvØp-Ibpw I¬°-tZm≥
kp∂ltZmkn¬ thZ-hn-]-co-Xn-I-fmbn h∂-hsc X≈n-∏-d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. I¬°-
tZm≥ kp∂-l-tZm-kp-Isf X≈n-∏-d-™-hsc (Non-Chalcedonians) {Iqc-ambn ]oUn-∏n-
®n-cp∂ A°m-eØv At±-lw [mcmfw IjvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw CuPn-]vXn-tebv°v ]emb\w
sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ahn-sS-h®v F. Un. 538-˛¬ At±lw Cl-tem-Ih - mkw shSn™p.
""\n≥ amXmhp hnip-≤-∑m¿...'' F∂ KoXw t]mse-bp≈ al-\ob IrXn-Iƒ
Na® At±-lsØ A©mw Xp_vtZ-\n¬ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv ""kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS
Inco-Shpw- ssZ-h-Øns‚ hnip≤ k` apgp-h-s‚bpw hnth-I-ap≈ hmbpw, XqWpw,
aev]m\pw, ]pjv]-ßƒsIm≠v \nd™ ta®n¬ ÿehpw kwibw IqSmsX adnbw
ssZh-am-Xm-sh∂v F√m-bvt∏mgpw {]kw-Kn-®-h\pw'' F∂m-Wv.
""\n≥ amXmhp hnip-≤-∑m¿...'': Hcp ]T\w
\ΩpsS Bcm-[-\-Iƒ hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]-\-ß-fpsS \nan-j-ß-fm-Wv. hn. Ip¿∫m-\-
bnse BZysØ hnizmk-{]-Jym-]-\-\n-an-j-amWv ""\n≥ amXmhp hnip-≤-∑m¿...'' F∂p
21
XpS-ßp∂ KoXw Be-]n-°p∂ ka-bw. tbip-X-ºp-cms‚ a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-c-l-kysØ
kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Cu KoXw Xs‚ Ipcn-im-tcm-l-W-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ Dbn¿∏p-hscbp≈
kwK-Xn-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≠ncn°p-∂p. am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ {InkvXpimkv{X-]-c-amb
D]-tZiw ]n¬°m-eØv KoX-cq-]-Øn-em-bn-Øo¿∂-Xm-Wv.
1. Bcw`w
hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bm-cw-`n-°p-tºmƒ ad-h-en-°p∂ kabw [q]w hoin-sIm≠p {][m\
Im¿Ωn-I≥ sNm√p∂ ""adnbw Zote-tØm-°v...'' (\ns∂ {]k-hn-® adn-bmapw \ns∂
amtam- Z okm ap°nb tbml- ∂ m\pw Rßƒ°p- t h≠n \nt∂m- S - t ]- £ n- ° p∂p;
I¿Ømth Rß-tfmSp IcpW tXm∂-W-ta) Cu KoX-Øns‚ {]mcw-`-ambncp∂n-cn-
°-Ww. ]n¬°m-eØv CsXmcp {]tXyI {]m¿∞-\-bmbn CXn¬\n∂pw AS¿Ønam‰n-
b-Xm-h-Ww. F¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw P\-ßƒ sNm√p∂ KoX-Øn¬ sNdnb hyXym-k-
tØm-Sp-IqSn CXv H∂p-IqSn Bh¿Øn-°p∂p: ""\n≥ amXmhp hnip-≤-∑m¿ F∂n-h¿
X≥ {]m¿∞-\-bm¬...''. ]´-°m-c≥ hn.- I-\y-I-a-dn-bm-an-t\m-sSm∏w tbml-∂m≥ kv\m]-
Is‚ t]cp-]-d-bp∂Xn\p ]Icw ChnsS kIe hnip-≤-scbpw Hm¿°p∂p F∂
hyXymkw am{X-ta-bp-≈q.
2. {InkvXp-im-kv{X-]-c-amb D]-tZiw
Cu KoX-Ønse {InkvXp-im-kv{X-]-c-amb D]-tZ-isØ a\p-jy-Ip-e-Øns‚ c£-
bv°p-th≠n ]nXmhmw ssZh-tØm-Sp≈ kaXzw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-t°Ww F∂p hnNm-cn-
°msX Xs∂-Øm≥ Hgn®v thj-Øn¬ a\p-jy-\mbn Ah-X-cn® tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\
(^n-en. 2:5˛11) kw_-‘n-®p≈ c≠p `mK-ß-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw.
a. H∂mw `mKØv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\∏‰n ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-
bm-Wv.
1. tbip-{InkvXp Xs‚ bYm¿∞-kz-`m-h-{]-Imcw ac-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-\-√.
2. Xs‚ hne-tb-dnb Ir]-bm¬ a\p-jy-Ipew apgp-h-s‚bpw c£-bv°mbn Xm≥
a\p-jym-h-Xmcw sNbvXp.
3. tbip ""hnip-≤nbpw al-Xzhpw shSn-∏p-ap≈'' hn. I\y-I-a-dn-bm-an¬\n∂pw
icocw kzoI-cn-s®-¶nepw Xs‚ bYm¿∞ kz`m-h-Øn\v am‰w D≠m-bn-√.
4. X∂n¬ hniz-kn-°p∂ \ap-s°-√m-h¿°pw th≠n Xm≥ Ipcn-in¬ Xd-bv°-
s∏-´p.
5. C{]-Im-c-ap≈ ssZh-Øns‚ hN-\hpw cmPm-hp-amb I¿Ømhns\ kvXpXn°pw.
b. c≠mw `mKØv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ Dbn¿∏ns\ kw_-‘n®pw ]cn-ip≤ {Xn-Xz-
hp-am-bp≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn®pw Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
1. tbip-{InkvXp Xs‚ kz¥w ac-W-Øm¬ \ΩpsS ac-WsØ C√m-sX-bm°n
(tdm-a. 6:4˛6).
2. ]p{X≥X-ºp-cm≥ ]cn-ip≤ {XnXz-Øn¬ Hcp-h\pw ]nXmhmw ssZh-tØmSpw
Poh\p≈ ]cn-ip≤ dqlm-tbm-sSm∏w kvXpXn-°s∏´p hµn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-\m-
Ip∂p (a-Ømbn 28:19; 2 sImcn. 13:13).
am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\o-kmbpw a‰p hnizm-k{- ]-Jym-]\
- ß
- fpw
k`-bpsS {InkvXp-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Hcp hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu
KoXsØ hnizm-k{- ]-am-WØ- nse c≠mw Jfin-It- bmSpw ]cn. ]utemkv «olmbpsS
D]-tZ-i-tØmSpw (^n-en. 2:5˛11) Xmc-X-ay-s∏-SpØn ]Tn-°p-∂Xp \∂m-bn-cn-°pw.
22
""\n≥ amXmhp hnip-≤-∑m¿...'' F∂ KoX-Øn¬ tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ P\\w
apX¬ Dbn¿∏p-hscbp≈ Imcy-ßƒ am{Xta ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≈q. F∂m¬ hnizm-
k-{]-am-W-Øn-em-Is´ Xs‚ kz¿§m-tcm-l-W-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]nXmhmw ssZh-Øns‚
he-Xp-`m-KØv Xm≥ Ft∂bv°pw Ccn-°p∂p F∂pw Poh-\p-≈-h-scbpw acn-®p-t]m-
b-h-scbpw hn[n-°p-hm-\mbn Xm≥ C\nbpw hcpw F∂p≈ hmKvZØsØ kw_-
‘n®pw ]d-bp-∂p. acn®v Dbn¿°-s∏-´-h-\mb tbip-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ ""kz¿§-hm-kn-
Ifpw `qan-bn-ep-≈-hcpw At[m-tem-I-Øn¬ hkn-°p-∂-hcpw'' hniz-kn®v Ahs‚
apºmsI ap´p-IpØn Ahs\ hW-ßp-sa∂pw (^n-en. 2:5˛11) tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-eqsS
]nXm-hmw- ssZ-h-Øn\v al-Xz-ap-≠m-Ip-sa∂pw hn. ]utemkv ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
D]-kw-lmcw
hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS Bcw-`-Øn¬ \S-°p-∂Xv \ΩpsS c£-bv°mbn a\p-jym-h-
Xmcw sNbvX tbip-{InkvXphns‚ c£m-I-c-\-S-]-Sn-Isf A\p-kva-cn-°pI F∂
al\ob I¿Ω-am-Wv. t_Xve-tl-an¬ P\n-®p-hoW tbip-hns\ Ipºn´p hW-ßnb
ZqX-∑m-tcmSpw Bń-S-b-∑m-tcmSpw hnZzm-∑m-tcmSpsam∏w \mapw Ahs\ hW-ßp∂p
F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p-hm-\mbn ]´°m-c≥ hn. t- {Xm-tWm-kns\ hew h®v [q]w hoipIbpw
a\p-jym-h-Xmc clkyw \nd™ kXykphn-tijw \ap-s°-√m-h¿°p-ambn [q]m¿∏-
W-tØmsS Adn-bn-°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. [q]w kzoI-cn®v hW-ßn Ipcn-ip-h-c-bv°p∂
hnizm-kn-Iƒ Cu kphn-ti-jhpw {InkvXp-hn-ep-≈- hn-izm-khpw kzoI-cn®v G‰p-]-d-
bp-∂p.
ip≤n-a-Xn-bmb amXmth, Rßƒ°p-th-≠n-bp≈ At]-£sb \o apS°-
cp-tX. \ns‚ GI-]p-{X≥ Rß-sf-√m-h-tcmSpw Ir]-sN-bvhm-\m-bn´v
Rßƒ°p-th≠n At]-£n-t°-W-sa.
kI-eØ - n-s‚bpw I¿Øm-th, \ns∂ kvt\ln-®h- c- mb \n_n-b∑
- m-cp-sSbpw
\ns‚ kphn-tijw {]kw-Kn-®-h-cmb «ol-∑m-cp-sSbpw {]m¿∞-\-I-fmepw
At]-£-I-fmepw temI-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \ns‚ \nc∏pw kam-
[m-\hpw hkn-∏n-°-W-sa. BΩo≥.
\ap°v ]mSmw
[t\y amXmth˛\nt∂m-Sp-≈≥]m¬
]m]-Øn≥`mcw˛\mY≥ \o°s´
\ymb-Øo¿∏n-¶¬˛]mbn-°m-X-tΩ...
{]m¿∞n-t°Ww \o˛\n≥ ]p{X≥ apºn¬
lmte-epøm˛Dlm-te-epøm
\n≥ bmNn-s∏∂pw˛Rßƒ°m-ew_w
\n›bw
am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv ]nXm-hns‚ t{ijvT-amb am\o-km-bpsS
A¿∞hpw {]m[m-\yhpw Rßƒ a\- n-em°n `h-\-Øn¬
{]`m-X-Øn¬ {]m¿∞n-°p-tºmgpw hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬
]s¶-Sp-°p-tºmgpw a‰p kµ¿`-ß-fnepw Cu KoXw sNm√p-tºmƒ
Rßƒ A¿∞w a\- n-em°n `‡n-tbmsS Be-]n-°pw.
23
A`ym-kß
- ƒ
1. "am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\okm' F∂m¬ F¥m-Wv?
2. \ΩpsS k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ At¥ym-Jy-bnse hn. tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚
ÿm\-sas¥∂p hy‡-am-°pI.
3. Hcp hnizm-kn-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ ""\n≥ amXmhp hnip-≤-∑m¿...'' F∂ KoXØns‚
{]m[m-\yw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
4. am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\o-km-bnse hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]-\-ßƒ Gh?
5. Cu KoXsØ \nJym-hn-izm-k-{]-am-W-Ønse c≠mw Jfin-I-bp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-
s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
6. Cu KoX-Ønse Bi-bhpw ]utemkv At∏m-kvX-e≥ ^nen-]y-te-J-\-Øn¬
(^n-en. 2:5-˛11) ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ Bi-b-hp-am-bp≈ kmayw Is≠-Øp-I.
XpS¿hm-b-\bv°v
Xncp-h-N-\-hm-b-\bpw [ym\hpw ]Xn-hp-t]mse Cubm-gvNbpw XpS-cp-I.
24
]mTw 21
Jfin-∏ns‚ ip{iqj
]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: hn. Ip¿∫m-\b - nse Jfin-∏ns‚ ip{iq-jb- psS {]tXy-IX
- I
- ƒ a\-
n-em-°p-I. hn. Ip¿∫m-\b
- n¬ A¿∞w a\- n-em-°n, `‡n-tbmsS ]s¶-Sp-°p-I.
a\x-]m-T-hmIyw: Fs‚ amwkw km£m¬ `£-Whpw Fs‚ c‡w km£m¬ ]m\o-
b-hp-am-Ip-∂p. Fs‚ amwkw Xn∂p-Ibpw Fs‚ c‡w IpSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-
h≥ F∂nepw Rm≥ Ah-\nepw hkn-°p∂p (hn. tbml. 6:55, 56).
]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: hn. Ip¿∫m-\-{I-aw, hn. thZ-]p-kvX-Iw.
BapJw
\ΩpsS hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bnse hfsc t{ijv-T-amb Hcp `mK-am-W v Xp_vtZ-\p-Iƒ.
Ah-sb-°p-dn®v Ign-™-h¿jw (¢m- v 9, bqWn‰v 5) ]Tn-®-p.
Xp_vtZ≥ hmb-\-Iƒ Ign™v "A≥]p-S-tbm-s\...' F∂ KoXw Be-]n-°p-tºmƒ
ad-he - n®v hn. aZv_l
- m-bn¬ \S-°p∂ cl-ky-ip-{iq-js - b-bmWv "Jfin-∏ns‚ ip{iqj'
F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. tbip-X-ºp-cm≥ hn. Ip¿∫m\ ÿm]-\-th-f-bn¬ ]d™ \mep-hm-
°p-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ (tbip Xs‚ Xrss°I-fn¬ A∏w FSpØp, hmgvØn,
apdn-®p, sImSp-Øp) \ΩpsS hn. Ip¿∫m-\sb \mep-L-´-ß-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°m-dp-≠v.
"FSp-°pI' F∂Xv Hcp-°i - p-{iq-js
- bbpw hN-\i
- p-{iq-js- bbpw Ipdn-°p-∂p. "hmgvØpI'
F∂Xv ]´-°m-c≥ ]Z-hn-ta¬ Ib-dn-\n-∂p-sIm≠v Xp_vtZ≥ hsc \S-Øp∂ ip{iq-
j-If - m-Wv. "apdn-°pI' F∂ I¿Ω-amWv Jfin-∏ns‚ ip{iq-jb - n¬ \S-°p-∂X - v. "sImSp-
°pI' F∂Xp I¿Xr-{]m¿∞\ apX¬ hn. Ip¿∫m\ kzoI-cWw hsc-bp≈ L´-
amWv. Jfin-∏ns‚ ip{iq-j-bnse hnhn[ kwK-Xn-Iƒ \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
]mT-`mKw
c≠mw Bio¿hmZw
hn. Ip¿∫m-\b - nse aq∂v Bio¿hm-Zß - f - n¬ c≠m-at- ØXv \S-Øn-°g- n-bp-tºmgmWv
ad hen-®n- Sp-∂Xpw "A≥]p-St- bm-s\...' F∂ KoXw Be-]n-°p-∂X - pw. a‰p c≠v Bio¿hm-
Z-ßƒ {XnXz-\m-a-Øn-em-sW-¶nepw Cu ka-bsØ Bio¿hmZw ]p{X≥X-ºp-cms\
tI{µ-am-°n-bp-≈X - m-Wv. ""hen-bh- \pw \ΩpsS c£-I\ - p-amb tbip ain-lm-bm-Ip∂
ssZh-Øns‚ Icp-W, Fs‚ ktlm-Zc - ß
- s- f, \nß-sf-√m-ht- cmSpw IqSn Ft∂bv°pw
D≠m-bn-cn-°s´'' F∂p ]d-bp∂ Cu Bio¿hmZw ]utemkv At∏m-kvXe - ≥ 1 sImcn.
16:23, Kem-Xy¿ 6:18 F∂o `mK-ßf - n¬ ]d-bp∂ Bio¿hm-ZØ - n\p ka-am-Wv.
Imtkm-en°n
ad-he- n-®p-Ig
- n™v \mw Be-]n-°p∂ KoX-sØ kpdn-bm-\n-`m-jb
- n¬ "ImtXmen°n'
AYhm "Imtkm-en°n' F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. "s]mXp-hmb {]m¿∞\' F∂mWv Cu ]Z-
Øns‚ A¿∞w. Cu KW-Øn¬ hnti-jZ- n-hk - ß
- ƒ°v {]tXyI- KoX-ßƒ D]-tbm-
Kn-°m-dp-≠v. F¶nepw km[m-cW - b- mbn \mw c≠p KoXß-fmWv sNm√m-dp-≈X - v.
1. A≥]p-S-tbm-s\... F∂ KoXw
kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ "_vXdHm ZotemIv' F∂m-cw-`n-°p∂ Cu KoXw [ym\m-fl-I-
ambn Be-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ KoXamWv. \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ Xncp-i-co-csØ kqNn-∏n-
25
°p∂ hn. Ip¿∫m-\-b∏w apdn-°p∂ thf-bn¬ \mw ssZh-tØmSp Icp-W bmNn°p∂
Km\-am-Wn-Xv. \ap°pth≠n Ipcn-in¬ acn® \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hn-t\mSp \mw I-cpW
bmNn-°p∂ \nan-j-hp-am-Wn-Xv.
2. {km∏n-Isf It≠-im-bm...
sbi-øm {]hm-N-I≥ ImWp∂ kz¿§ob Z¿i-\-Ønse ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ (sbi.
6:1˛8) Na-bv°-s∏´ Hcp KoX-am-WnXv. amem-J-am-cpsS hrµw c£-I-\mb {InkvXp-
hns\ Bcm-[n-°p-∂-Xmbn \mw a\- n-em-°p∂ kz¿§ob \nan-j-am-Wn-Xv. AXn-\m-
emWv Cubh-k-c-Øn¬ Bcpw-Xs∂ ]≈n°p ]pd-Øp-t]m-hp-Itbm, a‰p- Im-cy-ß-
fn¬ CS-s]-Sp-Itbm sNø-cp-sX∂v \njvI¿jn-°p-∂-Xv.
Jfin-∏ns‚ ip{iqj
]oem-km-bn¬ h®n-cn-°p∂ hn. Ip¿∫m-\-b-∏sØ Im¿ΩnI≥ apdn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-
≠mWv Cu ip{iq-jsb "Jfin-∏ns‚' ip{iqjsb∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu ip{iq-j-
bn¬ aq∂p Imcy-ßƒ \S-°p∂p: a) A∏-Øns‚ hn`-P\w; b) apdn® A∏sØ Imkm-
bn-ep≈ Xncp-c-‡w-sIm≠v ap{Z-bn-Sp∂ `mKw; c) Xncp-i-cocw Xncp-c-‡-Ønepw Xncp-
c‡w Xncp-i-co-c-Ønepw Ie¿Øp∂ `mKw F∂n-h-bm-W-h. cl-ky-ambn \SØp∂
Jfin-∏ns‚ ip{iq-j-bn¬ Znh-∂m-tkymkv _¿…o_n F∂ ]nXmhv Fgp-Xnb Hcp
{]m¿∞-\-bmWv Im¿Ωn-I≥ sNm√p-∂-Xv. CXv Hcp {]m¿∞-\-sb-∂-Xn-ep-]cn k`-
bpsS as‰mcp hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]\w IqSn-bm-Wv. Cu hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]-\-Øn¬ Xmsg-
∏-d-bp∂ kwK-Xn-I-fmWv Im¿Ωn-I≥ G‰p-]-d-bp-∂Xv.
a. tbip-hns‚ {Iqip-a-c-W-Øn-eqsS hN-\-amb ssZh-amWv a\p-jy-c-£-bv°mbn
apdn-°s∏-Sp-Ibpw _en-bm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv.
b. {Iqinse acWw aqew \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ ico-c-Øn¬\nt∂m Bflm-hn¬
\nt∂m ssZhXzw th¿s]-ń-√.
c. krjvSn apgp-h-s‚bpw ]m]-]-cn-lm-cm¿∞-amWv tbip Ipcn-in¬ acn-®Xv; AXp-
aqew CS-tØ-Xn-\-Sp-Ø-h-cmb (]m-]n-I-fm-b) \mta-hcpw he-tØ-Xn-\-Sp-Ø-h-cmbn
(hn-ip-≤-cm-bn) cq]m-¥cw {]m]n-°p-∂p.
d. Xs‚ c‡-s®m-cn-®n¬sIm≠v tbip temI-Øn¬ tbmPn-∏n-®-Xn-\p-tijw aq∂mw-
Zn-hkw Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰p. kz¿§o-b-scbpw ùan-I-scbpw kzPm-Xn-I-sfbpw hnPm-
Xn-I-sfbpw XΩn¬ \nc-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ (reconciliation) ssZhn-I-ip-{iq-j-bm-bn-cp∂p
tbip-hns‚ Ipcn-inse _en. ]´-°m-c≥ cl-ky-ambn sNm√p∂ Cu {]m¿∞\
Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv ""C{]-Imcw Rßƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.- C-ßs\ Rßƒ G‰p-
]-d-bp-∂p, Cßs\ Rßƒ Dd-∏n-®p-]-d-bp-Ibpw sNøp∂p'' F∂p sNm√n-bm-Wv.
epØn-\n-bm-Iƒ
"A≥]p-S-tbm-s\...' F∂ KoX-am-e-]n-®-tijw ip{iq-j-°m-c≥ sNm√p∂ At]-
£-I-f-mWv epØn-\n-bm-Iƒ (Litanies). kakvX temI-Øn\pw th≠n Ipcn-in-t∑¬
bmK-am-bn-Øo¿∂ \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hn-t\mSp Ir]-Isf bmNn-°p∂ coXn-bnemWv
Cu {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ Fgp-X-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
D]-kw-lmcw
]m]w aqew \jvS-s∏´ ]dp-Zo-km-bn-tebv°v \ap-°p≈ {]th-i\w km[y-am-°nb
\ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ {Iqip-a-c-W-sØbpw Dbn¿∏n-s\bpw A\p-kva-cn-®-tijw ad-h-
en-®p-\o°n \mw I¿Ør-{]m¿∞\ sNm√p-hm-\m-bn- Xøm-dm-Ip-∂p. F{_m-b-te-J-\-
Øn¬ \mw hmbn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse (F-{_m-b¿ 10:19-˛22) ""tbip Xs‚ tZlw F∂
26
Xnc-ioebn¬°qSn \ap-°mbn {]Xn-jvTn® Poh-\p≈ ]pXp-h-gn-bmbn Xs‚ c‡-
Øm¬'' \mw ]nXmhmw ssZh-Øn-¶-tebv°v ASp-Øp-h-cp-∂p. ""A∫m-]n-Xm-th...''
F∂p hnfn-°p-hm-\p≈ kzmX-{¥y-tØmsS (K-em-Xy¿ 4:6˛7) \mw ""kz¿§-ÿ-\mb
]nXmth'' F∂ {]m¿∞\ sNm√p-∂p (a-Ømbn 6:9˛13).
(hn.- Ip¿∫m-\m\p-`-h-Øn\p apºp≈ {]m¿∞-\)
ssZh-amb I¿Ømth, \ns‚ ]cn-ip≤ icocw `£n-∏m\pw ]m]-]-cn-
lmcw \¬Ip∂ \ns‚ c‡w ]m\w sN-øp-hm\pw Rß-sf- tbm-Ky-cm-°-
W-sa. Fs‚ I¿Ømhpw Ft-∂bv°pw Rß-fpsS ssZh-hpta, \ns‚
Xncp-hn-jvSsØ {]km-Zn-∏n-®n-´p≈ kI-e-tcmSpw IqsS kz¿§-cm-Py-Øn\v
Rßƒ Ah-Im-in-I-fm-bn-Øo-c-W-sa. -BΩo≥.
\ap°v ]mSmw
A·n-a-b-∑m¿ Bsc t\m°n¬ hnd-®o-Sp∂p
Ahs\ tai-bn¬ A∏w ho™mbv \o ImWp∂p
Bsc an∂-ep-Sp-tØm¿ t\m°p-In¬ Fcn-bp-∂p-Ss\
Ahs\ aä-b¿ `£n-®p -apJw sXfn-bp-t∂‰w
\n›bw
hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bnse Jfin-∏ns‚ ip{iq-j-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
Rßƒ a\- n-em-°n. C\n taen¬, Cu ip{iq-j-bpsS ka-bØv
Rßƒ `‡n-tbmsS AXn¬ ]s¶-SpØv {]m¿∞n-°pw.
\ap°v Nn¥n°mw
1. hn. Ip¿∫m\ ÿm]-\-Øn¬ I¿Ømhp ]d™ \mep {Inbm-cq-]-ßƒ Gh?
hn. Ip¿∫m-\sb CX-\p-k-cn®v Fßs\ L´w-L-´-ambn th¿Xn-cn°mw?
2. hn.- Ip¿∫m\bnse aq∂v Bio¿hm-Z-ß-fn¬ c≠m-asØ Bio¿hm-Z-Øns‚
{]tXy-IX F¥v?
3. Cu Bio¿hm-Z-Øn\p ka-ambn hn. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂
Bio¿hm-Z-taXv?
4. "Imtkm-en°n' F∂ kpdn-bm-\n-]-Z-Øns‚ A¿∞-sa¥v?
5. ""{km∏n-Isf It≠-im-bm...'' F∂ KoX-Øns‚ thZ-]p-kvX-Im-Sn-ÿm\w F¥v?
6. Jfin-∏ns‚ ip{iq-j-bn¬ \S-°p∂ aq∂v Imcy-ßƒ GsX√mw?
7. ""Jfin-∏ns‚ ip{iq-jm-ka - bw Im¿Ωn-I≥ sNm√p∂ {]m¿∞\ k`-bpsS as‰mcp
hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]\w IqSn-bmWv'' ˛ ka¿∞n-°p-I.
8. Cu ip{iq-j-bpsS Ah-km-\-`m-KsØ "epØn-\nbm'IfpsS {]tXy-IX F¥v?
{]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
1. ""A≥]p-S-tbm-s\...'' F∂ KoXØns‚ `mK-ßƒ KZy-cq-]-Øn-¬ Iuam-bpsS Hcp
{]m¿∞-\-bn-ep≠v; I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.
2. Jfin-∏ns‚ ip{iq-jm-k-abw sNm√p∂ epØn-\n-bm-I-fpsS Hcp enÃv Xøm-dm-
°p-I. Ah Hmtcm∂pw {i≤-tbmsS hmbn®v A¿∞w a\- n-em-°p-I.
XpS¿hm-b-\bv°v
27
bqWn‰v 6
hnizm-k-k-Xy-ßƒ
]mTw 22
hn. {XnXzw
]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: {InkvXob k` ]n¥p-S-cp∂ {XnXz-hn-izm-ksØ°pdn®v a\- n-
em-°p-I. {XnXz-hnizm-k-Øns‚ ]g-b-\n-ba ]pXn-b-\n-ba ASn-ÿm-\-ßƒ
a\ n-em-°p-I. {XnXzhnizm-k-Øn\v k`m-Po-hn-X-Øn-ep≈ {]m[m\yw a\ n-
em-°p-I. ssZhsØ {XnXz-\m-a-Øn¬ kvXpXn-°p-I.
a\x-]m-T-hmIyw: ""Ffn-b-h-tcmSv kZz¿Ø-am\w tLmjn-∏m≥ btlmh Fs∂ A`n-
tjIw sNbvXn-cn-°-sIm-≠v, btlm-h-bmb I¿Øm-hns‚ Bflmhv Fs‚-ta¬
Ccn-°p∂p'' (sb-i. 61:1).
]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: I¿Øm-hns‚ amtam-Zo-km-bpsS Hcp Nn{Xw, hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw,
hn. Ip¿∫m-\-{Iaw, IpSpw-_m-cm-[-\-{Iaw.
BapJw
{InkvXo-b-k-`-bpsS {]tXy-IX {XnXz-hn-izm-k-am-Wv. ]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥, ]cn-ip-
≤m-flmhv F∂ aq∂p Bf-Xz-ßƒ ASßnb GI-ssZ-h-Øn-emWv \mw hniz-kn-°p-
∂-Xv. aq∂p Bf-Xz-ßfpw ]q¿Æ-ambpw ssZh-Xz-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ ssZh-ßƒ
Ds≠∂v {InkvXo-b-k` ]d-bp-∂n-√. Htc-k-abw {XnXzhpw GI-hp-am-Wv ssZhw. AXp-
sIm-≠mWv {Xntb-I-ssZhw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ssZhw FÆ-Øn\pw \n¿h-N-\-Øn\pw
AXo-X-\m-Wv. Hscm‰ ssZhw, aq∂p ssZh-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\ ssZhsØ kwJy-I-
fn¬ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-√. a\p-jy-_p-≤n°v AXo-X-amb cl-ky-amWv ssZhw.
a\p-jy-_p-≤nsb krjvSn-®Xv ssZh-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ kr-jvSn°v {kjvSm-hns\ Dƒs°m-
≈m-\m-hn-√. F¶nepw hn.- {Xn-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ Bi-b-ßƒ \mw a\- n-em-t°-
≠-Xm-Wv. Ah-bmWv C∂v \Ωƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv.
]mT-`mKw
F√m {]m¿∞-\-I-fnepw {XnXz-hn-izmkw \mw G‰p-]-d-bp-∂p≠v: ""]nXm-hn\pw
]p{X\pw ]cn-ip≤ dqlmbv°pw kvXpXn'' F∂p≈ {XnXz-kvXp-Xn-tbm-sS-bm-W-t√m
{]m¿∞-\-Ifpw IqZm-im-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. Imt\m-\nI {]m¿∞-\-
Iƒ°pw IqZm-i-bnse KoX-ßƒ°pw CS-bn¬ "ip_-tlm...' F∂p kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬
sNm√p-∂Xpw ta¬∏-d™ {XnXz-kvXpXn Xs∂-bm-Wv. {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ Ah-km-\n-°p-
∂Xpw {XnXz-\m-a-Øn-ep≈ Bio¿hm-Z-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ timi∏m
BtLmjw Ign™v {XnXz-\m-a-Øn¬ ]´-°m-c≥ P\-ßsf Bio¿h-Zn-°p-∂p.
""]nXmhmw ssZh-Øns‚ kvt\lhpw GI-Pm-Xs‚ Ir]bpw ]cn-ip≤ dqlm-bpsS
kw_-‘hpw \nßƒ F√m-h-tcmSpw IqsS Ccn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.'' hn. ]ueqkv c≠mw
sImcn-¥y-te-J\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂Xv Cu Bio¿hm-Z-tØm-sS-bmWv (2 sImcn.
13:14).
28
hn. Ip¿∫m-\b
- n¬ ""Cu hnip-≤X
- I
- ƒ hnip-≤∑
- m¿°pw shSn-∏p-≈h
- ¿°pw am{Xw''
\¬I-s∏-Sp∂p F∂ {]Jym-]-\-tØmsS A∏-ho-™p-Iƒ Db¿Øn BtLm-jn-®-Xn-
\p-tijw "]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥, ]cn-ip≤ dqlm' "\tΩm-Sp-IqsS' F∂ {]Jym-]\w \S-
Øp-∂p-≠v. hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bnepw a‰p {]m¿∞-\-I-fnepw \mw Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p-
∂Xv hn. {XnXz-Øns‚ k∂n-[n-bn¬ BsW∂pw hn. {XnXz-Øn-\mWv Bcm-[\
A¿∏n-°p-∂-sX∂pw Cu {]m¿∞-\-I-ƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
]cn-ip≤ {XnXzw ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬

GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-fmWv blq-Z-∑m¿. ""bn{km-tb-te, tIƒ°; btlmh \ΩpsS
ssZh-am-Ip∂p, btlmh GI≥ Xs∂'' (B-h. 6:4). blq-Z-∑m-cpsS hnizm-k-{]-am-W-
am-bn-cp∂p Cu hmIyw. F∂m¬ {XnXz-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn-
ep-S-\ofw ImWp-∂p-≠v. BZm-ans\ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv {XnXz-Ønse Bf-Xz-ßƒ
C{]-Imcw ]ckv]cw kwkm-cn®p: ""A\-¥cw ssZhw: \mw \ΩpsS kzcq-]-Øn¬ \-
ΩpsS kmZr-iy-{]-Imcw a\pjys\ D≠m-°pI'' (D-ev]. 1:26). ""Cßs\ ssZhw Xs‚
kzcq-]-Øn¬ a\p-jys\ krjvSn®p. ssZh-Øns‚ kzcq-]-Øn¬ Ahs\ krjvSn®p''
(D-ev]. 1:27). C-hnsS BZysØ hmIy-Øn¬ _lphN\hpw ("\mw' "\ΩpsS') c≠m-
a-tØ-Xn¬ GI-h-N-\hpw ("X-s‚') D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ssZhw {XnXzhpw GI-
Xzhpw BsW∂v Cu hmIy-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ ssZh-Øns‚
hN-\-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏-‰n-bp-ap≈ kqN-\-Iƒ ImWp∂p: ""btlm-h-
bpsS (]n-Xm-hv) hN-\-Øm¬ (]p-{X≥) BIm-ihpw Ahs‚ hmbnse izmk-Øm¬
(dq-lm) AXnse kIe ssk\yhpw Df-hmbn'' (k¶o. 33:6). ChnsS "izmkw' F∂-
Xn\v lo{_p-hnepw kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw dqlm (B-flm-hv) F∂ hm°mWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-
cn-°p-∂-Xv. temI-kr-jvSn-bn¬ ]nXmhmw ssZh-tØm-sSm∏w {]h¿Øn® ]p{X-s\bpw
]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-∏-‰n-bp-amWv ChnsS ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂Xv (k-¶o. 147:18 ImWpI;
hN\w Im‰v AYhm dqlm F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p). ""\ns‚ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-
hns\ F∂n¬\n∂v FSp-°b - p-ac
- ptX'' (k-¶o. 51:11) F∂v k¶o¿Ø-\°
- m-c≥ {]m¿∞n-
°p-∂p. ""Ffn-b-h-tcmSp kZz¿Ø-am\w tLmjn-∏m≥ btlmh Fs∂ A`n-tjIw
sNbvXn-cn-°-sIm≠v btlm-h-bmb I¿Øm-hns‚ Bflmhv Fs‚-ta¬ Ccn-°p∂p''
(sb-i. 61:1). \t{k-Ønse kp\-tKm-Kn¬, im_-Xn¬ Cu {]h-N-\-`mKw hmbn-®p-
sIm-≠mWv tbip-{InkvXp ]c-ky-ip-{iqj Bcw-`n-®Xv (eq-t°mkv 4:16-˛19).
]cn-ip≤ -{XnXzw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬

hn. {XnXzsØ∏‰n `mKn-I-amb shfn-]m-Sp-I-fmWv ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn-ep-≠m-b-Xv.
F∂m¬ ]q¿Æ-amb shfn-]mSv ]pXnb\nb-a-Øn-ep-≠m-bn. ]nXm-hv, ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hv
F∂o c≠v Bf-Xz-ß-sf-∏‰n tbip-{InkvXp shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. XpS¿∂v hn. ]ueqkv
XpS-ßnb ]pXn-b-\n-ba Fgp-Øp-Im¿ Ah¿°v e`n® ssZhn-I-sh-fn-]m-Sp-Iƒ A\p-
k-cn®v hn. {XnXz-sØ-∏‰n ]Tn-∏n-®p.
hn. -{XnXzw BZy-ambn shfn-s∏-´Xv I¿Øm-hns‚ amtam-Zo-km-bn-em-Wv. tbip-
{InkvXp tbm¿±m-\n¬ kv\m\-ta¬°p-tºmƒ: ""kz¿§w Xpd∂v ssZhmflmhv {]msh-
∂-t]mse Cdßn Xs‚-ta¬ hcp-∂Xv Ah≥ (tbm-l-∂m≥) I≠p; Ch≥ Fs‚
{]nb ]p{X≥; Ch-\n¬ Rm≥ {]km-Zn-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂p kz¿§-Øn¬\n∂p Hcp
i_vZh- pw D≠mbn'' (a-Øm. 3:16-˛17; eqt°mkv 3:21-˛22; a¿t°mkv 1:10-˛11; tbml. 1:32-˛34).
]p{X≥ a\p-jy-cq-]-Ønepw ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv {]mhns‚ cq]-Ønepw ]nXmhv Xs‚
29
i_vZ-Ønepw tbm¿±m-\n¬ km∂n[yw Adn-bn-®p. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ D]-tZ-i-ß-
fn¬ ]nXmhmw ssZh-sØ-∏‰n [mcm-f-amb ]cm-a¿i-\-ß-fp-≠v. I¿Ør-{]m¿∞\
"kz¿§-ÿ-\mb ]nXm-hn-s\'-bm-Wt√m kwt_m-[\ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hn. {XnXz-
Ønse H∂m-asØ Bf-XzsØ "]nXmhv' F∂v tbip-{InkvXp kwt_m[\ sNbvXn-
cn-°p∂psh¶nepw ]nXm-hns‚ shfn-]mSv i_vZ-Øn-eqsS am{X-amWv ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-
Øn-ep-≠m-b-Xv. ssZhw a\p-jy-Nn-¥bv°pw _p≤n°pw AXo-X\pw AZr-iy-\p-am-Wv.
tbm¿±m-\nse shfn-]mSp IqSmsX tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ Xmt_m¿aebnse alXz-
{]-Xy-£o-I-c-W-k-a-bØpw ]nXmhv i_vZ-Øn-eqsS shfn-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]p{Xs\ km£n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ""Ch≥ Fs‚ {]nb-]p-{X≥, Ch-¶¬ Rm≥ {]km-Zn-®n-cn-°p∂p;
Ch\p sNhn-sIm-Sp-∏o≥'' F∂p Hcp i_vZ-hp-ap-≠mbn (a-Øm. 17:1˛9; a¿t°mkv
9:2˛10; eqt°mkv 9:28-˛36; 2 ]t{Xm. 1:17-˛18). ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhpw AZr-iy\pw a\p-jy-_p-
≤n°v AXo-X-\p-am-Wv. {]mhns‚ cq]-Øn¬ tbm¿±m-\nepw A·n-\m-hp-I-fpsS cq]-
Øn¬ s]¥n-t°mkvXn Zn\-Ønepw (A. {]. 2:1˛4) Im‰ns‚ cq]-Øn¬ krjvSn-bpsS
Bcw-`-Ønepw (D-ev]. 1:2) ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv shfn-s∏-´p. cq]-cln-X-\m-b-Xp-sIm≠mWv
hyXykvX cq]-ßƒ shfn-]m-Sn¬ ssZhm-flmhv kzoI-cn-®Xv.
]cn-ip≤ {XnXzw k`m-Po-hn-X-Øn¬
{XntbI ssZhw Hcp "kaql'amWv. amtam-Zokm aqew {InkvXp-hn-t\mSp tN¿°-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw hn. Ip¿∫m\ A\p-`hw hgn {InkvXp-hn¬ hkn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ hnizm-
kn-Iƒ Cu kaq-l-tØmSv ASp-Øp-sN-√p-∂p. AXn-\mWv kw_‘w (communion)
F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. hn.- {Xn-Xz-tØmSv tN¿∂p≈ Pohn-X-sØ-bmWv Cu hm°v kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xv. hn. {XnXztØm-Sp≈ kw_‘w km[y-am-Ip-∂Xv {]m¿∞-\-bn-eq-sS-bmWv.
hn. amtam-Zo-km-bn¬ \mw {InkvXp-hn-t\mSp tNcp-Ibpw aqtdm≥ A`n-tj-I-Øn-eqsS
]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv \Ωn¬ hkn-°p-Ibpw \mw kz¿§o-b-]n-Xm-hns‚ a°-fm-bn-Øo-cp-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hmtcm {]m¿∞-\bpw {XnXz-tØm-Sp≈ _‘sØ ZrV-am-°p-∂p.
""\nßƒ a°ƒ BI-sIm≠v "A∫m-]n-Xmth' F∂p hnfn-°p∂ kz]p-{Xs‚ Bflm-
hns\ ssZhw \ΩpsS lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ Ab-®p. Aßs\ \o C\n Zmk-\√ ]p{X-
\s{X; ]p{X-s\-¶ntem ssZh-ln-X-Øm¬ Ah-Im-inbpw BIp∂p'' (K-em. 4:6˛7; tdma¿
8:15).
{XnXz-\m-a-Øn¬ hn. amtam-Zokm \¬Ip-hm-\mWv I¿Ømhv injy-∑m-tcmSp Iev]n-
®Xv (a-Øm. 28:19). ImcWw ]nXmhmw ssZh-Øn¬\n∂pw ]m]w aqew AI-∂p-
t]mb a\p-jy-h¿§sØ ssZh-kw-k¿§-Øn¬ XncnsI sIm≠p-h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp∂p
a\pjym-h-Xmc-Øns‚ e£yw. AXns‚ ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-amWv hn. amtam-Zo-kmbpw
hn. Ip¿∫m-\m-\p-`-h-hpw.
hn. {XnXz-tØm-Sp≈ {]m¿∞\ ChnsS F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v sNm√p-I. (Ip-Spw-_m-
cm-[\ {Ia-Øn¬ Ah-km-\-`mKØv {]tXyI {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ F∂ `mKsØ BZy
{]m¿∞-\)
]cnip≤ ]nXmth (_m-hm), \ns‚ ]cn-ip≤ Xncp-\m-a-Øm¬ Rßsf
\o ImØp-sIm-≈-W-sa. c£n-Xm-hmb ]p{Xm, Pb-ap≈ \ns‚ -…o-_m-
bm¬ Rßsf \o ad-®p-sIm-≈-W-ta. ]cn-ip≤ dqlm, ip≤-ap≈ \ns‚
IpSn-bn-cn-∏ns‚ `h-\-ß-fmbn Rßsf \o Na-®p-sIm-≈-W-sa. Rß-fpsS
30
ssZh-amb I¿Ømth, F√m ka-bØpw F√mt\-cØpw \ns‚ ssZh-Xz-
Øns‚ Nnd-Ip-I-fpsS \ng-en≥Io-gn¬, Ft∂bv°pw Rßsf \o ad®v
Rß-fpsSta¬ A\p-{Klw sNø-W-sa. BΩo≥.
\ap°v ]mSmw
ac-a-Xn-\p-b-sc I¿Øm-th
I≈\p Inńb \ns‚ hcw
{XnXzsØ sIm≠mSn acn˛
t®mcpw ssIs°m-≠o-tSWw
\n›bw
hn. {XnXz-Øns‚ thZ-]p-kvXI ASn-ÿm-\hpw k`-bpsS
Bcm-[-\-bnepw hn. IqZm-i-I-fnepw hn.- {Xn-Xz-Øn-\p≈
{]m[m\yhpw Rßƒ a\- n-em-°n ssZhsØ {XnXz-\m-a-Øn¬
Rßƒ kvXpXn-°p-Ibpw hmgvØp-Ibpw sNøpw.
\ap°v Nn¥n°mw
1. {Xntb-I-ssZhw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-sX¥v?
2. \ΩpsS Bcm-[-\-bn¬ {XnXz-\maw Hm¿°p∂ KoX-ßƒ Gh?
3. hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ hn. {XnXz-Øn-\p≈ {]m[m-\y-sa¥v?
4. hn. {XnXz-Øns‚ thZ-]p-kvXI ASn-ÿm\w ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬\n∂v D≤-cn-
°p-I.
5. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ hn. -{Xn-XzsØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ Gh?
6. {XnXz-hn-izmkw {]m¿∞-\-I-fn¬ Fß-s\-bmWv {]I-S-am-°n-bn-cn°p-∂Xv?
7. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ {XnXzsØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ kqN-\-Iƒ hnh-cn-°p-I.
8. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ ]cn. {XnXzw shfn-s∏´ c≠p kw`-h-ßƒ Gh?
9. kw_‘w (communion) F∂ hm°ns‚ Bibw hnh-cn-°p-I.
10. k`m-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ hn. {XnXz-Øn-\p≈ ÿm\w F¥v?
XpS¿hm-b-\bv°v
31
]mTw 23
{InkvXob ]utcm-lnXyw
]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: {InkvXob ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ Bi-b-ßƒ a\- n-
em-°p-I. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn-sebpw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Ønsebpw ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚
{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Ønse hnhn[ ]´w-sIm-S-Iƒ,
Ah-bpsS {]m[m\yw apXembh a\- n-em-°p-I. ]utcm-ln-Xy-ÿm-\n-Isf
_lp-am-\n-°p-I.
a\x-]m-T-hmIyw: ""BI-bm¬ ssZh-]p-{X-\mb tbip BIm-i-Øn¬°qSn IS-∂p-t]m-
sbmcp t{ijvT-a-lm-]p-tcm-ln-X-\mbn \ap°v D≈-Xp-sIm≠v \mw \ΩpsS
kzoImcw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm-≈pI'' (F-{_m-b¿ 4:14).
]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw, hn.- Ip¿∫m-\-{Iaw, {]m¿∞-\m-{Iaw
BapJw
\ΩpsS k`-bnse hnhn-[- ]u-tcm-lnXy ÿm\n-Iƒ, _nj-∏∑m¿ (F∏nkvtIm∏m),
I»o-im-am¿ (sshZn-I¿), siΩm-i-∑m¿ F∂n-h-cm-Wv. Ch-cpsS {]tXyI Npa-X-eIƒ
Fs¥-√m-amWv? ]utcm-lnXy ÿm\n-Isf _lp-am-\n-t°-≠Xv \ΩpsS IS-a-bm-Wv.
{InkvXob ]utcmlnXy-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw {]m[m-\yhpw BWv \Ωƒ ]Tn-°p-
∂Xv.
]mT-`mKw
{InkvXob ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ ]utcm-ln-
Xy-am-Wv. ""a¬°o-k-tZ-°ns‚ {Ia-{]-Imcw alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-\mb tbip'' F∂mWv
F{_m-b-te-J-\-Øn¬ {InkvXp-hns\ hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv (F-{_m. 6:20). ""hcp-
hm-\p≈ \-∑-I-fpsS alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-\mb tbip h∂p F∂pw (F-{_m. 9:11), ""\nXym-
flm-hn¬ ssZh-Øn\v X∂-Øm≥ \njvI-f-¶-\mbn kzbw A¿∏n®p'' (F-{_m. 9:14)
F∂pw F{_m-b-te-J\w ]d-bp-∂p. Im¬h-dn-bnse Ipcn-ip-a-c-Ww, ]ptcm-ln-X≥
F∂ \ne-bn¬ tbip{InkvXp \S-Ønb bmKm¿∏-W-am-Wv.
bn{km-tb¬ P\-Xbpw cmP-Iob ]utcm-ln-Xyhpw

""\nßƒ F\n°p ]ptcm-ln-X-cm-P-Xzhpw hnip≤ P\hpw BIpw'' (]p-d-∏mSv 19:6)
F∂v ssZhw bn{km-tb-en-t\mSp Acp-fn-s®-bvXp. "]ptcm-ln-X-cm-PXzw' (Kingdom of
Priests) F∂ hnti-j-W-Øns‚ A¿∞w bn{km-tb¬ cmPy-Ønse Hmtcm ]uc\pw
"]ptcm-ln-XZ- uXyw' \nd-th-‰W
- s
- a-∂m-Wv. ssZh-Øns‚ Icp-Wbpw kvt\lhpw kIe
a\p-jy-scbpw Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°p-th≠n {]m¿∞n-°p-hm-\pap≈ ZuXy-amWv
Hmtcm blq-Z-s\bpw ssZhw Gev]n-®-Xv. bn{km-tb¬ P\-Xsb "]utcm-ln-Xy-cmPyw'
F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n-epw, Bcm-[\ \bn-°p-hm\pw bmKm¿∏-W-Øn-\p-ambn tehy-
scbpw Ah-cn¬\n∂v Al-tdm-s\bpw ]p{X-∑m-scbpw ssZhw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.
]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ {InkvXob k`sb ]pXnb bn{km-tb-em-bn-´mWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-
®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ""\nßƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Hcp PmXnbpw cmP-Iob ]ptcm-ln-X-
h¿§hpw hnip-≤-hw-ihpw kz¥-P-\hpw BIp∂p'' (1 ]t{Xmkv 2:9) F∂p ]d-bp-
32
∂Xv k` ]pXnb bn{km-tb-em-sW∂v ImWn-°p-hm-\m-Wv. "cmP-Iob ]ptcm-ln-X-
h¿§w' F∂ ]Zhn k`bv°v e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm {In-kvXym-\nbpw ssZh-Øns‚
kvt\lhpw Icp-Wbpw temIsØ Adn-bn-°p-hm\pw k¿∆-tem-I-Øn\pw th≠n
{]m¿∞n-°p-hm\pw hnfn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. ]gb bn{km-tb-en-se-t∏mse k`sb \bn-
°p-hm\pw Bcm-[-\bv°v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-hm\pw hn.- Iq-Zm-i-Iƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-hm\pw
{InkvXob ]utcm-lnXy ip{iqj \ΩpsS I¿Ømhv ÿm]n-®p.
tbip injy-∑msc ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cmbn hmgn-°p∂p
tbip a¬°n-k-tZ-°ns‚ {Ia-{]Im-c-ap≈ alm-]p-tcm-lnX\msW∂v F{_m-b-
te-J\w hni-Z-am-°p∂p (F-{_m. 6:20, 7:26-˛28; 8:2). shfn-]m-Sn¬ hn. tbml-∂m≥
{InkvXp-hns\ Z¿in-®Xv alm-]p-tcm-ln-Xs‚ thj-Øn-emWv. ""Ggp s]m≥\ne-hn-f-
°p-I-fpsS \Sp-hn¬ \ne-b¶n [cn®p amdØp s]m≥I® sIń-b-h-\mbn a\p-j-y-]p-{X-
t\mSp kZr-iy-\mbhs\bpw I≠p'' (sh-fn. 1:13). ]g-b-\n-b-a-]p-tcm-ln-Xs‚ thj-am-
bn-cp∂p ]mZw-h-sc-bp≈ Ip∏m-bhpw (]p-d. 28:4; 28:15), Nn{X-∏-Wn-sNbvX Acs°´pw
(]p-d. 39:29).
Xs‚ ZuXy-Ønepw A[n-Im-c-Ønepw tbip-{InkvXp inj-y-∑msc ]¶m-fn-I-fm°n.
AXm-bXv Xs‚ ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øn¬ Ahsc ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°n. Xm≥ sNbvXn-cp∂
ip{iqj Ahsc `c-ta-ev]n®p; ""A\-¥cw Ah\v Xs‚ ]{¥≠p injy-∑m-scbpw
ASp-°¬ hnfn-®p. Aip-≤m-flm-°sf ]pd-Øm-°p-hm\pw kI-eh - n[ Zo\hpw hym[nbpw
s]mdp-∏n-∏m\pw Ah¿°v A[n-Imcw sImSpØp'' (a-Øm. 10:1˛2). AtXcoXnbn¬ ]m]-
ßƒ tamNn-°p-hm-\p-≈ A[n-Im-chpw tbip injy-∑m¿°p \¬In. ""\nßƒ `qan-
bn¬ sI´p-∂-sX√mw kz¿§-Ønepw sI´-s∏-ń-cn°pw; \nßƒ `qan-bn¬ Agn-°p-∂-
sX√mw kz¿§-Ønepw Agn-™n-cn°pw F∂p Rm≥ kXy-am-bn´p \nß-tfmSp ]d-
bp∂p'' (a-Øm. 18:18; tbml. 20:21-˛23). ]g-b-\n-b-a-Im-esØ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ P\-ß-
fpsS ]m]-tam-N-\-Øn-\mbn bmKw Ign-®n-cp-∂p. ]m]-ßƒ tamNn-°p-hm-\p≈ \¬hcw
{InkvXp injy-∑m¿°v \¬In.
hn. Ip¿∫m\ ÿm]\w ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-bm-K-Øns‚ ÿm]-\-am-bn-cp∂p: ""Cu ]m\-
]m{Xw Fs‚ c‡-Øn¬ ]pXn-b-\n-baw BIp∂p'' (1 sImcn. 11:25). bYm¿∞ alm-
]p-tcm-ln-X-\mb {InkvXp kz¥w c‡-Øn¬ ]pXnb DS-ºSn AYhm ]pXn-b-\n-baw
ÿm]n-®p. AXns‚ BtLm-j-amWv Hmtcm hn. Ip¿∫m-\bpw. ""Fs‚ Hm¿Ω-bv°mbn
sNbvho≥'' F∂p≈ Iev]-\-hgn (1 sImcn. 11:25), Xs‚ ]utcm-lnXy ip{iqj XpS-
cp-hm-\p≈ \n¿t±iw I¿Ømhv injy-∑m¿°v \¬In.
injy-∑m¿ a‰p-≈-hsc ]utcm-ln-Xy-ip-{iq-j-bn¬ ]¶p-tN¿°p-∂p
I¿Øm-hv, As∏m-kvX-e-∑msc Xs‚ ip{iq-j-bn¬ ]¶p-tN¿Ø-Xp-t]mse,
Ahcpw a‰p-≈-hsc ]utcm-ln-Xy-ip-{iq-j-bn¬ ]¶p-tN¿Øp. AXns‚ DZm-l-c-W-
amWv bqZmbv°p ]I-cw, a∞n-bm-kns\ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv (A. {]. 1:15-˛26). ]pXnb
ÿm\m¿∞n-Isf sXc-s™-SpØv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ ]utcm-ln-Xy-ip-{iq-j-bn¬
]¶p-tN¿°p-∂X- n-\mWv ]´w-sImS (Ordination) F∂p ]d-bp-∂X
- v. a∞n-bm-kns‚ hmgvN
Ign™v A[nIw Xma-kn-bm-sX, k` ""Bflmhpw ⁄m\hpw \nd™v \√ km£y-
ap≈ Ggp ]pcp-j-∑msc sXc-s™-Sp-Øp'' (A. {]. 6:3). Ahsc ""As∏m-kvX-e-∑m-
cpsS apºmsI \ndpØn; Ah¿ {]m¿∞n®v Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ ssIsh®p'' (A. {]. 6:6).
At∏m-kvX-e-∑m¿ Ggp siΩm-i-∑msc ]´w sImSpØp hmgn-®p. At∏m-kvX-enI
33
Imew apX¬ Xe-bn¬ ssIsh®v {]m¿∞n-®m-bn-cp∂p ÿm\n-Isf hmgn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
AXn-\m¬ ]´w-sIm-Sbv°v ssIsh∏v (Laying on of hands) F∂pw t]cp ]d-bp-∂p.
]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Ønse CXc "]´w-sImS'Iƒ
1. H∂m-asØ anj-\d- n-bm-{Xbv°v _¿∂-_mkpw iuepw (hn. ]utemkv) ]pds∏-
Sp-tºmƒ At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-bpsS Npa-X-e-°m¿ Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ ssIsh®v A[n-Im-c-
s∏-SpØn: ""Ah¿ D]-h-kn®v {]m¿∞n®v Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ ssIsh®v Ahsc ]d-™-
b®p'' (A. {]. 13:3).
2. _¿∂-_mkpw ]utemkpw Xßƒ ÿm]n® k`-I-fn¬ aq∏-∑msc ssIsh®v
hmgn®p: ""Ah¿ k`-tXmdpw Ah¿°p aq∏-∑msc \nb-an-°p-Ibpw D]-hk - n®pw {]m¿∞n-
®pw-sIm≠v Xßƒ hniz-kn® I¿Øm-hn-¶¬ Ahsc `c-ta-ev]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp''
(A. {]. 14:23). ChnsS aq∏-∑m¿ (Presbyters or elders) F∂-Xn\v {Ko°n¬ Presbyteros
F∂pw kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ "I»oim' F∂p-amWv ImWp-∂-Xv. ]utemkpw _¿∂-_mkpw
"I»oim'amsc hmgn-®p F∂mWv Cu thZ-`mKw ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
As∏m-kvX-e-∑m¿ hmgn® _nj-∏p-am¿ ({Ko-°n¬ Episcopos) k`-Isf `cn-®n-cp-
∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n ]pXn-b-\n-baØn¬ ImWmw (A. {]. 20:17; 28; ^nen. 1:1; XotØmkv 1:7;
1 Xotam. 3:2). I¿Øm-hns‚ kz¿§m-tcm-lWØn\p-tijw At∏m-kvX-e-∑m¿ Xs∂
k`-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In. Ah¿ ÿm]n® k`-I-fn¬ _nj-∏-∑m-scbpw I»o-im-
am- s cbpw hmgn- ® p. Ah- c psS klm- b n- I - f m- b n- ´ mWv siΩm- i ∑msc hmgn- ® - X v .
F∏nkvtIm∏m, I»o-im, siΩm-i≥ F∂o {Xnhn-[-ÿm-\n-Iƒ F√m At∏m-kvX-en-
I-k-`-I-fn-epw k`m-`-c-W-Ønepw IqZm-im-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂p. k`-
bpsS sFIyhpw hnizm-khpw \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ I¿Ømhv ÿm]n-®-XmWv {InkvXob
]utcm-ln-Xyw.
]´-°m-cpsS Rmb-dmgvN k‘ym-{]m¿∞-\-bn¬ tN¿Øp-sNm-√p∂ {]m¿∞-\.
I¿Ømth, Icp-W-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb \ns‚ I¬]-\-Isf BN-cn-°p-Ibpw
F√m‰n-s\bpwImƒ A[nIw \ns‚ hm’-eysØ kºm-Zn-°bpw sNbvX-
h-cmb BNm-cy-∑m¿°v kz¿§ob Du¿t«-an¬ \√ Hm¿Ω \¬I-W-sa.
\ns‚ cmPy-Ønse hncp-∂n¬ Ahsc ]¶p-Im-cm-°-W-sa. Ah-cpsS Poh-
Im-eØpw ac-W-k-a-bØpw XßfpsS Bflm-°sf \n¶-tebv°v Gev]n-
®n-cn-°-bm¬ \ns‚ t{ijvTX shfn-s∏-Sp∂ Znh-k-Øn¬ Ahsc alXzw
[cn-∏n-°bpw sNø-W-sa. _msd-Ivtam¿...
\ap°v ]mSmw
BZym-Nm-cyXzw ssIs°m˛
≠l-tdm≥ aqi-tbm-sSm-∂n®v
kvIdnbmbv°Xp \¬In aqim
kvIdnbm tbml-∂m-t\In
tbml-∂m≥ I¿Øm-hn\pw
I¿Øm X≥ «ol-∑m¿°pw
\m\m krjvSn hn`m-K-ßƒt°In «ol-∑m¿
34
\n›bw
{InkvXob ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ Bi-b-ßƒ
Rß-ƒ a\- n-em-°n. k`-bnse ]´w-sImS ip{iq-j-I-fn¬
Rßƒ `‡n-tbmsS ]s¶-Sp-°pw.
]utcm-ln-Xy-ÿm-\n-Isf Rßƒ _lp-am-\n-°pw.
\ap°v Nn¥n°mw
1. ]g-b-\n-b-a-kw-hn-[m-\-Ønse "]ptcm-lnX' k¶-ev]-Øn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ
Gh?
2. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
3. k` cmP-Iob ]ptcm-ln-X-h¿§-am-sW-¶n¬, IqZm-im-\p-jvTm-\-Øn\v {]tXyI
]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX F¥mWv?
4. tbip-{InkvXp injy-∑msc ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cmbn hmgn-®Xv Ft∏m-gmWv?
5. As∏m-kvX-e-∑m¿ hnhn[ hy‡n-Iƒ°v ]utcm-lnXy ]Zhn \¬In-b-Xn-s\∏‰n
eLp-hmbn hnh-cn-°p-I.
6. {InkvXob ]utcm-ln-Xy-Ønse {Xnhn-[- ÿm-\n-Iƒ Gh?
{]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
1. a¬°ok-tZ°v F∂ ]ptcm-ln-Xs‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ F-{_m-b¿ 7:1˛4 hsc hmbn®v
Xøm-dm-°p-I.
2. ]utcm-ln-Xy-Ønse {Xnhn-[-ÿm-\n-Isf Hcp {XntIm-W-cq-]-Øn¬ hc®v Nn{Xo-
I-cn-°p-I.
3. "{InkvXob ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ' F∂ hnj-bsØ Bkv]-Z-
am°n ¢m n¬ Hcp N¿® \S-Øp-I.
XpS¿hm-b-\-bv°v
Xncp-h-N-\-hm-b-\bpw [ym\hpw ]Xn-hp-t]mse Cubm-gvNbpw \S-Øp-I.
35
]mTw 24
bpKm-¥y-Z¿i\w
]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: bpKm¥y Z¿i-\-sØ-∏‰n a\- n-em-°p-I. bpKm¥y Z¿i-\-Øns‚
]pXn-b-\n-ba ]›m-Øew a\- n-em-°p-I. k`m-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Cu Z¿i-\-Øns‚
{]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°p-I. bpKm-¥yZ¿i-\sØ acn-®-h-cpsS Dbn¿∏p-ambn
XmcXayw sNøp-I. ssZh-cm-Py-Ønse Pohn-X-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ k`-bnse
Bcm-[-\-bp-ambn Xmc-X-ayw-sNbvXv a\- n-em-°p-I. \nXy-Po-hs‚ A\p-`-h-Øn-
\mbn Hcpßn ImØn-cn-°p-I.
a\x-]m-T-hmIyw: ""Rm≥ ]pXnb BIm-ihpw ]pXnb `qanbpw I≠p. H∂m-asØ
BIm-ihpw H∂m-asØ `qanbpw Hgn-™p-t]mbn; kap-{Zhpw C\n C√'' (sh-fn.
21:1).
]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw, hn. Ip¿∫m-\-{I-aw, {]m¿∞-\m-{Iaw
BapJw
temIm-h-km-\-sØ "bpKm¥yw' F∂p ]d-bpw. I¿Øm-hns‚ c≠m-asØ hc-
hn¬ kw`-hn-°p-∂-XmWv bpKm-¥yw. A¥y-\ym-b-hn-[n, \nXy-Po-h≥ F∂n-h-sb√mw
bpKm-¥y-ambn _‘-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv. Cu Nn¥-I-fmWv bpKm-¥y-Z¿i\w. CXv ]pXn-b-
\n-ba ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-hm-\mWv \Ωƒ {ian-°p-∂Xv.
]mT-`mKw
]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥, ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv F∂ {Xntb-I-ssZhw, hn. k`, GI -am-tam-
Zokm, hcp-hm-\n-cn-°p∂ temI-Ønse \nXy-Po-h≥ F∂n-hbnep≈ hnizm-k-amWv
\nJym--˛Ip-kvX-¥o-t\mkv t]meokv hnizm-k-{]-am-W-Øn¬ \mw G‰p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv.
ImcWw Ch k`-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-hn-izm-k-k-Xy-ß-fm-Wv.
bpKm-¥y-Z¿i\w ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬
bpKm-¥y-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw I¿Øm-hns‚ c≠m-asØ hc-hm-Wv. kz¿§m-tcm-l-
W-ka - b
- Ø
- v, c≠p amem-Ja- m¿ injy-∑m-tcmSv ""\nßsf hn´p kz¿§m-tcm-lWw sNbvX
Cu tbip-hns\ kz¿§-Øn-tebv°v t]mIp-∂-h-\mbn \nßƒ I≠-Xp-t]mse Xs∂
Ah≥ ho≠pw hcpw F∂p ]d™p'' (A. {]. 1:11). ""Bta≥. I¿Øm-hmb tbip-th,
htc-Wsa'' (sh-fn. 22:20) F∂ {]m¿∞-\-tbm-sS-bmWv hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw Ah-km-
\n-°p-∂-Xv.
I¿Øm-hns‚ H∂m-aØ hchv (Xs‚ P\-\w) A[n-Iw-t]¿ Adn-™n-s√-¶nepw
Ncn-{X-Ønse hgn-Øn-cn-hmbnØo¿∂p. Ncn-{XsØ {InkvXp-hn-\p-apºpw (Before Christ)
tijhpw (A. D. = Anno Domini = Year of the Lord) F∂v Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv a\p-jym-h-Xm-
c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. F∂m¬ c≠m-asØ hc-hv, Ncn{XØns‚ A¥yhpw
\nXy-Po-hs‚ Bcw-`hpw Bbn-cn-°pw. ""At∏mƒ a\p-jy-]p-{X≥ henb i‡n-tbmSpw
tXP-t mSpw IqsS taL-ß-fn¬ hcp-∂Xv Ah¿ ImWpw'' (a¿t°mkv 13:26) F∂p
]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w, temIw apgp-h\pw c≠m-asØ hchv ImWp-sa-∂m-Wv.
36
]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ 150-˛-Hmfw `mK-ß-fn¬ c≠m-asØ hc-hn-s\-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-
°p-∂p-≠v. I¿Øm-hns‚ hc-hn-s\-∏‰n ]d-bp-tºmƒ km[m-cW D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-
∂Xv ‘Parousia’ F∂ {Ko°p-hm-°m-Wv. "BK-a\w' AYhm "km∂n[yw' F∂mWv Cu
hm°ns‚ A¿∞w. N{I-h¿Øn-bp-sS-tbm, D∂-Xm[nImcn-I-fp-sStbm kµ¿i-\-Øn-
\mWv "]dq-knbm' F∂ hm°v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. al-Xz-tØm-sS-bp≈ hc-hmWv
I¿Øm-hn-t‚Xv F∂v Cu hm°v kqNn-∏n-°p∂p (Hm-im\ \mfnse tZhm-e-b-{]-th-
i\w CXns‚ kqN-\-bmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p, a-Øm. 24:3; 27; 39). I¿Øm-hns‚ c≠m-
asØ hc-hn\v shfn-]mSv (Revelation), {]Xy-£-s∏-S¬ (Manifestation) F∂o hm°p-
Ifpw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Pohn-X-Øns‚ A¿∞hpw ac-W-ti-
j-ap≈ Ah-ÿbpw \nXy-Po-hs‚ kmchpw c≠m-asØ hc-hn¬ shfn-s∏Spw. C∂v
a\p-jy¿°v AZr-iyhpw A⁄m-X-hp-amb Imcy-ßƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-sa-∂mWv Cu hm°p-
Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
bpKm-¥y-Z¿i\w k`m-Po-hn-XØ
- n¬
tbip-{InkvXp c≠m-a-Xp- h-cp-sa∂p ]d-™m¬ Ct∏mƒ Xs‚ km∂n[yw k`-
bnepw temI-Øn-ep-an-s√∂v A¿∞-am-Ip-∂n-√. ""ct≠m aqt∂m t]¿ Fs‚ \ma-
Øn¬ IqSn-h-cp-t∂-S-sØm-s°bpw Rm≥ Ah-cpsS \Sp-hn¬ D≠v F∂p Rm≥ \nß-
tfmSp ]d-bp∂p'' (a-Øm. 18:20). Hmtcm Bcm-[-\-bnepw tbip-{InkvXp k∂n-ln-X-\m-
Wv. k`-bn¬, Xe-h-\m-bn, aW-hm-f-\m-bn, BSp-I-fpsS CS-b-\mbn {InkvXp k∂n-ln-
X-\mWv. amtam-Zo-km-tb-‰v, hn. Ip¿∫m\ A\p-`-hn®v {InkvXp-hn-t\m-Sp≈ kPo-h-_-
‘-Øn¬ Pohn-°p∂ Hmtcm hnizm-knbpsS Pohn-X-Ønepw {InkvXp D≠v. \ΩpsS
Poh-\mbn {InkvXp \Ωn¬ hkn-°p-∂p. ""Fs‚ amwkw Xn∂p-Ibpw Fs‚ c‡w
IpSn-°bpw sNøp-∂-h\v \nXy-Po-h≥ D≠v'' (tbm-l. 6:54).
F∂m¬ {InkvXp-hns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn-s‚bpw Poh-s‚bpw kºq¿ÆX \ap-°p -
e-`y-am-Ip-∂Xv c≠m-asØ hc-hn-em-Wv. B {]Xym-i-bn¬ Pohn-°p-hm\pw {]m¿∞n-
°p-hm\pw ]pXn-b-\n-baw Blzm\w sNøp∂p. I¿Ør-{]m¿∞-\-bn¬ ""\ns‚ cmPyw
htc-Wsa'' F∂p {]m¿∞n-°p-∂Xv Cu {]Xym-i-bn-emWv. hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ c≠m-
asØ hc-hns‚ {]Xymi G‰p-]-d-bp-∂p≠v: ""Rß-fpsS I¿Ømth! \ns‚ ac-WsØ
Rßƒ Hm¿°p-Ibpw \ns‚ Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-ev]ns\ Rßƒ G‰p-]-d-bp-Ibpw \ns‚
c≠m-asØ Fgp-∂-≈-Øn-\mbn Rßƒ t\m°n-∏m¿°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.''
c≠m-asØ hchv \n›-b-am-sW-¶nepw Ft∏m-gmWv AXv kw`-hn-°p-I-sb∂v
hy‡-am-°n-bn-ń-√. ""\nß-fpsS I¿Ømhv GXp-Zn-h-k-Øn¬ hcp∂p F∂v \nßƒ
Adn-bm-bvI-sIm≠v DW¿∂n-cn-∏n≥'' (a-Øm. 24:42) F∂p I¿Ømhp Iev]n-°p-∂p.
DW¿∆ns‚ AS-bm-f-amWv {]m¿∞-\. Hmtcm {]m¿∞-\-bpw I¿Øm-hns‚ c≠m-
asØ hc-hns‚ {]Xym-i-bn-emWv \mw \S-Øp-∂-Xv. c≠m-asØ hchv Ing-°p-\n-∂m-
bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p≈ kqN-\ I¿Øm-hp- \¬Ip-∂p≠v: ""an∂¬ Ing-°p-\n∂p ]pd-s∏´p
]Sn-™m-tdmfw hnf-ßpw-t]mse a\p-jy-]p{Xs‚ hchv BIpw'' (a-Øm. 24:27). Cu
{]Xym-i-bn-emWv \mw Ing-t°m´p Xncn-™p-\n∂p {]m¿∞n-°p-∂Xpw hmßn-t∏m-b-
hsc Ing-t°m´p apJw-Xn-cn®v I√-db
- n¬ kwkvIc - n-°p-∂Xpw. "\oXn-kq-cy-\mb {InkvXp'
(aem-Jn. 4:2) bpKm-¥y-Øn¬ Ing-°p-\n∂pw DZn-°p-sa-∂p-≈ {]Xymi Imt\m-\nI
{]m¿∞-\-I-fnepw ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS teJ-\-ß-fnepw ImWp-∂p-≠v. bpKm-¥ysØ
"Dbn¿∏ns‚ {]`mXw' F∂mWv ]nXm-°∑ - m¿ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂X - v. ImcWw Hcp ]pXnb
bpK-Øns‚ DZ-b-amWv I¿Øm-hns‚ c≠m-asØ hc-hv.
37
bpKm-¥yhpw hmßn-t∏mbh-cpsS Dbn¿∏pw
c≠m-asØ hc-hnse G‰hpw {][m\ kw`hw acn-®-h-cpsS D∞m-\-am-Wv. ]pXn-
b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ hy‡-ambn CXn-s\-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ""I¿Ømhp Xm≥ Kwòc-
\m-Z-tØmSpw {][m\ ZqXs‚ i_vZ-tØmSpw ssZh-Øns‚ Iml-f-tØmSpw IqsS
kz¿§-Øn¬\n∂p Cd-ßn-h-cn-Ibpw {InkvXp-hn¬ acn-®-h¿ apsº Dbn¿sØ-gp-
t∂¬°p-Ibpw sNøpw. ]ns∂ Poh-t\msS tijn-°p∂ \mw Ah-tcmSp Hcp-an®v
BIm-i-Øn¬ I¿Øm-hns\ FXn-tc-ev]m≥ taL-ß-fn¬ FSp-°-s∏Spw, Cßs\
\mw Ft∏mgpw I¿Øm-hn-t\m-Sp-IqsS Ccn°pw'' (1 sX . 4:16-˛17, kv{Xo-I-fpsS ihkw-
kvIm-c-Øn¬ Cu `mKw- hm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v).
C∂-tØ-Xn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb ico-chpw Pohn-X-hp-amWv Dbn¿∏n-\p-tijw
\ap°v e`y-am-Ip-∂Xv (1 sImcn. 15:35-˛57). D∞m-\-tØm-sSm∏w \ymb-hn-[nbpw D≠m-
Ipw. ""I√-d-I-fn¬ D≈-h¿ F√m-hcpw Ahs‚ i_vZw-tI-´v, \∑-sN-bvX-h¿ Poh-
\mbpw Xn∑ sNbvX-h¿ \ymb-hn-[n-°mbpw ]p\-cp-∞m\w sNøp∂ \mgnI hcp∂p''
(tbm-l. 5:29). "\nXy-Po-h≥' AYhm kz¿§-Ønse Pohn-Xw, hnip-≤-cpsS henb
kwL-tØmSp IqSn-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. kz¿§-cm-PysØ Hcp hnhm-l-hn-cp-∂n-t\mSp D]-an-
°p-tºmƒ, Iq´mb Pohn-X-sØ-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv (a-Øm. 8:11-˛12; 22:1˛14).
kz¿§-Ønse Pohn-X-Øns‚ {]tXy-IX \nXy-amb Bcm-[-\-bmWv: ""bmsXmcp
im]hpw C\n D≠m-I-bn√; ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw Ip™m-Sn-s‚bpw knwlm-k\w AXn¬
Ccn°pw; Ahs‚ Zmk-∑m¿ Ahs\ Bcm-[n°pw'' (sh-fn. 22:3). kz¿§-Ønse \nXy-
amb Bcm-[-\-bpsS ap≥Ip-dn-bmWv k`-bnse Bcm-[-\. kz¿§-Ønse PohnXw ssZh-
sØ tI{µo-I-cn-®p≈Xmbn-cn-°pw: ""Ah¿ Ahs‚ apJw ImWpw'' (sh-fn. 22:4).
ssZh-apJw \nXy-ambn Z¿in-®p-sIm-≠p≈ \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ sNdnb A\p-`-h-amWv
k`-bn¬ Bcm-[-\-bnepw IqZm-i-I-fnepw IqSn \ap°v e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xv.
\ap-°v {]m¿∞n°mw
I¿Ømth! \ns‚ ac-WsØ Rßƒ Hm¿°pIbpw, \ns‚ Dbn¿sØ-gp-
t∂-ev]ns\ Rßƒ G‰p-]-d-bp-Ibpw \ns‚ c≠m-asØ Fgp-∂-≈-Øn-
\mbn Rßƒ t\m°n-∏m¿°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. \ns‚ A\p-{K-l-ßƒ
Rßƒ F√m-h-cp-sS-bpw ta¬ Ft∂bv°pw D≠m-bn-cn-°-s´. BΩo≥.
\ap°v ]mSmw
(]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS ih-kw-kvImcw: H∂mw ip{iq-j)
tl˛-ar-Xn-K-Xtc˛D∞m\w˛{ZpX-saØpw
tJ˛-Zn-t°-≠m-˛-tZ-l-Øn≥-˛-\m-i-Øn¬
kpµ-c-am-bv-˛-\n-ßsf \n¿Ωnt®m≥
Km{XØn-˛-∂p-∞m\w \¬In
k¿∆¿°pw-˛-{]-Xn-Zm\w˛tbm-Ky-X-t]m-e-cp-foSpw
\n›bw
bpKm-¥y-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ thZ-]p-kvX-Im-Sn-ÿm\w Rßƒ a\- n-em-°n.
k`-bnse kXy Bcm-[-\-bnepw {]m¿∞-\, t\mºv, D]-hmkw apXemb
A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw Rßƒ IrXy-ambn ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw Ah A\p-jvTn-°p-
Ibpw sNøpw. \nXy-Po-hs‚ A\p-`-h-Øn-\mbn Rßƒ Hcpßn ImØn-cn-°pw.
38
\ap°v Nn¥n°mw
1. k`-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ hnizm-k-k-Xy-ß-tfh?
2. I¿Øm-hns‚ P\\w Ncn-{X-Ønse hgn-Øn-cn-hm-Wv. F¥p-sIm≠v?
3. "]dq-knb' F∂ {Ko°p-]-Z-Øns‚ A¿∞-sa¥v?
4. c≠m-asØ hc-hns\ kqNn-∏n-°phm≥ ]pXn-b-\n-baØn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂
hm°p-Iƒ Gh? Ah-bpsS A¿∞w Npcp-°-ambn hnh-cn-°p-I.
5. Ing-t°m-´p-Xn-cn-™p-\n∂v {]m¿∞n-°p-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v?
6. ssZh-cm-Py-Ønse Pohn-X-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Gh?
7. "bpKm-¥y-Z¿i\w' Bcm-[-\-bn¬ {]I-S-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v Npcp-
°-ambn hnh-cn-°p-I.
{]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
1. bpKm¥yZ¿i-\-sØ-∏‰n hn. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬\n∂pw D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v
Ub-dn-bn¬ Fgp-Xp-I.
2. bpKm-¥y-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Nn¥-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ N¿®-Iƒ
¢m- n¬ \S-Øp-I.
3. Cu hnj-b-sØ-∏‰n thZ-]p-kvXI ]fin-X-cp-ambn Hcp A`n-apJw \S-Øp-I.
XpS¿hm-b-\bv°v
39
bqWn‰v 7
al-Zvhy‡n ]cn-Nbw
]mTw 25
]cnip≤ _tk-en-tbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥
ImtXm-en°m _mhm
(1874-˛1964)
]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: ]cn. Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS Poh-Ncn{Xw
a\- n-em-°p-I. B ]nXmhns‚ \√ amXr-I-Iƒ Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]n¥p-S-cp-I.
a\x-]m-T-hmIyw: hnizm-k-Øm¬ lmt_¬ ssZh-Øn\v Ibo-t‚-Xnepw DØ-a-amb
bmKw Ign-®p. AXn-\m¬ Ah\v \oXn-am≥ F∂ km£yw e`n-®p. ssZhw
Ahs‚ hgn-]m-Sn\v km£yw Iev]n-®p. acn-®-ti-jhpw Ah≥ hnizm-k-Øm¬
kwkm-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p (F-{_m-b¿ 11:4).
]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: Ck-Uv. Fw. ]mtd-´v, tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS
k`m-Nc- n-{X-]pkvXI
- ß
- ƒ, tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\∏- ≈n ˛ ae-¶c - k
- `
- m-]n-Xm-°∑m¿,
tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ ˛ k`m-N-cn-{X-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw, k`m-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw,
hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw, hn. Ip¿∫m-\-{I-aw, {]m¿∞-\m-{I-aw, ]cn. Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-
b≥ _mhm-bpsS Nn{Xw
BapJw
ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ 1876 hsc Hcp sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmsb D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. "ae-¶c
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm' F∂ ÿm\-t∏-cn¬ B ImeØv Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. s]mXp-hmb
B[n-Im-c-ß-sf√mw Hcm-fn¬Xs∂ tI{µo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. 1876˛se apf-¥p-cp-Øn kp∂-
l-tZm-tkm-Sp-IqSn Cu ÿn-Xn°p am‰w h∂p. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbm-sSm∏w
a‰p Bdp sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ IqSn D≠m-bn. 1912-˛¬ ae-¶c
- k
- `
- b
- psS {][m\ tae≤y-
£-≥ "ImtXm-en°m' F∂ ÿm\w kzoI-cn®v ]pXnb `c-W-{Iaw D≠m-bn. k`-bpsS
Ncn-{X-Ønse B[p-\n-I-L´w AhnsS Bcw-`n-®p.
1912-˛se ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\-Øn-\p-tijw H≥]Xv ImtXm-en-°m-am¿ k`sb
\bn-®p. ImtXm-en°mamcpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Imew (36 h¿jw)
k`sb \bn® ]nXm-hmWv ]cn. Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm. Cu ]nXmhv k`bv°p
\¬In-bn-´p≈ kw`m-h-\-I-sf-∏‰n ]Tn-°mw.
]mT-`mKw
Poh-Nc
- n{Xw
1874 Pq¨ 16-˛mw XobXn Ipdn®n I√m-t»-cn-bn¬ De-l-∂m≥-˛-B-®n-bΩ Zº-Xn-I-
fpsS aI-\mbn P\n-®p. ]p∂qkv F∂m-bn-cp∂p Hma-\t- ∏-c.v Koh¿Kokv F∂v amtamZokm
t]cpw ]n¬°m-eØv "I√m-t»cn _mhm' F∂pw "Ipdn®n _mhm-'sb∂pw hnfn-°-
40
s∏´Xv ho´p-t]-cn-s‚bpw P\-\-ÿ-e-Øns‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. sNdp∏-
Øn¬ amc- I - a mb Akp- J - a p- ≠ m- b - t ∏mƒ {]tXy- I w- {]m¿∞- \ - b m¬ kuJyw
e`n®t∏mtg ]q¿Æ-k-ab ssZhnI ip{iq-j-bv°mbn amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ At±-lsØ
ka¿∏n-®p. B Pohn-X-\n-jvT-bn¬ Xs∂ At±lw XpS-¿∂p.
B Im-e-Øn\v, ae¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Nne khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbmbn ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-a≥
(Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥) hfsc ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb \ne-bn¬ k`sb \bn-°p∂p.
Bflob i‡n-bpsS Hcp tI{µ-ambn ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n ]cn-e-kn-°p-∂p. ]cp-ae
Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS injy-∑m-cmbn h´-t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv dºm\pw ]p∂qkv dºm\pw
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. i‡-amb Cu Bflo-b-t\-Xr-Xz-amWv A∂v k`-bvs°-Xnsc
B™phoinb \ho-Ic - W
- {- ]-ÿm-\Ø
- ns‚ sImSp-¶m-‰n¬\n∂v k`-sb- c-£n®Xv F∂v
]d-bmw.
1892-˛¬ siΩm-i-\mbn, 1898-˛¬ sshZn-I-\mbn. sshZn-I-\m-b-Xns‚ aq∂mw \mƒ
Xs∂ ]q¿Æ k\ym-km-{i-a-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-ambn dºm≥ÿm\w kzoI-cn-®p. ]cp-
ae Xncp-ta\ntbmsSm∏w Xma-kn®v At±-l-Øn¬\n∂v Xm]k-\n-jvT-Iƒ A`y-kn-
°p-Ibpw At±-lsØ ip{iq-jn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1902 \hw-_¿ 2˛mw XobXn ]cp-
ae Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvXp Ign-™-t∏mƒ ]cp-ae skan-\mcn amt\-P-cmbn At±lw
\nb-an-°-s∏-´p. B ImeØv sbdp-itew kµ¿i\w hfsc t¢i-I-c-amb Hcp bm{X-
X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w Bflo-b-kw-h¿≤-Ihpw. 1908-˛¬ At±lw sbdp-
itew kµ¿in-®p. 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 8˛mw Xob-Xn At±lw Koh¿Kokv am¿ {KotKm-
dn-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbmb-Xv. CXn\pw Hcp {]tXy-IX D≠v.
GXm\pw Znhkw Ign-™-t∏mƒ AXm-bXv sk]v‰w_¿ 15-˛mw XobXn ae-¶-c-bnse
CZw-{]-Ya ImtXm-en°m hmgvN-\-S-∂-t∏mƒ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn AXns‚ \S-
Øn-∏p-Iƒ°p t\XrXzw \¬In. c≠m-asØ ImtXm-en°msb hmgn-°p-tºmgpw
At±lw AXnepw Xs‚ ]¶p-h-ln-®p.
1929 s^{_p-hcn 15-˛mw XobXn At±-lsØ aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn hmgn-®p.
Cu ka-b-ß-fn¬ \nc-Ww-, sIm√w `{Zm-k-\-ß-fpsS Npa-Xe hln-°p-Ibpw Ip≠-d
-skan-\mcn Bcw`n®v B {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ henb Bflo-b DW¿∆p hcp-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. \ho-I-cW D]-tZ-i-ßƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bXv B {]tZ-i-ß-
fn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hnip≤ Pohn-Xhpw kXy-hn-izm-k-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ B[n-
Im-cn-I-amb ]Tn-∏n-°epw At\-Isc kXyhnizm-k-Øn¬ ]nSn-®p-\n¿Øm≥ ]cym-
]vX-am-bn. "cl-ky-{]m¿∞-\-Iƒ', "kl-tZ-∑m-cpsS Ncn{Xw', "s]¶okm kpdn-bm\n
\a-kvIm-c-ßƒ', "]dp-ssZkm' apX-emb ]pkvX-I-ßƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sSbpw
henb kw`mh\ At±lw \¬In. C∂sØ-t∏mse A®Sn kuI-cy-ßƒ C√m-Xn-
cp∂ Ime-am-sW∂pw Hm¿°-Ww.
1934 s^{_p-hcn 23-˛mw XobXn h´-t»-cn¬ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta\n Imew
sNbvXp. AtX-h¿jw Unkw-_¿ 25˛mw XobXn IqSnb ae-¶c kpdn-bm-\n- {In-kvXym\n
At m-kn-tb-j-\n¬ h®v ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\w IqSn At±l-Øn\v
\¬In. Aßs\ BZy-ambn ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\hpw
IqSn Hcp-an®p h∂p-tN¿∂Xv Cu Xncp-ta-\n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
ÿm\w ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn, k`-bpsS ùXnIamb `c-W-{I-a-ß-fpsS A[n-Im-csØ
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. 1912-˛¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ ImtXm-en°m ÿm\w, ta¬∏´°msc hmgn-
41
°pI, hn. aqtdm≥ IqZm-i -sN-øp-I, ]cn-ip≤ kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ A≤y-£X hln-
°pI apX-emb Bflob A[n-Im-c-sØbpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Imc-W-
ß-fm¬ CXp c≠mbn \ne-\n-s∂-¶nepw k`-bpsS kpK-a-amb `c-W-Øn\v Cu c≠p
ÿm\-ßfpw Hcm-fn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-Ip-∂-XmWv \√-sX∂v ]n∂o-Sp≈ Imew sXfn-
bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
ta¬∏-´-°m-c-\mbn 52 h¿jw At±-lw Pohn-®-Xn¬ 35 h¿jw ImtXm-en-°m-
bmbpw AXn¬ 30 h¿jw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbpw IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu
Xc-Øn¬ ÿm\ßƒ hln®v k`sb \bn® as‰mcp sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm k`bv°p
D≠m-bn-ń-√. At±-l-Øns‚ _lp-ap-J-amb kw`m-h-\-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ
"ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS \thm∞m\-inev]n' F∂v ]ecpw hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv A\z¿∞-
am-Wv. 90-˛mw hb n¬ 1964 P\p- h cn 3˛- m w XobXn At±lw ssZh- k - ∂ n- [ n- b n-
tebv°v IS-∂p-t]mbn. Cu ]nXm-hns‚ ImeØp hmßnb tZh-temIw Ac-a-\-
bn¬ Xs∂ At±-lsØ I_-d-S-°n. AhnsS I_-d-S°s∏´ BZysØ ImtXm-en-
°mbpw At±-lw-X-s∂.
Cu ]nXm-hns‚ t{ijvTa
- mb kw`m-h\
- I
- ƒ
kw`-h-_-lp-e-amb Cu ]nXm-hns‚ Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n hni-Z-ambn Ht´sd Imcy-
ßƒ ]Tn-°m-\p-≠v. Npcp-°-ambn Nne Imcy-ßƒIqSn Iqń-t®¿°-s´.
Xm]-k-t{i-jvT≥
{][m-\-ambn´p≈Xv At±l-Øns‚ Bflo-b\njvT-Ifpw Xm]-kNcy-I-fp-am-Wv.
Kpcp-hm-b ]cp-a-e-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu Imcy-Øn¬ amXr-I. bma-{]m-¿∞-\-Iƒ,
t\mºv, D]-hmk BN-c-W-ßƒ, IqZm-im-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ Ch-bn-sems° AekX
tei-an-√m-sX, Xo{hhpw Xo£vW-hp-ambn ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xn¬ AXoh Pm{KX ]men-®p.
GIm-¥-{]m¿∞-\-I-fnepw au\-Ønepw ssZhn-I-i_vZw tIƒ°Ø° \nebn¬
Bgtadnb Bflob A\p-`-h-ßƒ At±lØn-\p-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
At±-l-Øns‚ Z¿i-\hpw hm°pw hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v Hcp Bflo-bm-\p-`-h-am-bn. s{]m´-
Ã‚ v hn-izm-k-tØmSv B`n-ap-Jyhpw tXm∂n-b-h¿°v, ]uckvXy Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv
Bflo-b-X-bpsS kuc`yw Bkz-Zn-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-Xhpw IqZm-im-\p-
jvTm-\-ßfpw klm-b-I-am-bn.
i‡-amb {InkvXob km£yw
ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ I£n-h-g°p cq£-amb Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv At±lw Pohn-®-Xv.
tIkp-Iƒ \S-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw ssZh-Ir-]-bn-em-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ B{ibw.
AXp-sIm≠v 1951-˛¬ tIkv tXm‰-t∏mgpw At±lw \ncm-i-\m-bn-√. ""kXyw Pbn°pw''
F∂ ip`m]vXn hnizm-k-tØmsS k`m-hn-izm-kn-Isf ss[cy-s∏-Sp-Øn. FXn-cp-\n-∂-
h-tcmSp At±-l-Øn\v bmsXmcp hntZz-j-hp-ap-≠m-bn√ F∂p am{X-a-√, Ah-sc-sb√mw
kvt\ln-°p-hm\pw IqSn At±-l-Øn\p Ign-™p. 1958-˛¬ kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hn[n-bn¬
k`bv°p hnP-b-ap-≠m-sb-¶nepw AXn¬ Al¶-cn-°p-Itbm, FXn-cp-\n-∂-hsc
sNdpXm-°p-Itbm, ]cn-l-kn-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-√. {InkvXo-b-amb kvt\l-tØmsS
Ahsc kzoI-cn-°p-hm\pw H∂mb k`-bpsS {][m\ tae≤y-£-\mbn Pohn-Xm¥yw
hsc \ne-\n¬°phm\pw At±-l-Øn\p km[n-®p.
42
kaq-l-Øn¬ e`n® AwKo-Imcw
AwK-kw-Jy-bn¬ sNdp-sX-¶nepw Hcp henb k`-bpsS tae-≤y-£-s\-t∏m-se-
bmWv At±lw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. {]tXy-In®pw 1937-˛¬ FUn≥_-tdm-bn¬ \S∂
s^bnØv B≥Uv HmU-dns‚ c≠mw ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ kw_-‘n® At±-l-Øn\v
AXn¬ kw_-‘n® F√m-h-cp-sSbpw AwKo-Im-chpw {i≤bpw e`n-®p. ]uckvXy
ssZhm-{i-bØ
- n¬ Db¿Øn-°m-´p∂ ssZh-a\ - p-jy¿°p e`n-°p∂ "apJ-{]-k∂
- X'bmWv
At±-l-Øn-¶-tebv°p At\-Isc BI¿jn-®-Xv. Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b, bqtKm-t…-hn-b,
sk¿_nbm Chn-S-ß-fnse ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k-∑m-scbpw At±lw kµ¿in-®p. At±-l-
Øns‚ ImeØv FtXym-]y≥ N{I-h¿Øn slbven skem-kn-bpw ssk{]kv `c-
Wm-[n-]\pw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-amb a°m-dn-tbmkpw A¿Ωo\n-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
hkv°\pw ae-¶-c-k` kµ¿in-®p.
`mcXw ASn-a-Xz-Øn¬\n∂v kzmX-{¥y-Øn-tebv°v \oßp∂ ImeØmWv ]cn.
_mhm k`bv°v t\XrXzw \¬In-b-Xv. hnhn[ cmjv{Sob, aX-t\-Xm-°ƒ Xncp-ta-\n-
tbmSp hfsc BZ-chpw kvt\lhpw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. {io. a∂Øp ]fl-\m-`≥,
{io. B¿. i¶¿ apXemb-h¿ B Iq´-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂p. k`-bn¬ ]{Xm-[n-]¿ tP°_v
Ipcy≥ (tI-cf
- m-`n-am-\n, tIc-ft- k-hI
- ≥), sI. kn. amΩ≥ am∏n-f, Ce-™n-°¬ tPm¨
h°o¬, F. Fw. h¿°n- Xp-Sßn At\Iw t\-Xm-°-∑m¿ At±-l-tØm-Sp-tN¿∂v
k`bv°p t\XrXzw \¬In B≤ymflnI- kw-LS- \ - I
- ƒ°v \thm-t∑jw \¬In. 1930-˛¬
Bcw-`n® doØp {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ IS-∂m-{I-a-W-ß-sfbpw sNd-p°m≥ At±-l-Øn\p
km[n-®p. 1947-˛¬ ]cnip≤ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\nsbbpw tImX-aw-Kew b¬tZm am¿
_tk-en-tbmkv a{^n-bm-\m-sbbpw _mhm-sbbpw At±lw A≤y-£-\m-bn-cp∂ ].
]p∂-l-tZmkv ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cmbn {]Jym-]n®p. ]n≥Km-an-bmbn ]cn. HutK≥ _mhm-
sbbpw sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-tijw ]q¿Æ-k-am-[m-\-tØmSpw {]Xym-i-tbm-Spw -Iq-Sn-bmWv
Cu ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv Imew sNbvX-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-s∏-cp-∂mƒ P\p-hcn
3˛mw XobXn tZh-tem-IØv sIm≠m-Sp-∂p.
]cn-ip≤ ]nXm-°-∑msc! \nßsf sXc-s™-SpØ ]nXm-hn\p kvXpXn.
\nßsf i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]p{X\p hµ-\w. \nßsf IncoSw [cn-∏n®
dqlmbv°p kvtXm{Xw. \nß-fpsS {]m¿∞-\-I-fm¬ _e-lo-\cpw ]m]n-
I-fp-amb Rß-fp-sS-ta¬ Ft∂bv°pw ssZh-I-cp-W-bp-≠m-I-s´.
\ap°v ]mSmw
(A≥]p-S-tbm-s\... F∂ coXn)
F∏o-kvtIm-∏-∑m-cmIpw˛BNm-cym-[o-i-∑msc
\mY≥ \n¿Ω-e-k` X∂n¬-˛-C-S-b-∑m-cmbv \nb-an®p
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
k¿t∆im! Fs∂-t∂°pw˛kvXp-Xn-b-tß-bv°p-≠m-Is´
43
\n›bw
Zo¿L-amb Ime-L´w k`-bpsS {]Xn-k-‘n-I-fn¬
ss[cy-]q¿∆w k`sb \bn® ]cn-ip≤ Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥
ImtXm-en°m _mhmsb Rßƒ F∂mfpw kvacn-°pw.
B ]nXm-hns‚ \√ amXr-I-Iƒ Rßƒ Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]n¥p-S-cpw.
\ap°v Nn¥n°mw
1. \mw C∂p ]Tn°p∂ ]nXm-hns\ "Ipdn®n _mhm'-sb∂pw "I√m-t»cn _mhm-
sb∂pw' hnfn-°p-hm-\p≈ ImcWw F¥mWv?
2. At±lw Pohn® Ime-L-´-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-Iƒ F¥mWv?
3. Ip≠d Bÿm-\-ambn Cu Xn-cp-ta\n sNbvX {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
4. ""ImtXm-en°m -˛ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\-ßƒ Hcm-fn¬ Hcp-an-®p-tN¿∂p''
F∂p ]-d-bp-tºmƒ Fs¥ms° Imcy-ß-fmWv \mw a\- n-em-t°-≠Xv?
5. ae-¶c k`-bpsS "\thm-∞m\ inev]n' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv BcmWv?
6. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS "Xm]-k-t{i-jvT≥' F∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ KpW-ßƒ Fs¥√mw?
7. B ]nXm-hns‚ i‡-amb {InkvXob km£y-Øn\v DZm-l-cWw Nq≠n-°m-´p-I.
8. ]cn-ip≤ _tk-en-tbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXob≥ _mhm-bpsS kw`m-h-\-Isf ka-
{K-ambn \ne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
9. ]uckvXy Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv B≤ym-fln-I-X-bpsS kz`m-h-ßƒ At±-l-Øn¬
Fß-s\-sb√mw ImW-s∏-Sp∂p?
10. FUn≥_tdm ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ {]tXy-IX F¥mWv?
11. "ae-¶c-k-`-bpsS \thm-∞m-\-inev]n' F∂v ]cn. _mhmsb hnfn-°m-\p≈ Imc-
W-ßƒ Gh?
{]-h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
1. ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse ImtXm-en-°m-am-cp-sS Nn{X-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v B¬_-Øn¬
tN¿°pI.
2. k`m-Nc- n-{X-]p-kX
v I
- ß
- fpw k`m-]n-Xm-°∑
- m-sc-∏‰nbp≈ ]pkvXI
- ß
- fpw hmbn-°pI.
3. Cu ]nXm-hns‚ amXrI Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]n¥p-S-cp-I.
XpS¿hm-b-\bv°v
Xncp-h-N-\-hm-b-\bpw [ym\hpw ]Xn-hp-t]mse Cu BgvNbpw XpS-cp-I.
44
]mTw 26
tUm. ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm (1922-˛1996)
]T-t\m-t±iyw: \n m-bnse am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv, \mkn-bm≥knse am¿ {KotKm-dn-
tbmkv F∂o I∏-tZm-Iy≥ ]nXm-°∑ - m-sc-°p-dn®v \mw t\csØ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠t√m.
"C¥y-bnse am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv' F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sm-hp∂ henb Hcp ]fin-
X\v \ΩpsS k` P∑w \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. B ]nXm-hns\ a\- n-em-°p-hm-\mWv
ChnsS {ian-°p-∂-Xv.
a\x-]m-T-hmIyw: ""sh≈n-tb-°mƒ Fs‚ {]t_m-[-\hpw ta¬Ø-c-amb s]m∂n-t\-
°mƒ ]cn-⁄m-\hpw ssIs°mƒhn≥'' (k-Zr-iy. 8:10).
]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: k`m-hn-⁄m-\-tIm-iw, ae-¶-c-k-`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ (km-ap-h¬ Nµ-
\-∏-≈n), Kpcp {KotKm-dn-tbmkv (^m. tUm. sI. Fw. tPm¿Pv), Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS
Bfl-IY apX-emb {KŸ-ßƒ.
]mT-`mKw
alm-flm-Km-‘n, c‡-km-£n-bm-b-t∏mƒ {]kn-≤-\mb B¬_¿´v sF≥Ã-bn≥
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb A\p-tim-N\ - °
- p-dn∏v hniz-{]-kn-≤a
- mWv. AXv C{]-Im-ca
- mWv ""a÷bpw
amwkhpap≈ CXp-t]m-se-sbmcp a\p-jy≥ `qan-bn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂p F∂v hcpw-X-e-
apd hniz-kn-°p-I-bn√.'' A{X-am{Xw Akm-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂t√m Km‘n-Pn-bpsS
PohnXw. tUm. ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-Xhpw Akm-
[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. -{]-tXy-In®v _u≤n-I-X-e-Øn¬. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS 2000 h¿jsØ
Ncn-{X-Øn¬ C{Xbpw ]mfinXyw t\Snb Hcp hy‡n D≠m-bn-ń√. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS
Ncn-{XØn¬ am{X-a√ `mc-X-Ønse {InkvXob k`-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Xs∂ Xncp-
ta-\n-sb-t∏mse hf¿∂ Hcp {]Xn-`m-imen D≠m-bn-ń-√. At±-l-Øns‚ _u≤n-I-
Xsb a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ \nßƒ°p Cu {]mb-Øn¬ km[n®p F∂n-cn-°-bn-√. AXn-
\m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ Poh-N-cn{Xw Ct∏mƒ ]Tn-°mw. At±-l-Øns‚ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ
hmbn®v IqSp-X¬ Adn-hpt\Smw.
_meyhpw hnZym-`ym-khpw
t¢i-ßƒ \nd™ _meyw ]n∂n´v hf¿∂ G{_lmw en¶-s\-t∏m-ep≈ alm-
flm-°sf°pdn®v tIń-cn-°p-a-t√m. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS _meyhpw t¢i-ßƒ \nd-™-Xm-
bn-cp-∂p. Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d-bn¬ XSn-°¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ ss]en amÃ-dp-sSbpw Gen
ss]en-bp-sSbpw aI-\m-bn´v 1922 BKÃv 9˛\v At±lw P\n-®p. t]mƒ h¿Kokv F∂m-
bn-cp∂p t]cv. hniz-{]-kn-≤-amb k¿∆-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬ ]Tn-®p-sh-¶nepw Fs‚ thZ-
im-kv{X-]-T-\-Øns‚ BZym-£-c-ßƒ Ipdn-®Xv AΩ-bn¬\n-∂mWv F∂v At±lw
Bfl-IY - b
- n¬ (kvt\-lØ- ns‚ kzmX{¥yw Hcp henb cl-kyw) Ipdn-®n-´p≠v. {]m¿∞-
\bpw kvt\lhpw ]I¿∂p-sIm-SpØ B AΩ ]n∂oSv am\-kn-I-tcm-Kn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂-
Xmbncp∂p t]mƒ h¿Ko-kns‚ _mey-Im-e-Po-hn-X-Ønse henb Zpc-¥w. ]nXmhpw
hońse a‰p \mep ktlm-Z-c-ßfpw Cu Imcy-Øn¬ hfsc ZpxJn-°p-Ibpw `£Ww
D≠m-°p∂Xp apX-ep≈ hońse F√m-Im-cy-ßfpw Xmfw-sX-‰p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
45
{]bm-k-ß-fpsS \Sp-hn-em-Wv t]mƒ ]Ømw ¢m n¬ ]co-£sbgpXp-∂-Xv. dmt¶m-
Sp-IqSn ^Ãv ¢m n¬ ]co£ ]m m-bn. D∂-X-amb hnP-b-Øns‚ kt¥mjw Bkz-
Zn-°m-\m-bn-√. ImcWw tImtf-Pn¬ XpS¿∂p-]-Tn-°m-\p≈ B{Klw \nh¿Øn-°m≥
kvIqƒ So®-dmb ]nXm-hn\v kmº-ØnI kuI-cy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Cfb Ipń-Iƒ°v
{]mYanI hnZym-`ymkw \¬I-W-a-t√m. {]bm-k-ap-≠m-sb-¶nepw t]mƒ h¿Kokv \ncm-
i-\m-bn-√. ssZhw Hcp hgn Xpd-°p-sa∂v hniz-kn-®p-sIm≠v kz¥-ambn Pohn-°m-
\p≈ ]cn-{iaw XpS-ßn. ]n∂o-Sp≈ ]Øv h¿j-°mew B hgn-°mWv \oßn-b-Xv.
Hcp ]{X-Øn-\p-th≠n tP¿W-enÃv Bbpw ]n∂oSv {Sm≥kv t]m¿ńwKv Iº-\n-bnepw
tPmen sNbvXp. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ kz¥-ambn ]Tn-°p-hm\pw hmbn-°p-hm\pw kabw
Is≠-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ t]mÃv B‚ v sSen-{Km^v Un∏m¿´p-sa‚nse ]co£
FgpXn ]m m-Im\pw tPmen kºm-Zn-°m\pw A\m-bmkw km[n-®p. Pohn-X-t¢-i-ß-
fpsS \Sp-hn¬ hf¿∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ft∏mgpw A≤zm-\n-°p∂ h¿§-Øns‚ {]bm-k-
ßsf \∂mbn a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂p. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS t£asØ ap≥\n¿Øn
t]mÃ¬ Un∏m¿´p-sa‚n¬ bqWn-b≥ t\Xm-hmbn {]h¿Øn-®p. D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-
Øn-\p≈ tamlw At∏mgpw a\- n¬ \nd-™p-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.
FtXym-]y-bnse A[ym-]I
- ≥
Pohn-X-Ønse henb hgn-Øn-cn-hmbncp∂p FtXym-]y-bnse A[ym-]-I-\mbn
\nb-an-X-\m-b-Xv. bmZr-—n-I-am-bn-´mWXv kw`-hn-®-Xv. Hcp-Znhkw Hcp hntZ-insb ]cn-
N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw t]mƒ hdp-Ko-kns‚ s]cp-am-‰-co-Xn-bn¬ At±-l-Øn¬ aXn∏v Df-hm-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu hntZin FtXym-]y-bn-e°p A≤ym-]-Isc \nb-an-°p-hm≥
\ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´ Bfm-bn-cp-∂p. FtXym-]y-bn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ Un{Kn-]-T\w Ign-™-
hsc sXc-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ h∂-h¿ tIhew sa{Sn-°p-te-j≥ am{X-ap≈ t]mƒ h¿Ko-
kns\ sXc-s™-Sp-°-W-sa-¶n¬ A{X-am{Xw B sNdp-∏-°m-cs‚ Ign-hns\ Ah¿
a\- n-em-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]n∂o-Sp≈ aq∂p h¿j-ßƒ FtXym-]y-bn¬ A[ym-]-I-
\mbn {]h¿Øn-®p. FtXym-]y-bnse Awlm-cnIv `mj ]Tn-®p. B `mjbv°pth≠n
{Kma¿ FgpXn k¿∆-cp-sSbpw {]iwk t\Sn. FtXym]y≥ N{I-h¿Øn slbven
skem-kn-bpsS {i≤-bnepw Cu sNdp-∏-°m-c≥ sNs∂-Øn. kl-{]-h¿Ø-IcpsS
Akq-b-aqew ]e {]bm-k-ßfpw ChnsS kln-t°-≠n-h-∂p.
D]-cn-]-T-\-ßƒ Ata-cn-°-bnepw Cw•-≠nepw
tbmKy-X-bv°-∏pdw e`n® tPmen-bn¬ Xr]vX-\m-ImsX Pohn-X-Ønse henb
e£y-amb thZ-im-kv{X-]-T\w \S-Øm-\p≈ Ah-kcw ssZhw Hcp-°n. Atacn-°-
bnse "tKmj≥' tImtf-Pn¬ Un{Kn ]T-\-Øn\p tN¿∂p. ]n∂oSv HIvetlm-a-bnepw
\yqtbm¿°nse bqWn-b≥ Xntbm-f-Pn-°¬ skan-\m-cn-bnepw ]n∂oSv {]n≥Ã¨
skan-\m-cn-bnepw ]Tn®v thZ-im-kv{X-Øn¬ _ncp-Zhpw amÃ¿ Un{Knbpw kºm-Zn®p.
]n∂o- S p≈ c≠p- h ¿jw tIc- f - Ø n¬ Bephm s^tem- j n∏v luknepw
hnZym¿∞n{]ÿm-\-Ønepw ÃpU‚ v {InkvXy≥ aqhvsa‚nepw (Fkv. kn. Fw.)
{]h¿Øn-®p. Npcp-ßnb c≠p h¿jw-sIm≠v anI® thZ-]-T-\-I¿Ømhv F∂ \ne-
bnepw thZim-kv{X⁄≥ F∂ \ne-bnepw tIc-f-Øn-ep-S-\ofw {i≤n-°-s∏-´p.
ho≠pw FtXym-]y-bn-tebv°pw hntZ-it- Øbv°pw
Cu {]mhiyw FtXym-]y-bn-tebv°p £Wn-®Xv FtXym-]y≥ N{I-h¿Øn-Xs∂-
bm-Wv. 1956-˛¬ C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ns‚ AXn-Yn-bmbn FØnb slbven skemkn
46
N{I-h¿Øn k`-bp-ambn´p≈ _‘-Øn¬, tN∏mSp Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS 100-˛mw {im≤-s∏-
cp-∂m-fnepw a‰p Nne ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw kw_-‘n-®p. A∂sØ ]cnip≤ ImtXm-
en°m Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm-bpsS A\p-hmZw hmßn-®mWv t]mƒ h¿Ko-
kns\ N{I-h¿Øn FtXym-]y-bn-tebv°p Iqń-s°m-≠p-t]m-b-Xv. Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d-bnse
{Kma-Øn¬ P\n® Hcp km[m-c-W-°m-c≥, Hcp hntZ-i-cm-PysØ N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS
t]gvk-W¬ Ãm^n¬ D]-tZ-jvSm-hmbn \nb-an-°-s∏-SpI F{X henb Hcp ssZh-\-S-
Øn-∏mWv. ùXn-I-h-f¿®-bv°p≈ ]e km[y-X-Ifpw {]tem-`-\-ß-fp-ap-≠m-sb-¶nepw
Ah-bvs°m∂pw t]mƒ h¿Kokv Iogvs∏-ń-√. Xs‚ k`-sbbpw AXp-hgn am\-h-
cminsbØs∂bpw tkhn-°W - s- a∂ D∂-Xe - £yw Ft∏mgpw lrZ-bØ
- n¬ kq£n®p.
AXn-\p≈ Ah-kcw t\m°n-∏m¿Øn-cp-∂p. FtXym-]y≥ N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS `cWw
XI-cp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≥]p-Xs∂ At±lw FtXym]y hn´p.
D]-cn-]-T\w "tb¬' hgn HmIvkvt^m¿Un¬ FØn. I∏-tZm-Iy≥ ]nXm-°-∑msc
{]tXy-In®v \n m-bnse {KotKm-dn-tbm-kn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-Øn¬°qSn temI-Øn¬
A∂p Pohn-®n-cp∂ thZ-im-kv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS ap≥\n-c-bn-se-Øn. ]Xps° At±lw
hniz-]u-c-\mbn amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. k`-I-fpsS AJn-e-temI Iu¨kn-ense At m-
kn-tb‰v sk{I-´-dn-bm-bn. CXn-t\m-SIw k`-bn¬ kam-[m\w D≠m-Ip-Ibpw 1958-˛¬
siΩm-»-\m-bn. 1962-˛¬ sshZn-I-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
AJn-e-temI k`m-Iu¨kn-ense thZ-]-T-\-¢m- p-Iƒ°v ^m. t]mƒ h¿Ko-kv,
c≠m-a-\n-√mØ H∂m-a-\mbn amdn. ]m›m-Xysc sh√p∂ Cw•ojv ]cn-⁄m\w, Iq´-
Øn¬ kpdn-bm\n, {Ko°v, em‰n≥, P¿Ω≥, {^©v, kwkvIr-Xw, Xangv, lnµn, ae-
bmfw apX-em-bn \nc-h-[n- `mjIfpsS klm-b-tØmsS ]m›m-Xyhpw ]uc-kvXy-hp-
amb XXz-im-kv{Xhpw thZ-im-kv{Xhpw hni-I-e\w sNøp-tºmƒ tIƒhn-°m¿°v
a‰m-cn¬\n∂pw e`n-°mØ ]pØ≥ DW¿hmbn amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. GsX-¶nepw Hcp
imJ-bn¬ am-{X-ambn At±-l-Øns‚ Adnhv HXp-ßn-\n-∂n-cp-∂n√. a‰m-tc-°mfpw
At±-lsØ A\-\y-\m-°n-bXv Cu kn≤n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]m›m-Xy, ]uckvXy ssZh-
im-kv{Xw, lnµp-a-Xw, C…mw, _p≤-ssP-\-a-X-ßƒ, I¨^yq-j-\n-kw, Xmthm-bnkw,
am¿Ivkn-kw, Ie, kmln-Xyw, cmjv{S-ao-amwk F√m-‰n-\p-ap-]cn imkv{Xw, AXns‚
]pXnb kn≤m-¥ß - ƒ, AXns‚ ]n∂n-ep≈ Zm¿i-\nI am\-ßƒ Ch-sb-√mw Fßs\
At\ym\yw _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p F∂v Imcy-Im-cW klnXw hnh-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-
\p≈ A]m-c-amb kwh-tZ\ £a-Xbpw At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
AJn-e-tem-I- k`mIu¨kn-en¬, sk≥{S¬ IΩn‰n AwKw apX¬ At\Iw
kan-Xn-I-fnepw HSp-hn¬ AXns‚ {]kn-U‚p-am-bn. bp. F≥. P\-d¬ Akwªn
tkmhnb‰v bqWn-b-\n¬ tKm¿_-t®hv \S-Ønb s]cn-kvt{Sm-bn-°, \ncm-bp-[o-I-cWw,
BtKmf `£y-£m-aw, IpSn-sh-≈-{]-iv\w, {]Ir-Xn-kw-c-£Ww apX-em-bn a\p-jy-cm-
insb _m[n-°p∂ Ht´sd hnj-b-ß-fn¬ A¥¿t±-iobambn \oXn°pth-≠n-bp≈
t]mcm-´-ß-fn¬ At±lw ]¶m-fn-bm-bn. A\-h[n tUmIvStd‰p-Ifpw ]pc-kvIm-c-ßfpw
At±-lsØ tXSn-sb-Øn.
sshZn-I-sk-an-\mcn {]n≥kn-∏¬, U¬ln `{Zm-k-\m-[n-]≥
tZio-bhpw A¥¿t±-io-bh - p-amb hnj-bß
- f- n¬ hym]r-X\
- m-bt- ∏mgpw amXr-k`sb
ad-∂n-√. 1967-˛¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv sshZn-I-sk-an-\mcn {]n≥kn-∏emb At±lw acWw-
hsc AXp XpS¿∂p. 1975˛¬ sa{Xm-t∏meo-Øm-bm-bn U¬ln `{Zm-k\ - Ø
- ns‚ NpaXe
Gs‰-Sp-Øp. skan-\mcn {]n≥kn-∏embn thZ-im-kv{X-Ønepw U¬ln `{Zmk-\m-[n]-
47
\m-bn kmaq-ly, aX, cmjv{Sob cwK-ß-fnepw kPo-h-ambn At±lw {]h¿Øn®p.
tbip-{InkvXp shfn-s∏-Sp-Ønb ssZh-cm-Py-Øn-tebv°p k¿∆ a\p-jy-scbpw PmXn-
a-X-t`-Z-sat\y cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-emWv At±lw apgp-In-bXv.
CXn¬ F√m aX-ßƒ°pw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ßƒ°pw imkv{X-Øn\pw Iebv°pw
kmln-Xy-Øn\pw cmjv{So-b-Øn-\p-sams° ]¶p-h-ln-°m-\ps≠∂v At±lw Nq≠n-
°m-ń.
BXy-¥n-I-ambn temIsØ cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv ssZh-am-sW∂v At±lw
Dd-®p-hn-iz-kn®p. F∂m¬ Cu {]{In-b-bn¬ F√m-h¿°pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb ]¶p-h-ln-
°m-\p-≠v. \∑ Fhn-sS-sb√mw Dt≠m AXns‚ Dd-hnSw ssZh-am-sW∂v At±lw
]Tn-∏n-®p. `qJ-fi-ßfpw an° cmPy-ßfpw kµ¿in® At±-lw, Cw•-≠n¬\n∂v
P¿Ω-\n-bn-te-bv°p≈ bm{X-bn¬ hnam-\-Øn¬ h®v 1993-˛¬ kvt{Sm°p-≠m-bn. ]n∂o-
Sp≈ aq∂p-h¿jhpw Cu ]£m-Lm-XØ - ns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-If - n¬\n-∂p-sIm≠p {]h¿Øn®p.
]ns∂bpw bm{X-Iƒ A\-h[n \S-Øn. Ah-km-\\ - n-anjw hsc, icocw _e-lo\amsb-
¶nepw a\- n\pw _p≤n°pw Hcp tIm´hpw kw`-hn-®n√. 1996 \hw-_¿ 24-˛\v U¬ln-
bn¬h®v Imew-sN-bvXp. 26-˛\v ]g-bs
- k-an-\m-cn-bpsS hS-°p-hi - Ø
- p≈ I_-dn¬ AS°w
sNbvXp. A¤p-X-I-chpw Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-sa∂pw tXm∂m-hp∂ At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-
XsØ IqSp-X¬ Bg-Øn¬ \mw ]Tn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Znhy-t_m-[\w ]T-\-]≤Xn,
]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS D’m-l-Øn¬ k`-bnse hnizm-kn-
Iƒ thZ-im-kv{X-Ønepw thZ-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw Bg-amb Adnhp t\S-W-sa∂ Dt±-
iy-Øn¬ 1984¬ Bcw-`n-®-Xm-Wv.
\ap°p {]m¿∞n°mw
I¿Øm-th, {]Xn-k-‘n-Isf AXn-Po-hn®p apt∂-dp-hm≥ ]utemkv am¿
{KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS PohnXw Rßsf ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. Aßv
AXn\p Rßsf klm-bn-°-W-ta. BΩo≥.
\ap°p Nn¥n°mw
1. sNdp-∏-Im-eØv ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n t\cn´ G‰hpw henb
{]Xn-k‘n F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
2. ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n hln® ]Z-hn-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
3. At±-l-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \nßsf G‰hpw kzm[o-\n® hkvXpX F¥v?
4. thZim-kv{X-]-T-\-Øns‚ BZym-£-c-ßƒ AΩ-bn¬\n-∂mWv ]Tn®Xv F∂v
At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. \nßsf Aßs\ Bsc-¶nepw kzm[o-\n-®n-´pt≠m?
48
]mTw 27
^m. tUm. hn. kn. kmap-h¬
(1912-˛1998)
]T-t\m-t±iyw: \nJymkp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ (325) kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn-\p-th≠n t]mcm-
Snb Hcp AØm-\m-tkymkv siΩm»-s\-∏-‰n \mw tIƒ°p-Ibpw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXn´p-≠-t√m. B Xc-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS CXx-]-cy-¥-ap≈ Ncn-{X-Ønse
{]K-¤-\mb sshZn-Is\ \mw Cu ]mT-Øn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
a\x-]m-T-hmIyw: ""btlmth \ns‚ IqSm-c-Øn¬ B¿ ]m¿°pw? \ns‚ hnip≤
]¿∆-X-Øn¬ B¿ hkn-°pw? \njvI-f-¶-\mbn \S∂p \oXn {]h¿Øn-°bpw
lrZ-b-]q¿∆w kXyw- kw-km-cn-°pIbpw sNøp-∂-h≥'' (k¶o. 15:1˛2).
]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: k`m-hn-⁄m-\-tIm-iw, ae-¶c k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ ˛ kmap-h¬
Nµ-\∏ - ≈
- n, hn. kn. kmap-h¬ A®s‚ Cw•o-jnepw ae-bm-fØ
- n-ep-ap≈ \nch[n
{KŸ-ßfpw teJ-\-ß-fpw.
Poh-Nc
- n-{Xw
1912 G{]n¬ 6˛\v Hma-√q¿ CSbn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ C. sP. sNdn-bm-s‚bpw A∂-
Ω-bp-sSbpw H≥]-Xp- a-°-fn¬ A©m-a-\mbn P\n-®p. ]nXmhv kvIqƒSo-®dpw. hnZym-
`ym-k-cw-KØv {]tXyIw Xmev]cyw Imńb Bfp-am-bn-cp-∂p. {]mY-an-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw
]Ø-\w-Xn-´-bn¬ ]nXm-hn-t\m-sSm-∏hpw sslkvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw tImg-t©-cn-bnepw
]q¿Øn-bm-°n. ]T-\-Øn¬ hfsc ka¿∞-\m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw A∂sØ kmaq-ly-]-
›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Iptd-\m-fp-I-fn-tebv°v XpS¿hnZym-`ymkw apS-ßn-t∏m-bn.
a™n-\n-°c Zb-dm-bn-ep≈ PohnXw

Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Z¿i-\hpw ImgvN-∏mSpw F√mw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p
a™n-\n-°c Zb-dm-bnse hmkw. Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS
ùXn-I-i-cocw AhnsS AS°w sNbvX-Xn-\p-tijw an°-t∏mgpw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚
Hcp {]Xn-\n-[n Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ AhnsS Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ A_vZpƒ
BlmZv dºm\pw (]n-∂oSv At±lw bm°q_v XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-km-bn) Gen-
bmkv am¿ bqentbmkv sa{Xm-\p-am-bp≈ kº¿°w kpdn-bm\n, lo{_p- `m-jb - n¬
Bg-ta-dnb ]T\w km[y-am-°n. AtXm-sSm∏w kz¥-ambn Cw•ojv `mjbpw ]c∂
hmb-\bn¬IqSn kzmb-Øa - m-°n. `mjm-]T
- \
- ß
- f
- psS Bcw-à
- m-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xv. ]n¬°m-
eØv {Ko°v, em‰n≥, P¿a≥, I∂-U, Xangv apX-emb \nc-h[n `mj-If - n¬ At±lw
{]mhoWyw t\Sn.
D]-cn-]T
- \
- ß
- ƒ
kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-tijw 13 h¿j-ßƒ Ign-™mWv XpS¿]-T-\-ßƒ \S-
∂-Xv. 1944-˛¬ XpS-ßnb B ]T\w 1957 hsc XpS¿∂p. Bephm bp. kn. tImtf-
Pn¬\n∂v ^ntem-k-^n-bn¬ Un{Kn-]-T\w XpS-ßnb A®≥ a{Zmkv {InkvXy≥
tImtfPn¬\n∂v ^ntem-k-^n-bn¬ Fw. F. bpw XpS¿∂v _mw•q¿ bp. ‰n. kn. \n∂v
_n. Un. bpw \yqtbm¿°v bqWn-b≥ skan-\m-cn-bn¬\n∂v Fkv. ‰n. Fw.Dw HSp-hn¬
49
{]i-kvX-amb tb¬ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬\n∂v ]n. F®v. Un. bpw Ic-ÿ-am°n. D∂-
X-amb dm¶p-I-tfm-sS-bmWv F√m ]T-\-ßfpw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv.
kXym-t\z-jn-bmb hnZym¿∞n
At¥ym-Jy≥ ]£-]m-Xn-Xz-ap≈ IpSpw-_-Øn-emWv P\n-®p-h-f¿∂-sX-¶nepw
hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambpw kXy-ambpw Imcy-ßƒ {Kln-°-W-sa∂ Xmev]cyw sNdp∏w
apXte At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]uckvXy Hmdn-b‚¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hn`m-K-
ßsf "GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ' (Monophysites) F∂p hnfn-®n-cp∂Xn¬ kXy-apt≠m
F∂v At\z-jn-°-W-sa∂v {]tXy-I-amb Hcp Xmev]cyw At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
AXn-\m¬ apJy-amb ]T\w B hgn-°mWv \oßn-bX - v. ss{IkvXh- k
- `- b
- nse BZysØ
]nf¿∏v kw`-hn® I¬°tZm≥ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ ]›m-Ø-ehpw GI-kz-`m-h, Zznkz-
`mh X¿°-ß-fpsS \nP-ÿn-Xnbpw At±lw At\z-jn-®p. BIam\ ss{IkvX-h-k-
`bv°v ]n¬°m-eØv {]tbm-P\ - {- ]-Za
- mb Is≠-Øe
- n-te-bv°mWv At±l-Øns‚ At\z-
j-W-ßƒ sNs∂-Øn-b-Xv. GI-kz-`m-hw, Zznkz-`mhw F∂ coXn-bn-ep≈ th¿Xn-cnhv
A∂sØ cmjv{Sob kmaq-ly- ]-cnÿnXn-I-fn¬ kw`-hn-®Xpw ]ckv]cw A¿∞w
a\- n-em-Im™-Xp-aq-e-hpam-sW∂p ]fin-tXm-Nn-X-ambn At±lw ka¿∞n-®p. BI-
am\ ss{IkvX-h-k-`, Xs∂ Cu Im-cy-Øn¬ _lp. hn.- kn. kmaph¬ A®-t\mSp
Gsd IS-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. At±-lØ - ns‚ tUmIvSd¬ {]_-‘a - mWv ‘Council of Chalcedon
- Reexamined’ F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-b-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Hcp C¥y≥ k`-sb-°p-dn®p≈ At\z-jWw

]m›m-Xy-k-`-I-fpsSbpw At¥ym-Jy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsSbpw A[n-\n-th-i-an-
√mØ X\-Xmb Hcp C¥y≥ ss{IkvX-h-k` D≠m-I-W-sa∂v At±-l-Øn\v hfsc
Xmev]-cyhpw Z¿i-\hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B hgn-°p≈ cq]-tc-J-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°m-\mbn
{]tXy-I-amb ]T-\-ßƒ At±lw \S-Øn. Cu ka-bØv tUm. ]n. Un. tZhm-\-µ≥
_mw•q-cn¬ Bcw-`n® `mc-Xob ]T-\-ßƒ°p-th≠nbp≈ {InkvXob ÿm]\
(CISRS)Øn¬ tN¿∂p ]Tn-®p. t]mÃv tUmIvS-d¬ ]T\w \S-Øm≥ tdmIvs^√¿
ût≠-js‚ kvtImf¿jn∏pw e`n-®p. C≥Uy≥ ^ntem-k-^n-bnse thZm-¥-]-T-\-
ßƒ, hnth-Im-\-µ≥, {iocm-a-Ir-jvW-an-j≥, alm-flm-Km-‘n, C¥y≥ tZiob
{]ÿm\w apXemb-h-sb-∏‰n Bg-Øn¬ ]Tn-®p. C¥y-bnse k`-Iƒ°v tZiob
kz`mhw h∂p-tN-c-W-sa∂v i‡-ambn hmZn-°p-Ibpw B h-gn°v At\Iw teJ-\-
ßfpw ]pkvX-I-ßfpw Fgp-Xp-I-bp-ap≠m-bn. AXn¬ {][m-\-amWv "CXv Hcp C¥y≥
k`tbm?' F∂v kzbw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdnbm\n k`-
sb-°p-dn®v Fgp-Xnb {KŸw. Zi-I-ßƒ°p-ap≥]v Fgp-Xnb B {KŸw Db¿Ønb
sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ C∂pw bmYm¿∞y-am-ImsX \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
DØ-a-\mb A[ym-]-I≥
a™n-\n-°c Zb-dm-bn¬ kpdn-bm\n aev]m-\mbn ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-bXv hnhn[
alm-hn-Zym-eb
- ß
- f- n-tebv°p hym]n-®p. skdmw-]q¿, _mw•q¿ bp. ‰n. tImtfPv, BUokv
A_m_v (F-tXym-]y)-bnse tlmfn-{Sn-\n‰n Xntbm-f-Pn-°¬ tImtfPv, ssh‰v ô¬Uv
FIyq-sa-\n-°¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, HSp-hn¬ Hcp Zi-It-Ømfw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn-epw
Federated Faculty for Research in Religion and Cultureepw At±lw kvXpXy¿lambn
{]h¿Øn-®p. F√m k`-I-fn-epw- s]´ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v At±-l-Øns‚ ]mfin-Xyhpw
AXn-ep-]cn Xmgvat- bmSpw kvt\l-tØm-Spw-Iq-Snb kao-]\hpw hfsc Zriy-am-bn-cp∂p.
50
FIyq-sa-\n-°¬ {]h¿Ø-\ß
- f
- n¬
k`-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hnizm-k-]-c-amb AIew Ipd-bv°p-hm≥ At±lw Bflm¿∞-
ambn ]cn-{i-an-®p. D]-cn-]-T-\-ß-sf√mw B e£yw-sh-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AJn-e--
temI k`m-Iu¨kn-ens‚ \mep ktΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬ At±lw {]_-‘-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-
∏n®v t\XrXzw \¬In. 1954-˛¬ Chm≥Ã¨ (bp. Fkv. F.), 1961 \yqU¬ln, 1968
D]vkme (kzo-U≥), 1976 s\bvtdm_n (sI\nb) F∂n-h-bmWv B ktΩ-f-\-ßƒ.
s^bvØv B‚ v Hm¿U¿
tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k` IqSn AwK-amb s^bvØv B‚ v Hm¿U¿ F∂ thZ-
imkv{X Iq´m-bva-bn¬ Zo¿L-ambn 23 h¿j-ß-fn¬ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn®p (1961-˛1984).
AXn-\n-S-bn-ep≈ Ggp ktΩ-f-\-ß-fnepw At±lw CuSp‰ {]_-‘-ßfpw Ah-X-cn-
∏n-®n-´p-≠v. tdma≥ ImtXm-enIv ˛ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-I-fpsS Ub-tem-Knepw Hmdn-
b‚¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-Ifpw tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`bpw XΩn-ep≈ Iq´m-bva-
bmb "t{]mHm-dn-b-t‚m-bnepw' At±lw kPo-h-amb t\XrXzw \¬In. A¥¿t±-iob
Iq´m-bva-Iƒ°p t\XrXzw \¬In-b-t∏mƒ `mc-X-Ønse FIyq-sa-\n-°¬ kwcw-`-
ßsf At±lw ad-∂n-√. tIcfm Iu¨kn¬ Hm^v N¿®kv (sI. kn. kn.), \mj-
W¬ Iu¨kn¬ Hm^v N¿®kv (F≥. kn. kn.) F∂n-h-bnepw kPo-h-amb t\XrXzw
\¬In-bn-cp-∂p.
k`-bv°p-≈nse {]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
k¨tU-kvIqƒ C≥kvs]-IvS-dm-bn-´mWv k`-bn¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ XpS-ßp-∂Xv.
1935-˛¬ si-Ωm-»-\mbpw B h¿jw-Xs∂ sshZn-I-\mbpw ]´w-sI-´-s∏-´p. skdmw-
]q¿, _mw•q¿, FtXym]y F∂o ÿe-ß-fn-se√mw {]h¿Øn-®-t∏mƒ Ahn-sS-sb√mw
Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßfpw ]≈n-Ifpw ÿm]n-°m≥ t\XrXzw \¬In. B \ne-bn¬ IqSp-
X¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-´p-≈Xv _mw•q-cn-em-Wv. sk‚ v tPm¿Pv ({Sn-\n-‰n), slmUq¿ sk‚ v
{KotKm-dn-tbmkv (a-cn-°p-tºmƒ B CS-h-Imw-K-am-bn-cp-∂p), Pme-l≈n sk‚ v tacokv,
_mw•q¿ CuÃv sk‚ v tXma-kv, hnP-b-\-K¿ sk‚ v Ão^≥kv apXemb ]≈n-I-
fpsS ÿm]\w apX¬ At±lw t\XrXzw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Ønepw Nne CShI-
I-fn¬ ip{iq-j \S-Ønbn´p-≠v.
Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥, ]fin-X≥, hmKvan
At±lw I¨h≥j≥ {]-kw-K-Is\∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ hm‹n-b√mbn-cp-∂p. ]fin-
tXm-Nn-X-amb {]`m-j-W-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xv. \nc-h[n {KŸ-ßfpw FÆ-
a‰ teJ-\-ßfpw At±lw cNn-®n-´p-≠v. "kXyw hnP-bn-°p∂p' (Truth Triumps) F∂Xv
h´-t»-cn¬ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta\nsb°p-dn®v cNn® Hcp thdn´ {KŸw BWv.-
"kzm-\p-`-h-th-Zn-bn¬' F∂ Bfl-I-Ybpw kXy-k-‘-amb Hcp Pohn-X-Øns‚ t\¿h-
gn-°p≈ Hcp tcJm-Nn-{X-am-Wv. Im]Syw H´pw Xo≠n-bn-ń√m-Ø ]c-am¿∞-amb Hcp
a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. At±-l-Øns‚ kvt\l-Øn\v PmXn-a-X, k`,
tZio-b-X-bpsS AXn¿h-c-ºp-I-fn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. {InkvXp-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬ At±lw
cNn® "tbip-{InkvXp Bcv' F∂ {KŸ-w {]i-kvX-am-Wv. kn. F¬. Fkv. Xncp-h-√-
bmWv B {KŸw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Znhyt_m[\ kocn- p-I-fnepw
CuSp‰ {KŸ-ßƒ At±lw cNn-®n-´p-≠v.
hm¿≤-Iy-Imew _mw•q-cn-emWv Ign-®p-Iq-ń-b-Xv. 86-˛mw hb- n¬ 1998 \hw-_¿
18-˛\v At±lw ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bn-tebv°p IS-∂p-t]m-bn. At±-l-sØ-°p-dn®v hni-Z-
51
ambn ]Tn-°p-hm≥ ae¶c-k-`m-a-°ƒ D’m-ln-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\p≈ Hcp
Bap-J-ambn Cu ]T\w klm-b-I-am-I-Ww.
Rß-fpsS I¿Ømth, hn. kn. iap-th-e-®-s\-t∏mse k`-bpsS kXy-hn-
izm-k-Øn-\p-th≠n F∂pw \ne-sIm-≈p-hm≥ Rßsf klm-bn-°-W-
ta. F√mw ssZh-bn-jvS-{]-Im-chpw Ahn-SpsØ al-Xz-Øn\pw DX-I-W-
ta. BΩo≥.
\ap-°v Nn-¥n°mw
1. hn. kn. kmap-h¬ A®-s\-∏‰n GsX√mw Imcy-ß-fmWv \nß-sf BI¿jn-®Xv?
2. kpdn-bm\n `mjm-]-T-\-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn At±-l-Øn\v e`n® kml-N-cy-ßƒ
F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
3. BI-am\ ss{IkvX-h-k-`-bv°v At±-l-Øns‚ Kth-j-W-êw Fß-s\-bmWv
{]tbm-P-\-s∏´Xv? Iq´mbn N¿®-sN-øp-I.
4. ""CXv Hcp C¥y≥ k`tbm?'' _lp. hn. kn. iap-th-e-®≥ D∂-bn® Cu tNmZy-
tØm-Sp≈ \nß-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw N¿® sNøp-I.
5. Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h F¥v?
CISRS .................................................................................................................
FFRRC...........................................................................................................
KCC...............................................................................................................
NCCI..............................................................................................................
{]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
hn. kn. iap-th-e-®s‚ cN-\-I-fpsS Hcp ]ńI Xøm-dm-°p-I.
52
bqWn‰v F´v
\√ ioe-ßƒ
]mTw 28
kº-Øns‚ \oXn-]q¿∆-amb hn\n-tbmKw
]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: kºØv \oXn-]q¿∆-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bhiy-IX
a\- n-em-°p-I. kº-Øns‚ icn-bmb hn-\n-tbmKw km[y-am-°p∂ hnhn[
am¿§-ßƒ a\- n-em-°pI. Cu am¿§-ßƒ Po-hn-X-Øn¬ {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-I.
a\x-]m-T-hmIyw: {Zhym-{Klw kIehn[ tZmj-Øn\pw aqe-a-t√m. CXv Nne¿
Imwjn®n´v hnizmkw hn´p-g-∂p, _lp-Zpx-J-ßƒ°v A[o-\-cm-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p∂p
(1 XotamØn-tbmkv 6:10).
]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: hn. thZ-]p-kvX-Iw, {]m¿∞-\m-{Iaw
BapJw
B[p-\n-Ib
- p-KØ
- n¬ a\p-jy≥ as‰-¥n-t\-°m-fpw kº-Øn\v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p.
kº-Øp-s≠-¶n¬ F√m-ambn F∂p hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂
Hcp kaq-l-Øn-emWv \mw C∂v Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. kºØv D≠m-°p-∂Xpw hn\n-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂Xpw I-cp-Xn-sh-bv°p-∂Xpw F{]-Im-c-am-sW-∂p≈ thZ-]p-kv-X-I-Nn¥ Fs¥∂v
\ap°v a\- nem-°mw.
]mT-`mKw
a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ kºØv Xo¿®-bmbpw Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. kºØv D≠m-
°p-∂t- Xm, D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂tXm, Icp-Xn-sh-bv°p∂tXm Hcp sX‰-√. F∂m¬ kºØp
t\Sm≥ kzoI-cn-°p∂ am¿§w icn-bmtWm F∂p ]cn-tim-[nt°≠n-bncn-°p∂p. kº-
Øns\ kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw Bcm-[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv sX‰m-Wv. Ah ssZhw X∂-
XmWv F∂p≈ Nn¥ \sΩ `cn-°Ww. C°mcyw \mw hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
kºØv F¥n-\mbn \sΩ Gev]n-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂v ssZh-Nn-¥-bn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-
hm≥ \ap°v Npa-X-e-bp-≠v.
kº-Øns\ hnhn[ cq]-ß-fn¬ \ap°v Z¿in-°mw. Xma-kn-°p∂ hoSv, kz¥-am-
bp≈ hml-\w, ÿe-ßƒ, BSp-am-Sp-Iƒ, hmWn-Py-ÿm-]\ - ß
- ƒ, ^mIvSd
- n-Iƒ, _m¶v
\nt£-]-ßƒ, sjb¿ \nt£-]w, kz¿Æw, ]Ww apX-em-bh kº-Øns‚ ]e cq]-
ßfm-Wv. F¥p `£n-°p-∂p, F¥p IpSn-°p-∂p, F¥p-Xcw hmbp izkn-°p∂p F∂p-
≈-Xp-t]mepw C∂p kº-ØmWv \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xv. _‘-ßsf \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂-Xn\pw
kulr-Z-ßsf hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm, ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm sNøp-∂-Xn\pw AXp-
t]mse kaq-l-Øn¬ Ãm‰kv \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂Xn\pap≈ {][m\ LSIw kºØv
Xs∂ F∂p ]ecpw Nn¥n-°p-∂p. kºØv hn\n-tbm-K-Øns‚ hnhn[ hi-ßƒ a\-
n-em°mw:
53
1. [\-k-ºm-Z\w
kºØv ssZhw Xcp-∂-Xm-Wv. ssZth-jvS-{]-Imcw \mw A≤zm-\n-°p-Ibpw
{]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ ssZhw \¬Ip∂ {]Xn-^-e-amWv kº-Øv. ssZth-
jvS{-]-Imcw kºØv D≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬ ssZhw kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p. Aß-s\-bp-≈-hs\
I¿Ømhv hnfn-®Xv ""\∂v \√ Zmk-t\, \o AXy-ev]-Øn¬ hniz-kvX≥'' (hn. eqt°m.
19:17). Xme¥p hn`-Pn-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-tijw AXp D]-tbm-Kn®v \√Xv t\Sn-b-hs\
I¿Ømhv «mLn-°p-∂-XmWv apI-fn¬ ]d™ hmIyw.
ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ Irjn, I®-h-Sw, Kh¨sa‚ v ˛ ss{]-h‰v ÿm]-\-ß-fnse tPmen,
^mIvS-dn-I-fnse tPmen apXemb-h-bm-bn-cp∂p {][m\ hcp-am-\-am¿§-ßƒ. C∂v Fhn-
sS-bm-bmepw Pohn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb hcp-am-\-sa-∂-Xn¬ D]-cn-bmbn kºØv h¿≤n-
∏n-°p-∂-Xn-emWv Gh-cp-sSbpw {iaw. CXn-\mbn aSn-Iq-SmsX Bfp-Iƒ Aan-X-]-eni,
ssI°q-en, Agn-a-Xn, I≈-°-S-Øv, Icn-©-¥, I≈-∏-Ww, Aan-X-em`w apXemb
am¿§-ßƒ Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂p. A\ym-b-ambn kº-Øp-≠m°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-tºmƒ
kaq-l-Øn¬ tamjWw, ]nSn-®p-]-dn, sIme-]m-X-Iw, Ih¿® apXemb Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-
fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-h-cpsS FÆw {Iam-Xo-X-ambn h¿≤n-°p-∂p. ""Fs‚ kº-sØ∂v
sNm√p-hm≥ ˛ thsd-bn-s√m∂pw tbip am{Xw kº-Øm-Ip∂p'' Cu Km\w ss{IkvX-
h-`-h-\-ßfn¬ Db¿∂p tIƒ°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. tbip am{Xw Fs‚ kº-sØ∂v
Bflm¿∞-ambn ]d-bp-hm≥ \ap°p Ign-bptam?
2. [\w Fßs\ sNe-h-gn-°p∂p?

kºØv kºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn¬ am{X-a-√, sNe-h-gn-°p-∂-Xnepw \oXn-t_m-[-ap-≠m-
I-Ww. C¥y-bnse kº-Øns‚ 75% `mKhpw P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 25% Bfp-I-fpsS ssIh-
i-am-W-s{X. tdmUn¬ \ndsb BUw-_-c-hm-l-\-ßƒ. Hcmƒ°v bm{X-sN-øp-hm≥
t]mepw Hcp _ ns‚ hne-bp≈ hml-\-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h¿. ct≠m aqt∂m
t]¿°v Xma-kn-°p-hm≥ AXn-hn-im-e-amb tImSn-°-W-°n\v ]Ww sNe-hm-°n-bp≈
hoSp-Iƒ D≠m-°p-∂h- ¿. P∑-Zn-\ß
- ƒ, amtam-Zo-km, hnhmlw am{Xa√ ih-kw-kvImcw
t]mepw Xß-fpsS kº-Øns‚ \ne-hmcw ImWn-°p∂ Ah-k-c-ambn Xo¿∂n-cn-
°p∂p. CsX√mw [\w [q¿Ø-Sn-°p-∂-Xns‚ {]I-S-amb DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. hy‡n-
Iƒ am{X-a-√, ÿm]-\-ßfpw ]≈n-Ifpw k`-Ifpw hnhn[ aX-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw C°m-
cy-Øn¬ H´pw ]nd-In-e-√. ]≈n-s∏cp-∂m-fn¬t]mepw BNm-c-ß-fpsSbpw ]m-c-º-cy-
ß-fp-sSbpw (ap≥]-Xn-hn-s‚) t]cp ]d™p Bflob ASn-ÿm\w Xosc-bn-√mØ
Imcy-ßƒ°p ]Ww sNe-h-gn-°p-∂Xpw [q¿Øp-Xs∂.
3. ssZhw Xcp∂ kºØv F√m-h¿°pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-Wv

\mw kz¥-ambn am{Xw A\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw [q¿Ø-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂Xpƒs∏-
sS-bp≈ F√m kºØpw Cu temI-Øn-ep≈ F√m-h¿°pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.
\ap°v ssZhw X∂ kºØv \ΩpsS Ign-h-\p-k-cn®v a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°p-hm≥
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\p IqSn-bp≈Xm-Wv. \mw kp`n-£-X-bn¬ Ign-bp-tºmƒ \ΩpsS
kao-]Ø - p-≈h- ¿ ]-ń-Wn-In-S°
- p-Ib
- m-sW-¶n¬ AXn¬ \mw ssZh-k∂
- n-[n-bn¬ DØcw
]d-tb-≠n-hcp-w. ssZh-cm-Py-Øn¬ {]th-in-°p-hm≥ B{K-ln-°p∂ [\-hm-\mb sNdp-
∏-°m-c-t\mSv tbip ]d-bp-∂Xv ""\n\-°p-≈Xv Hs°bpw hn‰p Zcn-{Z-∑m¿°v ]Ip-Øp-
sIm-Sp-°q. F∂m¬ \n\°v kz¿§-Øn¬ \nt£]w D≠m-Ipw. ]ns∂ h∂v Fs∂
54
A\p-K-an-°pI'' F∂mWv (hn. eqt°mkv 18:22). \ΩpsS k-º-Øns‚ Zimwiw a‰p-
≈-hsc klm-bn-°p-hm≥ \o°n-h-bvt°≠Xv Bh-iy-am-sW∂v hn. ss__nƒ
]Tn∏n°p-∂p. Pohn-Xs
- si-en-bn¬ B¿`m-Sß
- ƒ°v kzbw-\n-b{- ¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw.
4. kaq-l-Øns‚ kzm[o\w
C∂v \mw Po-hn-°p-∂Xv I¨kyq-a¿ skmssk‰nbnem-Wv. ]c-ky-ß-fpsS kzm[o-
\h-e-b-Øn¬s]´ D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-\-Sn-a-I-fmbn A\m-h-iy-ambn ]Ww sNe-
h-gn-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ {i≤n-°Ww. Pohn-X-ssi-en-bn¬ a‰p-≈-hsc A\p-I-cn-°p-hm\pw
s]mß®w ImWn-°p-hm\pw ISw hmßn-t]mepw ]Ww sNe-h-gn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. a‰p-
≈-h-cpsS kzm[o-\-Øn¬ aZy-]m\w XpSßn AXn-\-Sn-a-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂n-´p≈ [mcmfw
Bfp-Iƒ \ap°p Np‰pw ImWmw. CXv am\-\-jvS-Øn\pw ]ń-Wn°pw am{X-a√, amdm-
tcm-K-ß-fn-tebv°pw Bfl-l-Xy-bn-tebv°pw hsc sNs∂-Øn°pw F∂Xv hmkvX-
h-am-Wv. ]e Ipń-Ifpw cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ IqSp-X-embn AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ ]mbv°‰v
`£-W-ßƒ hmßp-∂-Xn\v [mcmfw ]Ww sNe-h-gn-°p-∂p-≠v. Btcm-KyØn\v Hcp
KpWhpw sNøp-I-bn-√m-sb∂p am{Xa√, CXv hfsc tZmj-I-c-hp-am-Wv. kºØv D≈-
t∏mƒ kplr-Øp-°ƒ [mcm-f-ap-≠m-Ipw. ]Ww Xo¿∂p-I-gn-™m¬ F√m-hcpw Dt]-
£n®p t]mhp-Ibpw sNøpw.
5. kºmZyw `mhn-bn-tebv°v Bh-iytam?

If-∏p-c-bn¬ Aan-X-ambn [m\yw Icp-Xn-h-bv°p∂ [\-hm-t\mSv \ΩpsS I¿Ømhv
]d-bp-∂-Xmbn hnip≤ thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \mw ImWp-∂p. ""aqVm, Cu cm{Xn-bn¬
\ns‚ {]mWs\ \nt∂mSp tNmZn°pw; ]ns∂ \o Hcp-°n-sh-®Xv B¿°mIpw?''
(hn. eqt°mkv 12:20). temI-Øns‚ \s√mcp `mKw Iog-S-°nb Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ N{I-
h¿Øn Xs‚ ac-W-Øn¬ Xm≥ H∂pw -IqsS sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂n-√m-sb∂v temI-
Øn\v ImWn-®p-sIm-SpØp. kºm-Zy-ambn Iqń-h-bv°p-∂Xv ]W-a-√.- k-ºØv hn\n-
abw sNø-s∏-SWw. F¶nte AXv [\-am-Iq. aÆn¬ Ipgn-®n´ "Hcp Imiv' [\-a-s√∂v
I¿Ømhv ]d-™p. A©pw c≠pw Inń-b-h¿ ]Øpw \mep-am-°n. AXv I¿Ømhns\
XncnsI Gev]n-°p-tºmƒ AXv kº-Ømbn amdp-∂p. \ap°v e`n-°p-∂Xv Iqń-h-
bv°m-sXbpw Ipgn®p-h-bv°m-sXbpw AXp-sIm≠v hn\n-abw sNbvXp h¿≤n-∏n®v kaq-
l-Øns‚ \∑bv°mbn ka¿∏n-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv.
\ΩpsS ]e hoSp-If
- nepw a°fpw sIm®p-a°
- f
- p-ambn ]e Xe-ap-dI
- ƒ°v kp-Jambn
Pohn-°p-hm-\p≈ kºmZyw Icp-Xn-h-®n-cn-°-bmWv. CXv \ΩpsS \mSns‚ kmaq-ly-
hy-h-ÿn-XnbmWv. {]mb-am-Ip-tºmƒ sNdn-sbmcp kºm-Zy-ap-≈Xv KpWw sNøp-
sa¶nepw Pohn-Xw-Xs∂ kºm-Zn-®p-Iq-´pI F∂ {]{In-b-bv°p-th≠n am‰n-h-bv°p-
∂Xv icn-b√.
Hcp hnZym¿∞n F∂ \ne-bn¬ \nßƒ°v C°m-cy-Øn¬ F¥v sNøp-hm≥
Ignbpw? Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ Nne Xocp-am-\-ßƒ sN-ø-Ww. AXv F{]Imcw F∂v
t\m°mw.
i. Hcp Ipń F∂ \ne-bn¬\n∂pw kaq-lØnse DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap≈ hy‡n F∂
\ne-bn-tebv°v amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ hf¿®m-L´- Ø
- n-em-Wn-t∏mƒ \nßƒ. hoń¬
[\w kºm-Zn-°p-∂Xpw sNe-h-gn-°p-∂Xpw kq£n-®p-hbv°p-∂Xpw \oXn-]q¿∆-
am-bn-´mtWm F∂v {i≤n-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-I.
55
ii. ssIhiw e`n-°p∂ ]Ww AXv t]m°‰v aWn-bmbn e`n-°p-∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬
t]mepw A\m-h-iy-amb Imcy-ßƒ°p D]-tbm-Kn-°msX a‰p-≈-h¿°v {]tbm-
P\w e`n-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-I.
iii. hcp-am-\Ø
- ns‚ Zimwiw a‰p-≈h - ¿°p-th≠n {]tXy-In®v CS-hI
- b
- nepw k`-bnepw
kaq-l-Ønepw \S-Øp∂ Poh-Im-cp-Wy-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw anj≥ {]h¿Ø-\-
ßƒ°pambn sNe-h-gn-°p-hm≥ IpSpw-_mw-K-ßsf Hm¿∏n-°p-I. kz¥-ambn hcp-
am\w e`n-®p-Xp-S-ßp-tºmƒ Cu co-Xn-bn¬ Zimwiw (h-cp-am-\-Øns‚ ]Øn-sem-
s∂-¶n-epw) am‰n-h®v D]-tbm-Kn-°phm≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw sNøpI (a-emJn 3:8 hmbn-
°p-I).
iv. A\ym-b-ambn ]Ww D≠m-°p-hm≥ Hcn-°epw {ian-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I. [\-Øns‚
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Bscbpw th¿Xn-cn®v ImWm-Xn-cn-°p-I. ssZh-ap-ºmsI F√m-
hcpw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-sW∂v Dd®p hniz-kn-°p-I.
v. [\sØ am{Xw kºm-Zy-ambn ImWmsX ssZhw \ap°v X∂n-cn-°p∂ Ign-hp-I-
sfbpw kºm-Zy-ambn I≠v B Ign-hp-Iƒ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ kzbw {ian-°p-
Ibpw a‰p-≈-hsc t{]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
vi. t\Sp∂ kºmZyw "\nt£-]-am°n' hn\n-a-b-km-[y-X-bn-√msX "Ipgn-®-ph-bv°p∂'
kz`mhw hn´v hn\n-abw sNbvXv h¿≤n∏n®v At\I-cpsS \∑-bv°mbn {]tbm-P-
\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
ssZ-h-Øns‚ Zm\-amb kº-Øns\ ssZth-jvS-a-dn™v hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥
{]m¿∞-\m-]q¿∆w {ian-°p-tºmƒ a\ v kt¥m-jn-°pw. AXn¬IqsS F∂pw kam-
[m-\hpw kt¥mjhpw Dƒs°m≠v PohnXw \bn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°pw.
ssZhta, kº-Øn¬ B{i-bn-°msX Ahn-SpsØ Ir]-bn¬ am{Xw B{i-
bn®v Pohn-°p-hm≥ Rßsf k-lm-bn-°-W-sa. e`n-®n-cn-°p∂ F√m \√
Zm\-ßfpw Ahn-SpsØ Icp-W-bm-sW∂p Xncn-®-dn™v ]¶p-h-bv°p∂
A\p-`-h-Øn-tebv°p Rßsf \bn-°-W-sa. BΩo≥.
\ap°v ]mSmw
(]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS ih-kw-kvImcw ˛ H∂mw ip{iq-j)
{`mXm-°-∑m-tc-˛-km-˛-{i≤w
tI´-dn-hn≥ \nßƒ-˛-k-˛-ºØpw
kuµ-cy-hp-am-⁄m-i-˛-‡n-bXpw
s]mbvt∏mbv \nti-jw-˛-am-˛-™oSpw
\nXyw hmgp-t∂m≥-˛-Xm-˛≥-˛-[-\y≥
\n›bw
kº-Øns‚ \oXn-]q¿∆-amb hn\n-tbmKw Fßs\ km[y-am°mw F∂v
Rßƒ a\- n-em-°n. Ch Rßƒ Pohn-X-Øn¬ {]mh¿Øn-I-am°pw.
[q¿Øpw B¿`m-S-Po-hn-Xhpw Rßƒ Dt]-£n-°pw.
Zimwiw \o°n-h®v Poh-Im-cp-Wy-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°pw.
ssZhw-X-cp∂ kº-Øn¬ am{Xw B{i-bn®v Pohn-°pw.
56
\ap-°v Nn-¥n°mw
1. kº-Øns‚ hnhn[ cq]-ß-tfh?
2. kºØv \∂mbn kºm-Zn-°p∂-hsc ssZhw hnfn-°p∂ t]sc¥v?
3. "Fs‚ kº-sØ∂p sNm√p-hm≥' F∂ Km\-i-Iew \¬Ip∂ ktµiw F¥v?
4. kºØv icn-bmbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv Fß-s\-sb√mw?
5. kºØv a\p-jy\v Fßs\-sb√mw {]tbm-P-\s∏Sp∂p?
6. ""kºØv Hcp \√ Zmk-\m-Wv. F∂m¬ tamiw bP-am-\\pw.'' Cu sNm√ns‚
A¿∞w hy‡-am-°mtam?
7. kºØv hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns‚ hnhn[ hi-ßƒ hni-Z-am-°p-I.
8. ""kºØv ssZhw Xcp∂ {]Xn-^-e-amWv.'' ka¿∞n-°p-I.
9. C∂v \ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ [q¿Øv GsX√mw? Ahsb-°p-dn®v
\nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-sa¥v?
10. efn-X-Po-hnXw \bn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p≈ {]tbm-P-\-ßƒ Gh?
11. \ap°v ssZhw X∂n-cn-°p∂ Xme-¥p-Isf h¿≤n-∏n®v "[\'am°n am‰p-∂-sX-
ßs\?
12. kº-Øns‚ icn-bmb hn\n-tbmKw km[y-am-°p-hm≥ Hcp hnZym¿∞n F∂
\ne-bn¬ \nßƒ°v Fs¥√mw sNøphm≥ Ignbpw?
{]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
1. A\ym-ba
- mbn [\w kºm-Zn-°p-∂X
- n-s\-∏‰
- nbpw {Zhym-{K-ls
- Ø-∏‰
- n-bp-ap≈ hmIy-
ßƒ hn. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬\n∂v Is≠Øn Ub-dn-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-h-bv°p-I.
2. "kº-Øns‚ \oXn-]q¿h-amb hn\n-tbmKw' F∂ hnj-bsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n
¢m n¬ N¿®-\-S-Øp-I.
XpS¿hmb-\bv°v
57
]mTw 29
Iu¨kn-enw-Kns‚ {]k‡n
]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: Iu¨kn-enw-Kns‚ {]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°p-I. am\knI, sshIm-
cnI {]iv\-ßƒ t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp-tºmƒ Ipdp-°p-h-gn-Iƒ tXSn PohnXw \in-∏n-
°m-sX Iu¨kn-enw-Kn-eqsS Pohn-X-k-am-[m\w t\Sp-hm≥ Ign-bp-I. a‰p-≈-
h¿°v CuhI {]iv\-ßƒ D≠m-hp-tºmƒ Ah¿°v Iu¨kn-enwKv e`n-°p-
hm≥ am¿§-\n¿t±iw \¬IpI.
a\x-]m-T-hmIyw: ""aI-s\, Fs‚ D]-tZiw ad-°-cp-Xv. \ns‚ lrZbw Fs‚ Iev]-\-
Isf ImØp-sIm-≈-s´'' (k-Zr-i. 3:1).
]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: ^m. tUm. H. tXmakv Fgp-Xnb "PohnX]mX-bn¬', "a\ pw
Pohn-Xhpw' F∂o Znhy-t_m-[-\-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ, hn. thZ-]p-kvX-Iw, {]m¿∞-\m-
{Iaw.
BapJw
am\-knI sshIm-cn-I-{]-iv\-ßƒ C√m-Ø-h¿ Bcpw ImWp-I-bn-√. icnbmb
Iu¨kn-enwKv Cu kµ¿`-Øn¬ {]tbm-P\w sNøpw. Iu¨kn-enwKv Bh-iy-apt≠m?
Ds≠-¶n¬ GXp-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Iu¨kn-e-sd-bmWv kao-]n-t°-≠Xv Fs∂ms° \mw
a\- n-em-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ch-bmWv \mw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv.
]mT-`mKw
Iu¨kn-enwKv Hcp BapJw
thZ-]p-kvXI-Øn¬ Iu¨kn-e¿ F∂ hm°v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´pt≠m? ae-bmf thZ-
]p-kvXI- Ø
- n¬ Aß-s\-sbmcp hm°p ImWp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Cw•o-jn¬ Cu {]tbmKw
]e `mK-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v (Paraclete: Counsellor). ]cn-ip≤mflm-hn-s\-bmWv ]pXn-
b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ Iu¨kn-e-dmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. am\p-jnI _p≤n-°-Xo-X-ambn
ssZh-Øns‚ Btem-N\ hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-am-Wv. ssZhw- X-ºp-cm≥ t\cn´p
shfn-∏mSp Xc-W-sa∂v Ft∏mgpw \mw iTn°-cp-Xv. F∂m¬ ssZhØns‚ ]cn-ip-≤m-
flmhv hnizm-kn-I-fpsS lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ hkn®v a\p-jy-_p-≤n-°-Xo-X-amb Imcy-ßƒ
Btem-N-I-fnepw Nn¥-I-fnepw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-Ø-cpw. ssZhw a\p-jyscbpw Cu Im-
cy-ß-fn¬ apJm-¥-c-ß-fm-°m-dp≠v.
IpSpw-_-ß-fnse {]mbw-sN-∂-h¿, ]´-°m¿,- Kp-cp-°-∑m¿ apXemb-h-scms° \√
Iu¨k-ne-d-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Cfw-X-e-ap-dsb t\¿h-gn-bn¬ \S-Øp-hm-\p≈ \√ Btem-
N\Iƒ ]¶n-Sp-hm≥ Ch¿ Ign-hp-≈h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS Btem-N\ - I
- f- n¬ Bflo-
b-k-Xy-ßƒ- Dƒs°m-≠n-cp-∂p. ⁄m\n-bmb item-tams‚ kZr-iy-hm-Iy-ßƒ apgp-
h\pw B Xc-Øn¬ Fßs\ icn-bmbn Pohn-°-W-sa-∂p≈ Bflo-b-{]-t_m-[-\-ß-
fm-W-t√m. F∂m¬ a\x-im-kv{Xw F∂ hn⁄m\imJ hf¿∂-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn, AXns‚
km[y-XIƒ IqSn D]-tbm-Kn®v {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-ßƒ Is≠-Ø-W-sa∂ Bi-b-Øn\v
{]m_-ey-ap-≠m-bn. B[p-\nI Iu¨kn-enwKv B hn[-Øn¬ hf¿∂n-´p-≈X - m-Wv. ssZh-
sØbpw Bflob ASn-ÿm-\ß - s- fbpw am‰n-\n¿Øn-s°m-≠p≈ Iu¨kn-enwKv hnizm-
k-k-aq-l-Øn\p tN¿∂-X-√. Bflo-b-X-sbbpw a\x-imkv{Xw Xcp∂ Adn-hn-s\bpw
58
BtcmKy-I-c-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p∂ Iu¨kn-enw-Kn-\m-bn-cn-°Ww hnizm-kn-Iƒ
{]m[m\yw \¬tI-≠Xv.
Iu¨kn-enwKv F∂m¬ F¥mWv?
]Iz-X-bp≈ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ, Kpcp-°-∑m¿, BNm-cy-∑m¿ apXemb-h¿ am\-knI,
sshIm-cnI {]bm-k-ßƒ D≈-h¿°p D]-tZiw sImSp-°p∂ coXn-bmWv ap≥]v D≠m-
bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ D]-tZiw kzoI-cn-°m≥ a\- n-√m-Ø-h¿°v Cu coXn {]tbm-
P\w sNøp-I-bn-√. AXn-\m¬ B coXn°v Nne am‰-ßƒ h∂n-´p-≠v. AXm-bXv
sshImcn-I, am\-knI, Bflob {]iv\-ßƒ D≈-h¿°pw, kzbw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m≥
D≈ Ignhp ]q¿Æ-ambpw \jvS-s∏-ń-ń-√. Xs∂-bp-a-√, kzbw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-tØm-Sp-
IqSn Xocp-am-\-ßƒ FSp-Øm¬ Ah¿°v AXp \S-∏m-°m-\p≈ Xmev]cyap≠m-Ipw.-
Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ ASn-t®-ev]n-°p-∂Xv ]e¿°pw CjvS-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. {]iv\-ßsf
bmYm¿∞y-t_m-[-tØmsS hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm-\p≈ Ignhv F√m-h¿°pw ImWp-I-bp-
an√. AXn-\m¬ Ct∏mgsØ Iu¨kn-enw-Kn¬ c≠p -Im-cyßsf kwtbm-Pn-∏n-®n-cn-
°p-∂p.
H∂m-aXv am\-knI {]iv\-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ Iu¨kn-e-dpsS Ign-hv, c≠m-
aXv DØ-ch - m-Zn-Xz-tØm-Sp-IqSn kzbw-Xocp-am-\s
- a-Sp-°m-\p≈ hy‡n-If
- psS Ign-hv. CXp
c≠pw- Iq-Sn kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°p∂ ssien-bmWv B[p-\nI Iu¨kn-enw-Kns‚ ASn-
ÿm-\w. IÆm-Sn-bn¬ t\m°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Cu {]-{In-bsb D]an°mw. IÆm-Snbn¬
t\m°p-tºmƒ, Ah-c-h-cpsS apJw Fß-s\-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂p Is≠-Øp-∂p. X\nsb
kz¥w apJw ImWm≥ km[n°mØ Ahÿ-bm-Wt√m Gh¿°p-ap-≈-Xv. Aßs\
Is≠Øp∂ {]Xn-_nw-_-ß-fn¬ A]m-IXbp≈Xv ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥ kzbw km[n-
°p-∂p. Cu hkvXp-X-I-ƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ Iu¨kn-enw-Kns\ Cu hn[Øn¬
\n¿∆-Nn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. a\ ns‚ hnhn[ hi-ßsf A]-{K-Yn-°m-\-dn-bm-hp∂hcp-
ambn a\ p ]¶n-Sp-Ibpw AXn¬IqSn e`n-°p∂ Dƒ°m-gvN-Iƒ sIm≠v {]iv\-ßsf
]cn-l-cn-°m≥ kzbw Xocp-am-\-ßƒ FSp°p-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv Iu¨kn-enwKv F∂v
\n¿∆-N\w {it≤bw. a\- ns\ A]-{K-Yn-°p-∂-h¿°v Bflo-b Dƒ°m-gvN-IƒIqSn
Ds≠-¶n¬ Ah-cp-sS- Iu¨kn-enw-Km-bn-cn°pw hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v Gsd {]tbm-P-\-s∏-
Sp-∂Xv.
a\- ns\ Ae-´p∂ {]iv\-ßsf bmYm¿∞y-t_m-[-tØmsS hni-I-e\w sNbvXv
kzbw- ]-cn-lm-c-am¿§-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-hm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ {]{In-b-bmWv Iu¨kn-
enwKv F∂p ]d-bmw.
B¿s°-√m-amWv Iu¨kn-enwKv B-h-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv?
Iu¨kn-enw-Kn-s\-°p-dn®v Nne¿s°-¶nepw sX‰mb [mc-W-bp-≠v. AXm-bXv
am\-knI tcmKn-I-fmWv Iu¨kn-enw-Kn\v t]mIp-∂-Xv. CXv H´pw icn-b-√. am\-kn-
I-tcm-Kn-Iƒ°v, acp∂v D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ NnIn’ Bh-iy-ambn hcpw. Iq´-Øn¬
Iu¨kn- e nwKpw {]tbm- P - \ - s ∏- S pw. F∂m¬ Iu¨kn- e nwKv am\- k n- I - t cm- K n-
Iƒ°p≈-XmWv F∂ Nn¥ H´pta icn-b-√. Pohn-X-Øn¬ Fs¥¶nepw t¢i-ß-
fn¬°qSn IS-∂p-t]m-ImØh¿ D≠m-Iptam? AXp-t]mse am\-kn-I-k-Ω¿±-ßƒ
Cu Ime-L-´-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. CsXms° a\- n¬ ASn-®-a¿Øm≥ XpS-
ßnbm¬ sshj-ay-ßƒ IqSp-I-tb-bp-≈q. F¥p {]bm-k-ß-fm-bmepw Btcm-sS-
¶nepw D≈p-Xp-d∂v ]¶n-Sp-hm≥ km[n-®m¬ a\- n\v hfsc Bizmkw \¬Ip∂
59
A\p-`-h-am-Wv. AXn¬IqSn kw`-hn-°p-∂Xpw Iu¨kn-enwKv BWv. Ht´sd a\x-
t¢-i-ß-fn¬IqSn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ AXv ]¶n-Sp-hm≥ \√ Hcp Iu¨kn-esd
e`n-®m¬ a\ v IqSp-X¬ Akzÿ-am-Im-sX-bn-cn-°m≥ klm-bn-°pw.
Hcp-hn-[-Øn¬ hy‡n-I-fpsS kzm`m-hnI hf¿®-bn¬ Xs∂ kwL¿j-ßƒ
A\-h-[n-bp-≠v. sIm®p-Ip-™ns\ hoń-em°n tPmen-°p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ AΩbpw
Ip™pw am\-kn-I-k-Ω¿±w A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p. Ipń-Iƒ kvIqfn¬ t]mIp-tºmƒ,
AhnsS hnZym-e-bm-¥-co-£-hp-ambn Cgp-In-t®-cp∂ {]{In-b-bn¬ kwL¿jw A\p-
`-hn-°p-∂p. ]co-£-Iƒ Ip-ń-Iƒ°v a\x-{]-bm-k-ß-fp-≠m-°p∂ kµ¿`-ß-fm-Wv.
Iuam-c-bu-h-\-Øn-tebv°p hf-cp-tºmƒ H´-\-h[n kΩ¿±-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p. A]-
Iz-amb t{]a-_-‘-ßƒ, sX‰mb Iq´p-sI-´p-I-fpsS ê-am-bn-´p-≠m-Ip∂ kz`m-h-Zq-
jy-ßƒ, aZyw, ab-°p-a-cp-∂v, A«o-e-km-lnXyw apXembhtbm-Sp≈ A`n-\n-thiw
CsXms° buh-\-Ønse kwL¿j-ß-fm-Wv. IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ `mcym-`¿Øm-
°-∑m¿ XΩn¬ th≠{X tbmPn-∏p-≠m-ImØXpw as‰mcp kwL¿j-ta-J-e-bm-Wv.
amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ ]nW-°-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ Ipń-I-fpsS ]ncn-ap-dp°w h¿≤n-°p-∂p.
hm¿≤-Iy-Øn-em-bh¿ Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Ah¿ Akz-ÿcmIp-∂p. kmº-
Øn-I-sR-cp-°w, IS-`mcw, alm-tcmKw Ch-bp-≠m-°p∂ am\-kn-I-kw-L¿j-ßƒ
Gsd Bg-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. Nne kwL¿j-ßƒ Nnesc Bfl-l-Xy-bn-tebv°p \bn-
°p-∂p. Cßs\ kmaq-ly-PohnXØn¬ am\-kn-I, sshIm-cn-I-kw-L¿j-ß-fpsS
H´-\-h[n taJ-e-Iƒ ImWmw.
aZy]¿ aqew At\Iw ho´-Ω-amcpw Ip™p-ßfpw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ kwL¿j-
ßfpw kaq-l-Øn¬ IqSn-h-cp-∂p. Ch-sbms° t\cn-Sm≥ a\x-im-kv{X-tI-{µo-Ir-X-
amb Iu¨kn-enwKv am{Xw aXn-bm-hp-I-bn-√. a\p-jy-\nse Xn∑-bpsS h¿≤-\-hp-
aqew H´-\-h[n kwL¿j-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂p-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v a\x-imkv{Xw Xcp∂
Adn-hp-am{Xw t]mcm, a\p-jy¿ ssZhn-I-cmbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sm-\p≈ Bflob Nn¥-
Ifpw Dƒ°m-gvN-Ifpw IqSn Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AØ-c-Øn¬ Bflo-bhpw kmt¶-
Xn-I-hp-amb Adnhpw kwtbm-Pn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Iu¨kn-enwKv C∂sØ Ime-L-
´-Øn¬ Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. am\-kn-I-kw-L¿jhpw kz`m-h-ssh-Ir-Xhpw sshIm-
cnI A]-Iz-Xbpw {]I-Sa- m-°p∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v F√m- k¨tU-kvIq-fp-If- nepw Iu¨kn-
enw-Kn-\p≈ kuIcyw Hcp-t°-≠Xpw Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Iu¨kn-enw-Kns‚ {]k‡n
Cw•ojv hm°m-sW-¶nepw X¿÷-a-sN-øm-sX, ae-bm-f-`m-j-bnse Hcp hm°mbn
C∂v Iu¨kn-enwKv Xo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. am\-knI hnj-a-ap-≈-h¿°p \¬Ip∂ A`n-ap-
J-Øn\pw Ipń-Iƒ s{]m^-j-W¬ tImtf-Pn¬ tNcp-hm-\mbn t]mIp∂ apJm-ap-J-
Øn\pw (interview) Iu¨kn-enwKv F∂ t]cp-Xs∂ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬
kµ¿`-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Cu hm°n\v A¿∞-t`Zw D≠m-Im≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v. am\-
knI hnjaw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h¿°p \¬Ip∂ Iu¨kn-enw-Kn-s\-°p-dn-®mWv ChnsS
]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xv.
Iu¨kn-enwKv am\-kn-It- cm-Kn-Iƒ°p-≈X
- √
]e¿°pw D≈ sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bmWv Iu¨kn-enwKv am\-kn-I-tcm-Kn-Iƒ°p-th-
≠n-bm-sW-∂p≈ Nn¥. AXp icnb-√. am\-knI tcmKn-Iƒ°v NnIn-’-tbm-sSm∏w
Iu¨kn-enwKv \¬tI-≠n-hc
- pw. F∂m¬ km[m-cW Pohn-XØ
- nse {]bm-kß- ƒ°pw
60
{]iv\-ßƒ°pw {]Xn-hn[n \¬Im-\mWv Iu¨kn-enwKv \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Hcp-]-t£,
AØcw CS-s]-S¬ bYm-k-abw D≠m-Im-Xn-cp-∂m¬ Nne hy‡n-Iƒ a\-kn-I-tcm-K-
Øn-tebv°p hgp-Xn-ho-gm\pw km[y-X-bp-≠v. am\-kn-I-kw-L¿j-ßƒ GsXm-cp- Po-
hn-X-Øn-s‚bpw Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hmØ LS-I-am-Wv. ioen-®p-h-∂n-´p≈ ]cn-lm-c-am¿§-
ßƒ Nne kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ A]-cym-]vX-am-tb-°mw. At∏mgmWv ]cn-io-e\w e`n®
Iu¨kn-e-dpsS klmbw {]tbmP-\-am-hp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ kzbw ]cn-l-cn-°m≥
km[y-a√m F∂p tXm∂p∂ GXp L´-Ønepw Iu¨kn-e-dpsS klmbw tXSp-∂-
Xn¬ sX‰n-√. AXp-sIm≠v Bcpw am\-kn-I-tcm-Kn-bmbn Xocp-∂p-an-√.
Iu¨kn-enw-Kns‚ BZy-cq]w F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
F√m kwkvIm-c-ßfnepw ⁄m\n-I-fmbh¿, amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ, Kpcp-P-\-ßƒ,
sshZn-I¿, k\y-kvX¿, Ejn-am¿ apXemb-h¿ Xß-fpsS ASp-°¬ hcp-∂-h-cpsS
{]bm-kß - ƒ am‰m≥ \√ D]-tZ-iß- ƒ sImSp-°p∂ ]Xnhv D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \√ Bflob
\ne-hm-chpw Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Iz-amb ho£-Whpw D≈ ⁄m\-hr-≤-cpsS D]-
tZ-isØ AtX-]Sn tI´-\p-k-cn-°p-hm≥ Cfw-X-e-ap-dbv°p aSn-bp-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Iq´p-
Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ hm¿≤-Iy-Øn-se-Øn-b-h-cpsS KpW-tZm-j-ßƒ Cfw-X-eapd kzoI-cn-
°p-Ibpw AXv Ah¿°v KpW-{]-Z-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Imew amdn-b-t∏mƒ Cu kwK-
Xn°p am‰w h∂p. Bflo-bh-f¿®-bn¬ th≠{X ]IzX apXn¿∂ Xe-ap-d-bv°pt≠m
F∂ ktµlw D≠m-bn-Øp-S-ßn. Ah-cpsS D]tZ-i-ßƒ°v B[n-Im-cn-IX \¬Im≥
Cfw-X-e-apd ]g-b-Xp-t]mse Xøm-dpa√. AXn-\m¬ ""D]-tZ-i-ßƒ sImSp-t°-≠. AXp
hy‡nXzhnIm-k-Øn\p XS- -amWv; kzbw Xocp-am-\-ßƒ FSp-°p-∂-XmWv G‰w
\√Xv'' F∂ Nn¥m-KXn {]_-e-am-bn. Xs∂-bp-a√ ]m›m-Xy-cpsS hy‡n-{]m-[m-\y-
ap≈ XmXzn-I-{]-am-Ww, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ ssII-S-Ø-cpXv F∂ Nn¥bv°v
ASn-ÿm-\-an´p.
CXp-sIm-s≠ms° Iu¨kn-enwKv hy‡n-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-Øn¬ ssII-S-ØmØ
Hcp CS-s]-S-embn amdn. Xs∂-bp-a-√, hy‡n°v D]-tZiw \¬Im-sX, kzbw Xocp-am-
\-sa-Sp-°m≥ klm-bn-®m¬ aXn F∂v \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcp Xc-Øn¬
Iu¨kn-enw-Kns‚ coXn-Iƒ amdn F∂-√m-sX, XnI®pw \qX-\-amb Hcp k{º-Zm-b-
ambn AXns\ ImtW-≠-Xn-√. `mc-Xob ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ "KotXm-]-tZ-isØ'
Iu¨kn-enw-Kmbn IW-°m°mw. Ipcp-t£{X-bp-≤-°-f-Øn¬ Xocp-am-s\-Sp-°m≥ Ad-
®p-\n∂ A¿÷p-\s\ KotXm-]-tZ-i-Øn-eqsS {ioIr-jvW≥ {Inbm-fl-I-am-°p-I-bmWv.
hnip≤ thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ I¿Øm-hv, hy‡n-]-c-ambn CS-s]´ kµ¿`-ß-fn-se√mw
(i-a-cym-°m-cn, k°m-bn, \Ym-\-tb¬) Iu¨kn-enw-Kns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-amb Nne
`mhßƒ ImWm≥ Ignbpw. hn. Ipº-km-c-Øn¬ ]m]-tam-N\w \¬Ip-∂-tXm-sSm∏w
Iu¨kn-enw-Kn¬ kw`-hn-°m-hp∂, am\-knI {]bm-k-ß-fn¬\n∂p Ic-I-b-dp-hm≥
klm-bn-°p∂ am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. tIhew ]m›m-Xy-cpsS \n¿∆-
N-\-Øn¬ am{Xw Iu¨kn-enw-Kns\ HXp-t°-≠-Xn-√. hy‡n-I-fpsS am\-knI {]bm-
k-ß-fn¬ ]¶p-tN¿∂v Ahsc klm-bn-°p∂ coXn-Iƒ F√m kwkvIm-c-Ønepw
hf¿∂n-´p-≠v.
Iu¨kn-enwKv B¿s°√mw Bh-iy-amWv

am\-kn-I-tcm-Kn-Iƒ°p≈Xmbn Iu¨kn-enwKns\ ImtW-≠-Xn-√. hy‡n-I-fpsS
_meyw apX¬ kwL¿j-ß-fp-≠v. AΩ-bpsS amdn¬\n∂v AS¿∂pam-dp-tºmƒ,
61
hoń¬\n∂pw kvIqfn-tebv°p am‰-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ, Iuam-c-Øn-tebv°p IS-°p-tºmƒ,
Ipń-Iƒ hnZq-c-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ t]mtI-≠n-h-cp-tºmƒ, ]T\w B{K-ln-°p∂ coXn-bn¬
\S-°msX hcp-tºmƒ, tPmen e`n-°msX hcptºmƒ, e`n® tPmen-bn¬ kΩ¿±-
ßƒ D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ ]¶m-fnsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ, IpSpw-_-{]-iv\-ß-fn¬, a°-
fp-ambn A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-≠m-hp-tºmƒ, tcmKn-I-fm-Ip-tºmƒ, kmº-ØnI
sRcp-°hpw IjvS-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ, PohnX ss\cm-iy-Øn¬ Bfl-l-Xy-sN-ø-W-
sa∂v Nn¥-h-cp-tºmƒ, hm¿≤-Iy-Øn¬, ac-WsØ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ, D‰-s∏-´-
h-cpsS th¿]m-Sn¬ ZpxJn-°p-tºmƒ apX-embn Pohn-X-Øns‚ At\I kwL¿j-ß-
fn¬ Bizmkw e`n-°p-hm\pw ss[cy-ambn apt∂m-´p-t]m-Ip-hm\pw icn-bmb Iu¨kn-
enwKv klm-b-I-am-Ipw.
Bcp-sS-bS- p-°e
- mWv Iu¨kn-enwKn\v t]mtI-≠Xv?
Cu Imcy-Øn¬ hnth-N\w hnizm-kn-Iƒ°mh-iy-am-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂p. a\x-im-
kv{X-Øn¬ am{Xw ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbp≈ "sk°p-e¿ Iu¨kn-enwKv' hnizmkn°p
tNcp∂X√. ssZhm-{i-b-Øn\pw B≤ym-fln-Im-\p-`-h-Øn\pw AØcw Iu¨kn-enw-
Kn¬ henb ÿm\w ImWp-∂n-√. a\p-jy≥ BXy-¥n-I-ambn ssZh-kr-jvSn-bm-I-bm¬
ssZh-tØm-Sp≈ _‘-Øn¬ Pohn-X-Øns‚ {]iv\-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw ]cn-lmcw
Is≠-Øm\pw {ian-°-Ww. ssZhm-{i-b-t_m-[-tØm-sSm∏w a\x-imkv{Xw Xcp∂
Dƒ°m-gvN-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. AXn-\m¬ thZimkv{Xhpw a\x-im-kv{Xhpw XΩn¬
A¿∞-h-Ømbn kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn-bn-´p≈ ]mÃ-d¬ Iu¨kn-esd
kao-]n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v \√-Xv. GXm-bmepw -{]-iv\-ßsf bYmk-
abw ]cn-lc - n-°msX henb {]Xn-k‘- n-If- m°n am‰m-Xn-cn-°m≥ bYm-ka
- bw Iu¨kn-
enw-Kn\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂Xv DØ-a-am-Wv.
alm-Ic- p-Wb
- p≈ ssZhta, \ns‚ alm-Ic
- p-Wb
- psS IS-en-tebv°v t\m°n-
s°m≠v \ns∂ Rßƒ hnfn®v {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. am\-knI {]bm-khpw
ZpxJhpw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ F√m-h-scbpw Rßƒ Xr°-c-ß-fn¬ ka¿∏n®v
{]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. alm-ssh-Zy-\mb I¿Ømth, \ns‚ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\
Ab®v Ahsc kuJy-am-°-W-sa. I¿Ømth, Rß-fp-sS-tbm, Ah-cp-
sStbm ]m]-ßƒ \nanØw Ahsc ssIhn-´p-I-f-bmsX c£n®p kuJy-
am-°-W-sa. BΩo≥.
\n›bw
AXym-h-iy-sa-¶n¬ Iu¨kn-enwKv kzoI-cn®v
Pohn-X-Øn¬ apt∂-dpw.
\ap°p Nn¥n°mw
1. Iu¨kn-enwKv F∂ ]Zw thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Dt≠m? F¶n¬ F¥¿∞-Øn-
emWv AXv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv?
2. Iu¨kn-enw-Kns‚ BZy-cq-]-ßƒ F¥m-bn-cp∂p? Bscm-s°-bmWv Iu¨kn-
enwKv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv? D]-tZ-i-ßƒ sImSp-°p∂ ]gb coXn-bn-ep≈ Iu¨kn-
enw-Kns‚ A]m-I-X-Iƒ F¥mWv?
62
3. kzbw-Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ FSp-°m-\p≈ hy‡n-I-fpsS Ign-hns\ Fß-s\-bmWv
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂Xv?
4. B[p-\nI Iu¨kn-enw-Kns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ F¥mWv?
5. Iu¨kn-enw-Kn\v Hcp \n¿∆-N\w Is≠-ØpI.
6. Iu¨kn-enw-Kns‚ {]m[m\yw C∂sØ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ F{X-am{Xap≠v?
7. Iu¨kn-enwKv am\-kn-I-tcm-Kn-Iƒ°p-≈-XmtWm? Ft∏m-sg√mw CXv Bh-iy-
amWv?
8. B¿s°√mw Iu¨kn-enwKv Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p∂p? Bsc-bmWv CXn-\mbn kao-
]n-t°-≠Xv?
{]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
1. a\x-imkv{X kt¶-X-ßƒ am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn®psIm≠p≈ Iu¨kn-enwKv kzoIm-
cy-amtWm? Bflo-b-X-bp-ambn Fßs\ Iu¨kn-enw-Kns\ _‘n-∏n-°Ww?
N¿®-sN-øp-I.
2. k¨tU-kvIq-fn¬ Iu¨kn-enwKv kuIcyw Hcp-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n Btem-Nn-°pI.
\nß-fpsS \n¿t±-i-ßƒ slUvam-Ãdpw A≤ym-]-I-cp-ambn ]¶p-h-bv°p-I.
3. Iu¨kn-enw-Kns‚ {]k‡n F∂ hnj-bsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n D]-\ymkw Xøm-
dm-°p-I.
4. \nßƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Hcp {]iv\w Nn¥n-°p-I. Ahbv°v ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øp-hm≥
Cu ]mT-`mKw ]Tn-®-Xns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ {ian-°p-I.
5. {]iv\-ßsf ssZhk-∂n-[n-bn¬ ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw ssZh-tØmSp ]cn-lm-c-Øn-
\mbn {]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
XpS¿hm-b-\bv°v
Xncp-h-N-\-hm-b-\bpw [ym\hpw ]Xn-hp-t]mse CubmgvNbpw XpS-cp-I.
63
]mTw 30
ssZhw \sΩ hnfn-°p∂p
]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: Ct∏mƒ \Ωƒ ]Tn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-I-fm-Wv. ]T-
\m-\-¥cw \mw F√m-hcpw GsX-¶nepw Hcp tPmen-bn¬ G¿s∏-Spw. hnhn-[-ß-
fmb tPmen-Ifpw DØc-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw \ΩpsS apºn¬ ImWmw. AXn\v \sΩ
hnfn®p \ntbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv ssZh-am-Wv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ ssZh-Øns‚ hnfn {]m¿∞-
\-tbmsS tI´v Pohn-X-\n-tbm-K-ßsf kzoI-cn-∏m≥ \sΩ {]m]vX-cm-°-Ww.
a\x-]m-Th
- mIyw: ""A\-¥c
- w, Rm≥ Bsc Ab-bvt°≠p? B¿ \ap-°p-th≠n t]mIpw?
F∂p- tNm-Zn-°p∂ I¿Øm-hns‚ i_vZw tIń´v: ASn-b≥ CXm ASn-bs\
Ab-bvt°-Wta F∂p Rm≥ ]d-™p'' (sbiømhv 6:8).
]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: tami-bpsS kao-]Øv apƒ∏-S¿∏v sh¥v Fcn-bp-∂-Xn-s‚ Nn{Xw,
]t{Xmkv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv, tUm. Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv
F∂o Xncp-ta-\n-am-cp-sSbpw Nn{Xw.
BapJw
Ft∏mgpw ssZhw \Ω-sf-sb√mw hnfn-°p-∂p. \tΩmSp F-s¥m-s°tbm ]d-bp-
∂-Xn-\mWv Ahn-S∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. \ap°v B hnfn-sbm∂p {i≤n-°mw. Nnesc
ssZhw hnfn®v DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw Gev]n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. Pohn-X-
Øn¬ Bh-iy-amb am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ Xcm-\mhmw hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. k¶-S-Im-eØv \sΩ
Biz-kn-∏n-°m-\m-bn-cn-°mw. Ipg-∏ß
- ƒ ImWn-°p-tºmƒ imkn-°m-\m-bn-cn-°mw. GXp
Imcy-Øn\v ssZhw hnfn-®mepw hnfn tIƒ°m\pw adp-]Sn ]d-bm\pw tI´v A\p-k-
cn°phm\pw \mw Xøm-dm-bn-cn-°-Ww. Hmtcm-cp-Ø-scbpw {]tXyI Dt±-iy-ßƒ°mbn
ssZhw hnfn-°p-∂p. ssZh-hn-fn-bpsS kmwKXyw \ap°v ]Tn-°mw.
]mT-`mKw
ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-I-cmWv \Ωƒ. Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂mepw F¥p-
sNbvXmepw \mw tbip-hn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. ssZhw \ap°v Hcp
PohnXw X∂Xv F¥n-\m-sWt∂m? AXv ssZh-Øn-\p-th≠n sNe-hn-Sm-\m-Wv.
Aßs\ am{Xta ssZh-tØmSp \µn -{]-I-Sn-∏n-°m\pw Pohn-X-Øn\v A¿∞-ap-≠m-
°m\pw km[y-am-Iq. \ΩpsS X∂n-jvShpw kzm¿∞-X-bp-a-\p-k-cn®v \mw {]h¿Øn-
°m≥ XpS-ßn-bm¬ ssZthm-t±iyw \Ωn¬ \nd-th-dpI Akm-[y-ambncn°pw. At∏mƒ,
\mw GXp Pohn-X-k-cWn sXc-s™-Sp-Ømepw ssZh-Øn-\p-th-≠nbpw ssZh-a-l-Xz-
Øn-\mbpw am{X-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. CXv \n¿_-‘-]q¿Æ-amb Pohn-X-{]-am-W-am-bn-cn-°s´.
ssZhw \ap°v Fs¥-√m-amWv X∂n-cn-°p-∂Xv? Btcm-Kyw, _p≤n-ssh-`-hw, [\w,
Ah-k-c-ßƒ, kplr-Øp-°ƒ, at\m-l-c-amb `q{]-Ir-Xn... Aß-s\-sb-s¥√mw. Pohn-
°p-∂-Xn\v \ap°v Hcp-]nSn Bh-iy-ß-fp-≠v. `£-Ww, hkv{Xw, ]m¿∏nSw, kvt\lw,
AwKo-Imcw, {]h¿Ø-\-£-aX apX-em-b-h. F√mw kkq£vaw hni-I-e\w sNbvXm¬
a\- n-em-Ipw ssZhw \¬Im-Ø-Xmbn \ap°v H∂p-an√ F∂v. F√mw Xcp∂ ssZh-
Øn-\v, kt¥m-j-tØmsS F√mw XncnsI ka¿∏n-°pI F∂-XmWv \ΩpsS Pohn-X-
Øns‚ Dt±-iyhpw Pohn-X-hn-P-b-Øns‚ cl-ky-hpw. Hcm-bp v ]q¿Æ-ambn hn\n-
tbm-Kn-®mWv \mw ssZhsØ tkhn-t°-≠-Xv.
64
ssZhw A\p-\n-anjw \sΩ ip{iq-jn-®p-sIm≠v \ap-°mbn Icp-Xp-∂p. \ΩpsS
Poh-izm-kw-Xs∂ Ahn-SpsØ ssII-fn-em-W-t√m. ssZhw Hcp \nanjw \sΩ ssIhn-
´p-I-f-™m¬ ]ns∂ \Ωƒ \ne-\n¬°p-I-bn-√. \sΩ \nc-¥cw hgn \S-Øp∂
ssZhsØ \µn-]q¿∆w ip{-iq-jn-°p-hm≥ \ap°v IS-a-bn-t√? AØcw ip{iq-j-bn-eq-
sS-bmWv \mw ssZh-Øn\v {]Xy¿∏Ww sNtø-≠-Xv. a\p-jy-scbpw arK-ß-sfbpw
{]Ir-Xn-sbbpw ip{iq-jn-°p-∂-Xp-hgn \Ωƒ ssZh-sØbmWv ip{iq-jn-°p-∂-Xv. ]c-
kv]cw ip{iqj F∂ {]am-W-Øn-t∑-emWv Cu {]]-©sØ ssZhw {Iao-I-cn®v
\ne-\n¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu ip{iq-j-bv°mWv ssZhw \sΩ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-scbpw
hnfn®p Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
ssZhnI hnfn -tI´v A\p-k-cn-®-h¿

tamisb ssZhw t\cn´v hnfn-s®-¶nepw BZyw tami aSn-®p. F∂m¬, ]n∂oSv
ssZh-Øns‚ {]hm-N-I\pw P\-ß-fpsS t\Xm-hp-am-bn. A{_-lm-ans\ hnfn-®-Xv, Hcp
henb P\-X-bpsS ]nXr-ÿm-\o-b-\m-hm-\m-bn-cp∂p. A{_lmw AXv hn\-b-]q¿∆w
kzoI-cn-®v, hniz-kvX-X-tbmsS s]cp-am-dn. hn\-b-]q¿∆-amb A\p-k-cWw At±-lsØ
alm-\m-°n. ssZh-i_vZw {i≤n-®p-tIƒ°pI am{X-a-√, AX-\p-k-cn®v {]h¿Øn-°p-
Ibpw sNbvsX-¶n¬ am{X-ta, ssZh-hn-fn-tbm-Sp≈ icn-bmb {]Xn-I-c-W-am-hp-∂p-≈q.
_me-\mb iap-th-ens\ cm{Xn-bn¬ hnfn-®p-W¿Øn. At±-lw Pohn-®n-cp∂ ka-Im-
eo\ kaq-l-Ønse \∑-Xn-∑-I-sf-∏‰n shfn-s∏-SpØn sImSp-Øp. XpS¿∂v, bn{km-
tb-en‚ \ymbm-[n-]-\mbn Npa-Xe \¬In.
tbip-hns‚ injy-∑m-cmb At∏m-kvXe-∑m¿, Kpcp-hns‚ hnfn kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw
kI-e-hpw Dt]-£n-®n´v kzX-{¥-cmbn tbiphns‚ ]n∂mse sN√p-Ibpw sNbvXp. -
Ah¿ temI-Øn¬ kphn-ti-j-hm-l-I-cm-bn. Cßs\ hn\-b-tØmSpw Xmev]-cy-
tØmSpw ssZh-hnfn kzoI-cn-®-hsc ssZhw henb Imcy-ßƒ°mbn \ntbm-Kn-°p-∂-
Xmbn ImWp-∂p. I\y-I-a-dn-bm-ans\ hnfn®Xv K{_n-tb¬ amemJ hgn. hnfn kzoI-
cn®Xn-\m¬ adn-bmw -ssZ-h-am-Xm-sh∂ AXyp-∂X ]Z-hn-bn-tebv°v Db¿Ø-s∏-´p.
]utemkv At∏m-kvXes\ hnfn-®-Sp-∏n® cwK-Øn\v Aev]w \mS-Io-bX Xs∂-bp-
≠v. "sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ B ]m{Xw' F∂v kzbw hnti-jn-∏n®h≥ {InkvXp-k-`bv°v
henb D]-Im-cnbpw t\Xm-hp-am-bn.
Cßs\ At\Iw al-\ob amXr-I-Iƒ \ΩpsS Iäp-ºn-ep-≠v. GXp am¿§-
Øn¬ hnfn-®mepw AXn\p Nne {]tXyI Dt±-iy-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. F√m-h-scbpw
Htc Dt±-iy-Øn-\m-bn-´√ hnfn-°p-I. Nnesc At∏m-kvX-e-∑m-cm-hm≥ hnfn-®p. Nnesc
{]hm-N-I-∑m-cmbn hnfn-®p. a‰p-Nn-e¿°v hnfn-e-`n-®Xv c‡-km-£n-I-fm-Im-\m-Wv.
^m. Uman-b≥ tI´ hnfn B{^n-°-bnse samsfm-t°mbv Zzo]n¬ t]mbn IpjvT-tcm-
Kn-Isf ip{iq-jn-°m\pw XpS¿∂v IpjvT-tcm-Kn-bmbn acn-°m-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. aZ¿
sXtcksb tbip hnfn-®-Xv, ]mh-ß-fn¬ ]mh-ß-sfbpw ac-Wm-k-∂-scbpw ip{iq-
jn-°p-∂-Xn\pw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-am-sW∂v Ah¿°v DØ-a-t_m-[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
sh√q¿ Bip-]-{Xn-bpw saUn-°¬ tImtf-Pp-am-cw-`n® sFUm kvIU¿ F∂ al-
Xn°v C¥y-bn¬ NnIn’ In´msX acn-t®-°m-hp∂ {Kmao-W-scbpw ]mh-s∏-´-h-scbpw
ip{iq-jn-°p-∂-Xn\v ssZhw- Xs∂ Ab-®-Xm-sW∂ DØ-a-hn-izm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Cu ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fn¬\n∂v Hcp Imcyw kv]jvS-am-Wv. ssZh-Øm¬ hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-
∂h¿, "hnfn' kzoI-cn®v hn\-b-]q¿∆w {]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ, Ah-cn-eq-sSbpw Ah-
65
cnepw {]h¿Øn-°p∂Xv ssZhw-X-s∂-bm-Wv. \ΩpsS B]-Øp-\m-fp-I-fn¬ ssZhw
\sΩ X\nsb hn´p-I-f-bp-I-bn-√. \ΩpsS kt¥m-j-k-¥m-]-ß-fn¬ Iq´m-fn-bm-Wv.
\ΩpsS IjvS-ß-fn¬ ssZhw \tΩm-Sp-IqsS IjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. hnfn-®-Sp-∏n-°p-∂-h-
cn¬\n∂pw Nnesc {]Xy-£-\n-tbm-K-ßƒ°mbn sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. ""hnfn-°-s∏-´-
h¿ At\-I¿; sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-htcm Npcp°w'' F∂p-≠-t√m.
hnfn-tIƒ°p-∂h
- ¿ {i≤n-t°-≠Xv Fs¥√mw?
"hnfn'sb \Ωƒ Ah-K-Wn-®m¬ \mw ssZh-tØmSpw Xs‚ k`-tbmSpw IrX-
Lv\X Im´p-∂-h-cm-Ipw. AXXp ka-bsØ Bh-iy-ßƒ°-\p-kr-X-am-bmWv ssZhw
Xs‚ P\-ß-sf, hy‡n-Isf hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. k`-bn¬ A¿∏-W-t_m-[-tØmsS ip{iq-
jn-°m≥ amXr-Im-tbm-Ky-cmb sshZn-I¿ thWw. k`-bvs°mcp ]p-Ø≥ DW¿th-
Im≥ sshZn-I¿, k\y-kvX¿, anj-\-dn-am¿ F∂n-h¿°m-Ipw.
temI-sØ-√m-bn-SØpw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ kphn-ti-jhpw kvt\lhpw sIms≠-
Øn-°p-∂-Xn\v tbip \sΩ hnfn-°p-∂p. C¥y-bnse `qcn-]£w P\-ßfpw {Kma-hm-
kn-I-fm-Wv. AXn¬Xs∂ tbip-hn-s\-∏‰n tI´-dn-hp-t]m-ep-an-√m-Ø-h-cm-W-[n-I-hpw.
]ń-Wnbpw tcmKhpw hnZym-`ym-k-ku-I-cy-ß-fpsS A`m-hhpw A‘-hn-izm-khpw Nqj-
Whpw \S-am-Sp∂ {Kma-ß-fn-tebv°v tbip \sΩbpw hnfn-°p-∂p. GXp tPmen-bn¬
Ccp-∂mepw kphn-ti-jt- h-ebpw Imcp-Wy-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw sNøp-hm≥ km[n-°pw. {_nó-
jp-Im-c\mb Hcp k¿°m-cp-tZym-K-ÿ-\mWv t\∏m-fn¬ {InkvXp-aXw {]N-cn-∏n-®Xv.
"_mey-Øn¬Xs∂ ssZh-Øn-\p-th-≠n...' Cu Km\w \mw tIń-ń-t√. ]. ]cp-ae
Xncp-ta-\nsb kw_-‘n®v s]cp-∂mƒ Znhkw \mw ]mSp∂ Km\-am-Wn-Xv. temI-
Øns‚ BUw-_-c-ßƒ Dt]-£n®v ssZh-a-l-Xzhpw hnip-≤nbpw e£y-am°n Pohn®
]cn-ip-≤-\mWv ]cp-ae Xncpta\n. hnfn-°-\p-k-c-W-ambn Pohn®v kaq-tlm-≤m-c-W-
Øn-\p-th≠n {]h¿Øn®p. hnZym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ D≠m°n At\-Isc hnZym-{]-
_p-≤-cm-°p-∂-Xn\pw bXv\n®p. Ah-i-cmb P\-k-aq-l-Øns‚ D≤m-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n
hoSp-Iƒ Ibdnbndßn {InkvXp-hns\ tLmjn® Imew-sNbvX ]t{Xmkv am¿ HkvXm-
Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \ap°v {]tNm-Z\w GIp-∂-Xm-Wv.
]q¿Æ-k-abw ssZhtØm-sSm-∏-an-cn-°m\pw {]m¿∞n-∏m\pw {]h¿Øn-°m\pw
PohnXw ka¿∏n®v temI-sØbpw euIn-I-X-sbbpw shSn-bp∂ k\y-kvX-cpsS \nc
D≠m-tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Xß-sf-Øs∂ kºq¿Æ-ambn ssZh-Øn\p -hn-´p-sIm-Sp-°p-
∂-h-\mWv DØ-a-k-\ym-kn. CØcw k\yÿ-cmb kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m¿ k`-bpsS
IcpØpw Du¿÷-t{im-X- p-am-bn-cn-°pw. ""Hcp-h≥ k¿∆-tem-Ihpw t\Sn-bmepw Ahs‚
Bflm-hns\ \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ F¥p {]tbm-P\w'' F∂ hmIyw ssZh-hn-fn-°mbn
kzoI-cn®v k\ym-kn-bmb a\p-jy-\mWv CuPn-]vXnse hn. At¥m-\n-tbm-kv. k\ym-
knI-fpsS ]nXm-hmbn At±lw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
"ssZh-hnfn' C∂p \mw Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww. thZ-]m-cm-b-Ww, {]`m-j-W-{i-h-Ww, D]-
tZ-i-kzo-I-c-Ww, Bflo-b-Kp-cp-°-∑m-cpsS DtØ-P\w apX-embh ssZh-hn-fn-bpsS hgn-
I-fm-Wv. a‰p ]e-scbpw F∂-t]mse \sΩbpw ssZhw hnfn-°p-∂p. Ahn-SpsØ
ip{iq-j-bv°m-bn, Xt∂m-sSmØp {]h¿Øn-°m≥ \sΩ hnfn°p∂p. Ipsd ]W-ap-
≠m-°n, a‰m¿°pw {]tbm-P-\-an-√msX Pohn®p acn-®n-s´¥p Imcyw? ssZh-Øn\pw
a\p-jy¿°pw \sΩ-s°m≠v Fs¥-¶nepw {]tbm-P-\-ap-≠m-I-s´. Hcp sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-
t]m-se, Np‰p-]mSpw {]Imiw \¬In am{Xta Fcn-™-S-ßmhq! Pohn-X-Øn¬ tb-ip-
66
hn-\p-th≠n ‘risk’ FSp-°m≥ ss[cyw Im´p-∂-h-sc-s°m≠v ssZhw henb Imcy-ßƒ
km[n-∏n°pw. B \nc-bn-tebv°v \ap°pw tNcmw. \ap°v {]Xn-êw \¬Ip-∂-h≥
ssZh-am-Wv. ]utemkv At∏m-kvXe≥ At±-l-Øns‚ PohnXw tbip-hn\p \¬In-
bXv \ap°v amXr-I-bm-h-s´.
{]m¿∞\
I¿Øm-th, ssZh-hn-fn-tI-´v A\p-kc
- n® At\-Is
- c-°p-dn®p Rßsf Aßp
]Tn-∏n-®p. Rß-fpsS hnfn Fs¥∂p Rßsf ImWn®p Xtc-W-sa. Ahn-
SpsØ hnfn A\p-k-cn®v am{Xw {]h¿Øn-°p-hm\pw hnfn-°-\p-k-c-W-
amb {InkvXob Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-∏m\pw Rßsf klm-bn-°-Wta.
BΩo≥.
\ap°p ]mSmw
_mey-Øn¬Xs∂ ssZh-Øn-\p-th≠n
kzbw A¿∏n-t®ms\
BPo-h-\-hp-a-\-¥-chpw
Znhym-¤p-X-I-c-s\, Znhym
]c-\psS ]cn-a-f-`m-P-\ta
]cp-aeacphpw Xncp-ta\n
Hm¿°-Wta Rßsf F∂m-fpw.
\n›bw
ssZh-hnfn Xncn-®-dn™v AXn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn
Rßƒ PohnXw ka¿∏n-°pw.
\ap°v Nn¥n°mw
1. ssZh-cm-Py-a-°-fmb \mw B¿°p-th-≠n-bmWv {]h¿Øn-t°-≠Xv?
2. ssZhw \ap°v \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Fs¥-√m-amWv?
3. \ΩpsS PohnXw ssZh-Øn\v {]Xy¿∏Ww sNtø-≠Xv Fßs\?
4. Cu {]]-©sØ ssZhw -{I-ao-I-cn®v \ne-\n¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv F{]-Im-c-amWv?
5. ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS ]t{Xmkv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-
\nbpsS {]h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ GsX-√m-amWv?
6. hn. At¥m-\n-tbm-kn\v {]tNm-Z\w e`n® ssZh-h-N-\w GXmWv?.
{]-h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
1. ssZh-hn-fn-tI´v A\p-k-cn® ]g-b-\n-b-a-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS Hcp ]ńI D≠m-°p-I.
2. tbip-{InkvXp At∏m-kvX-e-∑msc hnfn® kw`-hw hmbn®v N¿®-sN-øp-I.
3. ae¶ck-`-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ Imcp-Wy-{]-hr-Øn-Iƒ sNbvX tUm. Koh-dp-Kokv am¿
HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n ÿm]n® ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS Hcp enÃv Xøm-dm-°pI.
67
D]-]m-T-`mKw
ae¶c k`m-`m-kp-c≥
]cn-ip≤ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv
(h-´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n)
BapJw
k`-bpsS BZn-aI- mew apX-ep≈ Ncn-{X-Ønse At\I hnip-≤∑ - msc \mw Hm¿°p-
Ibpw Ah-cpsS a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ A`-bw-{]m-]n-°pIbpw sNøp∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ B ]-
ń-I-bn¬ ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bn¬ P\n-®p-h-f¿∂ c≠p-t]¿ am{Xta HutZym-
Kn-I-ambn ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cmbn {]Jym-]n-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈q ˛ ]cn-ip-≤-\mb ]cp-ae am¿
{KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nbpw ]cn-ip-≤-\mb h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-
ta-\nbpw. \m\m-Pm-Xn-a-X-ÿ¿ Cu hnip-≤-cpsS I_-dn-¶¬ h∂p {]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw
A\p-{K-l-ßsf {]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. Hmtcm-cp-Ø-scbpw ssZhw D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂Xv Hmtcm-hn-[-Øn-em-Wv. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\nsb D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xp-t]mseb√ h´-
t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. At±-lsØ k` F¥p-sIm≠v hnip-≤-\mbn
{]Jym-]n®p F∂p a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ hni-Z-amb ]T\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXn-tebv°p
\bn-°p-hm-\mWv Cu eLp-Po-h-N-cn-{Xw ]Ømw ¢m nse D]-]m-T-am-bn -{I-ao-I-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Poh-N-cn{Xw ap≥]v \mw ]Tn-®p-h-t√m.
A≤ymbw 1
Poh-N-cn{Xw
a√-∏-≈n-bn¬ h´-t»-cn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ tPmk-^n-s‚bpw Gen-bm-Ω-bp-sSbpw
A©m-asØ aI-\mbn 1858 HIvtSm-_¿ 31-˛\v Koh¿Kokv P\n-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp
ktlm-Z-c\pw sshZn-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. a√-∏≈n kn. Fw. -F-kv. kvIqfn¬ {]mY-anI
]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. sslkvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw tIm´bw kn. Fw. Fkv. sslkvIq-
fnepw \S-Øn. ]m›m-Xy-anj\-dn-am¿ hnZym-`ym-kc
- w-KØv {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp Imeambn-
cp∂p AXv. sslkvIqƒ hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒXs∂ At±-l-Øn\v tImdqtbm
Bbn ]´w \¬In. apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv \S-Ønb At¥ym-Jy-bn¬\n∂p
h∂ ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-km-bn-cp∂p ]´w \¬In-b-Xv. 1876 HIvtSm-_¿
12-˛\v ]pXp-∏≈n ]≈n-bn¬h-®v siΩm-i\mbn. At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-bp-am-bn, ae-¶-c-k-
`bv°v Cu ImeØv _‘ap≠m-bn-cp∂p.
AXn-\p-tijw tIm´bw ]gb skan-\mcnbn¬ \mep-h¿jw ]Tn-®p. Cu Ime-
L-´-Øn¬ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn ASp-∏-ap-≠m-bn. AXp-hgn kpdn-bm\n `mj-
bn¬ AKm-[-amb ]mfinXyw t\Sn. sh-ń-°¬ Zb-dm-bn-ep-≠mbn-cp∂ ]ueqkv am¿
Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n thZ-im-kv{Xhpw kpdn-bm-\nbpw At±-lsØ ]Tn-∏n-®p.
1879 HIvtSm-_¿ 16-˛\v ]q¿Æ siΩm-i-\mbpw 1880 P\p-hcn 18˛\v I»oim Bbpw
]´w \¬I-s∏-´p. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bmWv At±-l-Øn\v sshZnI ]´w \¬In-b-Xv.
injys\ ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bnse amt\-P-cmbpw \nb-an-®p. Zo¿L-Imew AhnsS
amt\-P-cmbn {]h¿Øn-®p. 1895--˛¬ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sS-Iq-sS-bp≈ Du¿t«w bm{X-
bnepw At±-lw -]-¶p-tN¿∂p. kpdn-bm-\n, k`m-hn-izm-kw, Imt\m≥, k`m-N-cn-{Xw,
]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ]Tn-∏n-°-ep-Iƒ apXemb-h-bnsems° Adnhv D≈-h¿ A∂v hfsc
Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Koh¿Kokv I»o-im-bpsS Cu \ne-I-fn-ep≈ Ign-hp-I-sf√mw ]cn-K-
68
Wn®v At±-lsØ "ae-¶c aev]m≥' F∂ ÿm\w \¬In BZ-cn-®p. ]gb skan-\m-
cn-bn¬ aev]m≥ AYhm {][m\ A[ym-]-I-\mbn \nb-an-°-s∏-´p. AhnsS kl-{]-
h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp∂ tIm\m´v amØ≥ aev]m-\p-ambn tN¿∂v k`bv°v Bcm-[-\m-{Ia-
ßƒ Xøm-dm-°n.
Fw. Un. kvIqƒ {]n≥kn-∏¬
Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bm-bn-cp∂ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ c≠m-a≥
AYhm Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ \nc-h[n kvIqfp-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. Aßs\
XpS-°-an´ tIm´bw Fw. Un. skan-\mcn kvIqfns‚ slUvam-Ãdmbn Koh¿Kokv
aev]m≥ \nb-an-X-\m-bn. Htc-k-abw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bnepw Fw. Un. kvIqfn-ep-ambn
At±lw {]h¿Øn-®p. F´p h¿j-°mew kvIqfns‚ Npa-Xe `wKn-bmbn \n¿∆-ln®p.
1902 \hw-_¿ 2˛\v ]cn-ip≤ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n Imew-sN-bvXp. H∂mw Hm¿Ω-Zn-\-
Øn¬ Koh¿Kokv aev]m\v dºm≥ ÿm\w \¬In. dºm-®s‚ klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-
ßƒ ae¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbmb ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v henb ssIØm-
ß- e m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Xs‚ Pohn- X - I m- e - Ø p- X s∂ Koh¿Kokv dºm≥ sa{Xm- t ∏m-
eoØmbmbn Xs‚ ]n≥Km-an-bm-I-W-sa∂v B{K-ln-®p. ssZhw, B hgn-°p-Xs∂
k`sb hgn-\-S-Øn. 1908 s^{_p-hcn 14-˛\v ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ IqSnb kpdn-bm\n
{InkvXym\n At m-kn-tb-j≥ At±-lsØ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn hmgn-°-W-sa∂p
Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-Øp. A°m-e-ß-fn¬ ta¬∏-´-ÿm\w G¬°p-hm≥ At¥ym-Jy≥ k`m-
X-e-hs‚ AcnIn-tebv°p t]mIp∂ Hcp ]Xn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ Koh¿Kokv
aev]m≥ 1908 sabv amk-Øn¬ sbcp-i-te-an-se-Øn. 31-˛mw XobXn A_vZp≈m ]m{Xn-
b¿°o-kn¬\n∂pw taev]-´-°m-c-\mbn hmgn-°-s∏-´p.
taev]´- ° - m¿ hmgn-°s
- ∏-Sp-tºmƒ Ah¿°p \¬Ip∂ kvXmØn-t°m≥ (A-[n-Im-
c-]{- Xw) At±-lØ - n\p \¬In-bn-√. AXn\p Imc-Wa - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v
ae-¶c - k- `- b
- psS ta¬ euIn-Im-[n-Imcw Ds≠∂p kΩ-Xn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Koh¿Kokv
am¿ Zo-h∂ - m-tkymkv (]p-Xnb ÿm\-\m-aw) sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Xøm-dm-bn-√. At±lw
ae-¶c - b- n¬ Xncn-s®-Øn. k¥p-jSv \ - mb ]pen-t°mń¬ tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-
a≥ Xncp-ta\n ÿm\-am-\ß - fpw Bÿm-\hpw ]pXnb sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb Gev]n-®-
tijw tIm´bw sNdnb ]≈n-bn-tebv°p Xmakw am‰n. 1912 Pqsse 12-˛\v ]pen-t°m-
ń¬ Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvXt- ∏mƒ h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta\n ae-
¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ Xmakw XpS-ßn.
XpS¿∂v A_vZp≈m ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS apS-°v, 1912-˛se ImtXm-en°m
ÿm]-\w, c≠pw- aq∂pw ImtXm-en°m _mhm-am-cpsS hmgvN (C-h-sb-∏‰nsbms°
]n∂mse {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v), kvt\ln® injy-≥ _Y-\n-bpsS am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-
kns‚ k`m-]-cn-XymKw XpSßn H´-\-h[n kw`-h-ßƒ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-XsØ
kwL¿j-\n¿`-c-am-°n. F¶nepw ASn-bp-d® ssZhm-{i-b-t_m-[hpw \n¿Ω-e-`-‡nbpw
Ipim-{K-_p-≤nbpw aqew F√m-‰n-s\bpw At±lw hnP-b-I-c-ambn Xc-Ww-sN-bvXp.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bv°p-th≠n `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS \°epw Xøm-dm-°n. 1934 s^{_p-hcn 23-˛\v
ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bn-tebv°p Itc-dn. ]gbskan-\mcn Nm∏-ens‚ sXt°-h-i-Øp≈ I_-
dn¬ AS-°-s∏-´p. k`-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ At±-l-Øns‚ XymK-\n¿`-c-ß-fmb t]mcm-
´hpw ]cn-ip≤ Pohn-Xhpw AwKo-I-cn®v 2003 s^{_p-hcn 24-˛\v At±-lsØ k` ]cn-
ip-≤-\mbn {]Jym-]n-®p. s^{_p-hcn 22, 23 Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ ]gbskan-\m-cn-bnepw
At±-l-Øns‚ \ma-Øn¬ ÿm]n-X-amb ]≈n-I-fnepw k`-bn¬ F√m-bn-SØpw At±-
l-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω sIm≠mSnhcp-∂p.
69
A≤ymbw 2
Ncn-{X-]-›m-Øew
]cn-ip-≤-\mb h´t-»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kw`m-h-\-Isf a\- n-em-°-W-sa-¶n¬
At±lw {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ Ime-L-´-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-IqSn a\- n-
em-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. am‰-ßƒ F√m-°m-e-Øp-ap-s≠-¶nepw Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Xncn-™p-
t\m-°p-tºmƒ Nne kw`-h-ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw Iev]nt°≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ XpS-ßnb Bw•n-°≥ _‘-Øn\v ]e ]cn-Wm-a-ß-
fp-ap≠m-bn. s{]m´-Ã‚ v hnizm-k- hym]\-Øn\v anj-\-dn-am¿ {ian-®-t∏mƒ Ah-cp-am-
bn-´p≈ _‘w 1836-˛se amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbm-e-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ah-km-\n∏n-t°-≠n-h-
∂p. F∂m¬ anj-\-dn-am-cpsS \ho-I-c-W-tØmSv B`n-ap-Jy-ap≈ Hcp-Iq-´¿ k`-bn¬
D≠m-bn-h-∂p. Ah¿°v B[n-]Xyw D≠m-Im≥ Hcp sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm D≠m-I-W-
sa∂v B{K-ln-°p-Ibpw AXn-\mbn Hcmsf At¥ym-Jy-bn-tebv°v Ab-bv°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Aßs\ ]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
At¥ym-Jy-bn¬\n∂p ]´-ta‰v Chn-sS-sb-Øn. 1842-˛-emWv Cu kw`hw. At¥ym-
Jy≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬\n∂pw ]´-ta-‰m¬ \nb-a-]-c-ambn IqSp-X¬ AwKo-Imcw e`n-
°psa∂ Nn¥-bn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`bpw CtX-coXn ]n¥p-S¿∂p. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-
\nbpw (Zoh∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥) At¥ym-Jy≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬\n∂pw 1865-˛¬
sa{Xm≥]-´w kzoI-cn-®p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am¿°v ae-¶-c-k-`-bp-sS-ta¬ A[n-Imcw
ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ CXp Imc-Wa - m-bn. AXns‚ G‰hpw {]I-Sa - mb kw`-ha - mWv 1876-˛se
apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kv.
At¥ym-Jy-bnse ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Chn-sS-h∂v kp∂-lt- Zmkv
hnfn-®p-Iqń F∂p am{X-a√ - , ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb (G-I\ - m-bI- X - zw) _e-lo-\-
am-°p-hm≥ ae-¶c - sb Ggp `{Zm-k\ - ß
- f - mbn hn`-Pn-®p. Xm≥ ]´w-sIm-SpØ sa{Xm-t∏m-
eo-Øm-am-cn¬\n∂v hnt[-bXzw Fgp-Xn h - m-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1889˛se tdmb¬ tImSXn
hn[n-aqew s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-Ic - W- °- m-cp-am-bp≈ tIkp-Iƒ°v hncm-aa - p-≠m-bn. Ah¿
"am¿tØmΩm' F∂ t]cn¬ as‰mcp k`-bmbn th¿s]-´p. At∏mƒ apX¬ At¥ym-
Jy≥ ta¬t°m-bvab - psS {]iv\w DS-se-Sp-Øp. At¥ym-Jy≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am¿°v
k`-bpsS ùXn-Ih - k
- X v p-°f - psSt∑¬ bmsXmcp A[n-Im-chpw Cs√∂v tdmb¬ tImSXn
hn[n-bn¬ hy‡-am-°n-sb-¶nepw Imem-Im-eß - f- n¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k∑ - m¿ AXp ]nSn-
s®-Sp-°p-hm≥ {ian-®n-cp-∂p. Ah-tcm-sSmØp \n¬°m≥ ae-¶c - b
- n-ep≈ Hcp sNdnb
hn`mKw F∂pw Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ Ah-cpsS IS-∂p-Ib - ‰ - sØ XS-bn-Sp-hm≥ C∂-
tbmfw B¿°pw Ign-™n-ń-√. F∂m¬ Cu hnj-bs - Ø-∏‰n k`-bn¬ c≠p I£n-Iƒ
_mhm-I£n (]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ), sa{Xm≥I£n (a-e¶ - c sa{Xmt∏m-
eo-Øm-sb ]n¥p-W®-h¿) F∂o c≠p hn`m-Kß - ƒ DS-se-Sp-Øp. `qcn-]£w F∂mfpw
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb ]n¥p--W® - h- c- m-sW-¶nepw Nne ÿe-ßf - n¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-
kns\ ]n¥m-ßn-bh - ¿°v A∂pw C∂pw i‡n-bp-≠v.
A_vZp≈ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ apS-°p-I-ev]\
Cu I£n-h-g-°n¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bp-ambn t\cn´v G‰p-ap-´p-hm-\p≈
\ntbmKw D≠m-bXv h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ime-Øm-Wv. AXm-bXv h´-t»-cn¬
Xncp-ta-\nbpw taev]´ ÿm\-ta¬°p-hm≥ sbcp-it- e-an-tebv°v t]mbXv \mw Ign™
]mT-Øn¬ I≠p. AhnsS sN∂-t∏mƒ A_vZp≈ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv At±-l-tØmSp
hnt[-bXz{]amWw \¬Ip-hm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sh-¶nepw At±lw Xøm-dm-bn-√. AXn-
70
\m¬ ae-¶c - b
- psS Npa-Xe Gev]n-®p-sIm≠v kvXmØn-t°m≥ \¬Im\pw A_vZp≈
]m{Xn-b¿°okv Xøm-dm-bn-√. A[n-Im-c-sam∂pw kqNn-∏n-°msX taev]-´-°m-c-\mbn
hmgn®p F∂¿∞w am{X-ap≈ Hcp kvXmØnt°m≥ \¬In At±-lsØ \mń-te-bv°-
b-®p. A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX Xs∂ ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw \mń-se-Øn. ]g-bs - k-an-\m-cn-
bn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw ASp-ØS- p-Øa
- p-dn-If
- n¬ Xma-kn®p.
thZ-\m-P-\-I-amb as‰mcp Ncn{Xw
At¥ym-Jy≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am-bn-´p≈ Cu A`n-{]mb kwL¿j-Øn¬ kzm`m-
hn-I-ambn ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmtbmsSm∏w \n¬t°-≠-h-cmWv Iq´p-{S-Ãn-Iƒ.
sshZn-I-{S-Ãn-bm-bn-cp∂ tIm\m´v amØ≥ aev]m\pw Aflm-b-{SÃn kn. sP. Ipcy\pw
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ \ne-]m-Sns\ XpW-bv°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-
\n°v CXv hfsc thZ-\m-P-\-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xs∂-bp-a-√, ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-\m¬ hmgn-
°-s∏´ a‰p sa{Xm-∑mcpw At¥ym-Jy≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v hnt[-bXzw Fgp-Xn-s°m-
Sp-Øp. Ahn-sSbpw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n H‰-s∏-´p. F∂mepw tdmb¬ tImS-Xn-hn-[n,
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v A\p-h-Zn-®p-\¬Inb ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ùXnI kzØp-
°-fpsS taep≈ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS A[nImcw ASn-b-d-sh-°p-hm≥ h´-
t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Xøm-dm-bn-√. CXn¬ Ip]n-X-\mb ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv, h´-t»-cn¬
Xncp-ta-\nsb apS°n. 1911 Pqsse 27-˛-\m-bn-cp∂p Cu kw`-hw. bmsXmcp hni-Zo-I-c-
Whpw tNmZn-°msXbp≈ Cu apS-°n\v kzm`m-hnI \oXn-bpsS km[q-I-cWw t]mep-
an-s√∂v ]n∂oSv tImS-Xn-Iƒt]mepw hn[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. k`-bpsS Imt\m-\p-Ifpw
[m¿Ωn-I-\o-Xnbpw Cu apS-°ns\ ]n¥m-ßp∂X√m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v ssZhnI
CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ DS-s\-X-s∂-bp-≠m-bn. cmjv{So-b-Im-c-W-ß-fm¬ ÿm\w \jvS-s∏´
At¥m-Jy-bnse bYm¿∞ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ CS-s]-´p. A_vZ¬
aninlm ]m{Xn-b¿°okv GI-tZiw c≠p-am-k-Øn-\-Iw-Xs∂ IrXy-ambn ]d-™m¬
1911 HmKÃv 17-˛\v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS apS°p Xo¿Øp Iev]\ \¬In. Aßs\
Imt\m-\m-Iƒ°pw [m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ßƒ°pw kzm`m-hnI \oXn°pw \nc-°mØ apS-
°n¬\n∂pw Xncp-ta\n hnap-‡-\m-bn. F∂n-cp-∂mepw At±lw IS-∂p-t]m-bn-´p≈
am\-kn-I-hyY a‰m¿°pw Duln-°m-\m-hn-√. {SÃn-am¿ Xncp-ta-\nsb ssIshSns™-
¶nepw apS-°n-\p-tijw IqSnb amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°p i‡-
amb ]n¥pW \¬In.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬ thdn-´p-\n¬°p-∂, Akm-[m-cWamb kw`-h-am-bn-
cp∂p h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta\n kzoI-cn-t°-≠n-h∂ apS-°p-I-ev]-\. F∂m¬ Cu {]Xn-
k-‘n-sbbpw ssZhm-{i-b-t_m-[-tØmsS At±lw t\cn-´p. CtX-s®m√nbp≠mb
tImS-Xn-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fnepw BXy-¥n-I-ambn At±lw hnP-bn-®p. ""kXy-Øn-\p-th≠n
\ne-sIm-≈m≥ {Iqip-h-ln-t°-≠n-h-cpw. F∂mepw AXn¬Xs∂ Dd-®p-\n¬°Ww''
F∂v At±lw {]t_m-[n-∏n®n-´p-≈Xv kz¥-Po-hn-Xw-sIm≠v amXrI Imń-s°m-Sp-
Øp. Cu XymK-sams° k`-bv°p-th≠n At±lw kln®p F∂-XmWv FSp-Øp-]-d-
tb≠ hkvXp-X.
A≤ymbw 3
ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]\w
]cn-ip≤ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kw`m-h-\-I-fn¬ AXn-{]-[m-\-amWv ImtXm-
en-t°‰v ÿm]-\w. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv, ImtXm-en-°m, t]m∏v apXemb ÿm\-\m-a-ßƒ
BZn-a-k-`-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. k`-bpsS hf¿®-bn¬ ]n∂o-Sp≈ \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-emWv
71
Ch-sbm-s° cq]-s∏-´-Xv. F. Un. 325˛se \nJym-kp-∂-l-tZmkv IqSn-b-t∏mƒ Cu
ÿm\-\m-a-ßƒ D≈ tae-≤y-£-∑m¿ D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXm-bXv
tdmam-km-{am-Py-Øn-\-IØv tdmw, IpkvX-¥o-t\m-t]m-eokv (tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m∏nƒ)
At¥ym-Jym, Ae-Ivkm-≠-dn-bmbpw ]n∂oSv sbcp-i-teapw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am¿ `cn®n-
cp∂p; tdmam-km-{am-Py-Øn-\p-]p-d-Øv, t]¿jy≥ km{am-Py-Øn¬ Ing-°ns‚ sa{Xmt∏m-
eoØm F∂ \ne-bn¬ ImtXm-en-t°mkpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv Hcp A`n-{]m-bw.
CXn-t\mSp hntbm-Pn-∏p-≈-hcpw D≠v. AXp-t]mse tdmam-km-{am-Py-Øn\p ]pdØv
Ing°v t]¿jy≥ \mSp-I-fn¬ c≠p ImtXm-en-t°-‰p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw A`n-
{]m-b-ap-≠v. H∂v kzX-{¥-amb Hcp ImtXm-en-t°‰pw as‰m∂v At¥ym-Jy≥ ]m{Xn-
b¿°o-kns‚ Iogn-ep≈ "a{^n-bm\m' F∂ ÿm\-t∏-cp≈ ImtXm-en-°mbpw
At¥ymJy≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ÿm]n-®-Xn-\m¬ Cu a{^n-bm-t\-‰mWv Ctßm´p am‰n
ÿm]n-®Xv F∂pw A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v. AtX-∏‰n IqSp-X-embn \ap°v ]n∂oSv ]Tn-°mw.
h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬IqSn ÿm]n-X-amb ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ {]k‡nsb°p-
dn®v am{Xw \ap°p Nn¥n°mw...
F¥p-sIm≠v ImtXm-en-t°‰v D≠m-I-W-sa∂v B{K-ln®p?
]uckvXy k`-I-fpsS kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v Nne Imcy-ßƒ°v "ImtXm-en-t°mkv'
t]mse-bp≈ Hcp {][m\ Xe-h≥ Bh-iy-am-Wv. taev]-´-°msc hmgn-°p-I, hnip≤
aqtdm≥ IqZmi sNøpI F∂-XmWv Ah-bn¬ {][m-\w. ae-¶-c-k` Cu c≠p Imcy-
ß-fnepw hntZ-i-k-`-I-fnse tae-≤y-£-∑m-sc-bmWv B{i-bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. t]¿jy≥ k`-
bp-am-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p BZy \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ \ap°v _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. ImcWw Chn-
SpsØ ]q¿∆n-I¿ CuÃv kndn-b≥ Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p ]n¥p-S¿∂n-cp-∂-Xv.-
C…mw A[n-\n-thitØmSp-IqSn t]¿jy≥k` \in-°p-Ibpw Ah-cp-am-bn-´p≈ _‘w
C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1842-˛¬ \ho-I-c-W-]-£-°m¿ At¥ym-Jy≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-
kns\ kao-]n®v ]´w kzoI-cn® \mƒ apX¬ B k`-bp-ambn ]´-Xz-Øn\v _‘-s∏-
tS-≠n-h-∂p. Ahn-SpsØ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k-∑m¿ Bflob A[n-ImcwsIm≠p-am{Xw
Xr]vXn-s∏-SmsX ùXn-I-h-kvXp-°-fn-t∑epw A[n-Imcw D≠m-I-W-sa∂v B{K-ln-®p.
AXn\v hg-ßm™Xn\m¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb apS-°n. Cßs\ hntZi-ta-e-
≤y-£∑ - msc B{i-bn-®X - n-\m¬ h∂ {]iv\ß - sf ]cn-lc - n-°m≥ Chn-SpsØ k`bv°p
Hcp {][m\ tae-≤y-£≥ D≠m-I-W-sa∂p≈ Nn¥ hfsc kPo-h-am-bn. B Nn¥sb
hf¿Øp-hm\pw km£m-XvIc - n-°p-hm\pw A£o-W]- c
- n-{i-ahpw XymKhpw kln® tZl-
amWv ]cn-ip≤ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n.
tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bnse t]m∏n-s\-t∏mse Hcp BtKm-f-X-e-h≥ Hm¿Ø-
tUmIvkv k`-I-fn-en√. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-Iƒ AXmXp cmPy-ß-fn¬ kzX-{¥hpw
Ah¿°p kzX{¥-t\-Xr-Xz-hp-am-Wp-≈Xv. CXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb Hcp `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w
Chn-sSbpw D≠m-I-W-sa∂v Xncp-ta\n B-{K-ln-®p. t]¿jy≥ k`-bp-ambn´p≈ _‘-
am-Imw {][m-\- ta-e-≤y-£\v "ImtXm-en°' F∂ ÿm\-\maw D≠m-Ip-hm≥ Chn-sS-
bp-≈-h¿ B{K-ln-®-Xv. CXn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ {iaw t\csØ XpS-ßn-sb-¶nepw ê-
{]-Z-am-bn-√. Hcp-hn-[-Øn¬ t\m°n-bm¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb apS-°n-b-XmWv,
s]s´-∂p-Xs∂ "ImtXm-en-t°-‰v' ChnsS ÿm]n-°m≥ CS-bm-bXv F∂p-]-d-bmw.
Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS "apS°v' km[q-I-cWw C√m-Ø-Xm-sW-¶nepw ]´w \¬Inb BƒXs∂
A{]-Imcw sNbvX-t∏mƒ AXp-t]mse ]´-Xz-\¬h-c-ap≈ as‰m-cp- ÿm\n AXp
\o°w- sN-bvXm¬ Imt\m-\n-I-ambn ]n¬°m-eØv Bcpw tZmjw Btcm-]n-°m≥
CS-h-cn-I-bn-√-t√m. Bh-gn°p Nn¥n-®-t∏m-gmWv taen¬ taev]-´-ÿm-\-tØbv°v
72
Bscbpw B{i-bn-°m≥ CS-h-cm-sX, Chn-sS-Øs∂ kzX-{¥-ta-e-≤y-£≥ D≠m-I-
W-sa∂pw \n›-bn-®-Xv.
A_vZ¬ ainlm ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ £Wn-°p∂p
Xp¿°n-bnse cmjv{So-b-Im-c-W-ß-fm-emWv A_vZ¬ ainlm ]m{Xn-b¿°okn\v
Xs‚- ]m-{Xn-b¿°okv ÿm\w \jvS-s∏-´-Xv. k`m-\n-b-a-ßƒ A\p-k-cn®v At±-l-
Øns‚ ÿm\-Øn\v bmsXmcp Ipd-hp-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ùXn-I-amb A[n-Imcw am{Xta
\jvS-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-≈q. At±lw ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS £Ww kt¥m-j-]q¿∆w kzoI-cn-®p.
1912-˛¬ Chn-sS-sbØn. AXn\p ap≥]p-Xs∂ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS apS°v Akm-
[p-hm-sW∂v 1911 HmKÃv 17-˛\v Iev]\ Cd-°n.
Chn-sS-sb-Ønb A_vZ¬ ainlm ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ]p∂qkv dºm-®s\ Koh¿Kokv
am¿ {Ko-tKm-dn-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ taev]-´-°m-c-\mbn hmgn-®p. Ct±-l-amWv `mKy-
kva-c-Wm¿l-\mb aq∂m-asØ ImtXm-en°m Ipdn®n I√m-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n. h´-t»-
cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw I√m-t»-cn¬ AYhm Koh¿Kokv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-
ta-\n-bp-sSbpw kl-I-c-W-tØmsS apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ ]utemkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv
Xncp-ta-\nsb ae-¶-c-bpsS H∂m-asØ ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 12-˛\v
hmgn-®p. \ncWw hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬h®mWv kp{]-[m\amb Cu hmgvN \S-∂-Xv. ImtXm-
en-°mbv°v _t -en-tbmkv F∂ \maw \n¿Æbn-®p. "am¿ _t -en-tbmkv ]ueqkv
{]Y-a≥' F∂m-bn-cp∂p H∂mw ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS ÿm\-\m-aw. taev]´- ÿ
- m\w \¬Ip-
∂-Xn\pw aqtdm≥ IqZmi \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw A[n-Imcw kvXmØn-t°m-\n-eqsS ImtXm-
en-°mbv°p \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. H∂mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ kzX-{¥-ambn \ne-\n∂ ae-¶-
c-k`bv°v CS-°m-e-Øp-≠mb ]mc-X-{¥y-ßsf \o°w-sNbvXv ]c-am-[n-Im-c-tØm-sS-
bp≈ kzX{¥- Im-tXm-en-t°-‰ns\ e`n-®p. CXp-aqew k`-bv°p-≠mb t\´-ßƒ,
1. taev]-´-ÿm-\-Øn-\pw aqtdm≥ Iq-Zm-i-sN-øp-∂-Xn\pw C\n taem¬ as‰mcp
k`sbbpw B{i-bn-t°-≠-Xn√ F∂p h∂p.
2. ae-¶-c-k` at‰Xp Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-sb-t∏m-sebpw Hcp kzX-{¥-k-`-bmbn
amdn.
3. k`-bpsS ]c-am-≤y-£s\ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw k`-bpsS
a°ƒ°p e`n-®p.
4. `mc-X-Øns‚ kwkvIm-c-tØmSp Cgp-In-t®¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw
D≠m-bn.
5. Hcp kzX{¥k`-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ FIyq-sa-\n-°¬ _‘-ßƒ°v B°w-Iq-´m≥
CS-bm-bn. thƒUv Iu¨kn¬ Hm^v N¿®-kn¬ (WCC) ae-¶-c-k` AwK-am-bn.
6. F√m-‰n-\p-ap-]cn, am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS ss«lnI ]mc-º-cyw ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-eqsS
Duń-bp-d-∏n-®p.
CsX√mw km[y-am-bXv ]cn-ip≤ h´-t»-cn¬ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS
Zo¿L-ho-£-Whpw XymK-\n¿`-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\hpw aqe-am-Wv.
A≤ymbw 4
kXy-hn-izm-khpw kXy Bcm-[-\bpw
kXy- h n- i zm- k hpw kXyBcm- [ - \ bpw IqSmsX k`bv ° p \ne- \ n- e v ] n- √ .
]uckvXyk`-I-sf√mw Cu c≠p Imcy-ßƒ°pw hfsc {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p. k`
{InkvXp-hns‚ ico-c-am-I-bm¬ hnip-≤-am-Wv. AtX-k-abw ]m]n-I-fmb hnizm-kn-I-
73
fpsS Ipd-hp-Iƒ \nanØw hyXykvX hnNm-c-ßfpw Nn¥-Ifpw D≠m-bn-h-cnI F∂Xpw
kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. k`-bpsS BZn-a-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ \mw CXp ImWp-∂p. hyXykvX
kwkvIm-c-ß-sfbpw Ime-tZ-i-ß-sfbpw Dƒs°m≠v k`- h-f¿∂t∏mƒ hnizm-k-Im-
cy-ß-fn¬ `n∂-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ D≠m-bn. BZysØ km¿h-{XnI kp∂-l-tZm-kp-
Iƒ IqSnbXn-s\-∏‰n t\csØ a‰p ¢m p-I-fn¬ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠-t√m. Hcp hnizm-khpw
Hcp amtam-Zo-km-bp-ta-bp≈q F∂v ]utemkv «olm hy‡-ambn ]Tn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p
(F-t^ky 4:4˛6). GI-hn-izm-k-sa-s¥∂v hn`-P-\-Øn-\p-ap-ºp≈ k`, \nJym-˛-Ip-kvX-
¥o-t\m-t]m-eokv hnizm-k-{]-am-W-Øn¬IqSn hy‡-am-°n. F√m bma-{]m¿∞-\-Ifpw
IqZm-i-Ifpw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv hnizm-k-{]-amWw G‰p-sNm√ns°m≠m-Wt√m.
Imew ]ptcm-K-an-®-t∏mƒ hnizm-k-{]-am-W-Øn¬ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn Bcm-[-
\m-{I-a-ßƒ, IqZm-i-Iƒ, ssZh-am-Xm-hnepw hnip-≤-∑m-cn-ep-ap≈ a≤y-ÿ-X, hmßn-
t∏m-b-h¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ {]m¿∞\ apX-embn Ht´sd hnjb-ß-fn¬ hy‡-amb
ImgvN-∏mSv D≠m-tI-≠-Xmbn h∂p. BZn-a-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬Xs∂ CsX√mw cq]-s∏-´p-
sh-¶nepw hnZq-c-am-b- `m-c-X-Øn¬ CtX-∏‰n hy‡-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-√.
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]e Imc-W-ßfpw AXns‚ ]n≥]n¬ D≠v. Bcm-[-\m-`m-jbpw
kwkmc-`m-jbpw \ΩpsS k`-bn¬ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂p. At¥ym-Jy-bp-am-bn-´p≈
_‘w ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v D≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc t]¿jy≥ k`-bp-am-bn-´mWv _‘w D≠m-
bn-cp-∂Xv. I¿Ømhv kwkm-cn® Ac-amb `mj-tbmSp ASp-Øp-\n-∂n-cp∂ ]uckvXy
kpdn-bm\n (East Syriac) CuÃv kndn-bIv `mj-bmWv ChnsS Bcm-[-\-bv°mbn D]-
tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hnizm-k-k-Xy-ßƒ Bcm-[-\-bn-ep-s≠-¶nepw AXv hy‡-ambn Fgp-
Xn-bp-≠m°n hnizm-kn-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ am¿§an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ae-bm-f-`m-j-Xs∂ Imcy-
ambn hnI-kn-®n-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ hnizmkw hy‡-ambn A°-an´p ]Tn-∏n°p∂
coXn hf¿∂n-cp-∂pthm F∂v kwi-bn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]pcm-X-\-am-bn-cp∂ k`bv°v
AXns‚ hnizmkw Fs¥∂v k`m-a-°sf ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ B[n-Im-cnI {KŸ-ß-fn-√m-
bncp∂p F∂Xv henb Ipd-hp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu hen-b- Ip-d-hmWv h´-t»-cn¬
Xncp-ta\n \nI-Øn-b-Xv.
"atXm-]-tZi kmc-ßƒ'
sshtZ-inI ta[m-hn-Xz-tØmSv t]mcmSn k`-bpsS X\-Xmb kzmX{¥yw \ne-
\n¿Øm≥ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-®-XmWv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS G‰hpw henb kw`m-
h\. sshtZ-inIXtbm-Sp≈ t]mcm´w Ct∏mgpw \ne\n¬°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Cu ImgvN-
∏m-Sn\v IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw e`n®p. F∂m¬ H´pw Ipd-h-√mØ kw`m-h-\-bmWv k`-
bpsS hnizm-k-sa-s¥∂v hy‡-ambn ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬IqSn ]cn-ip≤ Xncp-ta\n \¬In-
b-Xv. hy‡-amb [mc-W-Iƒ hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ ]m›mXy tdma≥
ItØm-en-°m- ˛- \-ho-I-cWhnizm-k-ß-tfmSp ae-¶-c-bnse ]q¿∆n-I¿°v IqSp-X¬
B`n-apJyw hcn-I-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ aev]m-\m-bn-cp∂ Xncp-ta\n
Xm≥ hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]Tn-∏n® Imcy-ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØv ]pkvX-I-cq-]-Øn-em-
°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kXy-hn-izmkw BZyw a\- n-em-°m-sX-bn-cp-∂m¬, a‰p-≈-h¿ BZyw
]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv kXy-sa∂v hnNm-cn®v AXn-te-bv°p Xncn-bp-sa∂pw Aßs\ hcm-Xn-
cn-°m-\p≈ Hcp ]cn-{i-a-amWv Cu {KŸ-c-N-\-bn-eqsS e£yw-h-bv°p-∂Xv F∂pw
Bap-J-Øn¬ {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p≠v. ]nXm-°-∑msc D≤-cn®v kXy-hn-izmkw Fs¥∂v
hy‡-am-°p-Ibpw thZ-h-n]-co-Xn-I-fp-sS-t]¿ Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v thZ-
hn-]-co-X-ß-fpsS Npcp-°hpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw "kwKXn' F∂
Xe-s°-´mWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Aßs\ 34 kwK-Xn-Ifpw AXns\ kw_-‘n®
thZ-]p-kvXI ASn-ÿm-\-ßfpw Nq≠n°m-ń-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
74
Ht´sd ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ]n¬°m-e-ß-fn¬ h∂n-´p-≈-Xn-\m¬ Cu hnin-jvS-{K-Ÿ-
Øns‚ {]mamWyw C∂v th≠{X hn[w Nne¿°p a\ nemhpI-bn-s√-¶nepw H∂p-
an-√m-bva-bn¬\n∂v ssZhw krjvSn \S-Øn-b-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv ]cn-ip-≤-\mb h´-t»-
cn¬ Xncp-ta\n "atXm-]-tZ-i-km-c-ßƒ°v' P∑w \¬In-b-Xv. {XnXzw, amtam-Zo-km, hn.
Ip¿∫m-\, Ipº-km-cw, aqtdm≥, ]-´Xzw, hnhmlw, tcmKn-I-fpsS ssXem-`n-tjIw
F∂o IqZm-i-I-sf-°p-dn®v hy‡-amb \n¿∆-N-\hpw Adnhpw \¬Ip-∂p. Rmb-
dmgvNbmN-cWw; amdm-\mb s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fpsS {]m[m-\yw; {]m¿∞-\, t\mºv, D]-
hmkw F∂n-h-bpsS Bh-iy-I-X; ssZh-am-Xm-hv, hnip-≤-∑m¿ F∂n-h-cpsS a≤y-
ÿX; hmßn-t∏m-b-h¿°p-th≠nbp≈ {]m¿∞\ apX-embn k`-bpsS ASn-ÿm\
hnizm-k-ß-sf-°p-dn®v [mcW \¬Ip∂ CXn-t\mSp kam-\-ambn as‰m∂v CXp-hsc
D≠m-bn-ń-√. Hmtcm hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v FSpØm¬ IqSp-X¬ hni-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fp≈
]pkvX-I-ßƒ ]n¬°m-e-ß-fn¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkn F∂ hm°p-Xs∂
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ ssZhsØ al-Xz-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂ Bi-b-am-
W-t√m. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ ae-¶-c-k-`sb Hm¿Ø-tUmIvknbn¬ Dd-∏n-®Xv h´-t»-
cn¬ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bm-sW∂p ]d-bmw.
kXym-cm-[\
hnizm-k-]-T\w Ipsd-sbms° _p≤n-]-c-am-Wv. _p≤n-]-c-amb Adn-hn-s\, A\p-`-
h-Øns‚ Xe-Øn-tebv°v Db¿Øp∂Xv kXy Bcm-[-\-bm-Wv. Bcm-[-\-bn-eqsS
e`n-°p∂ ssZhm-\p-`-h-amWv Adn-hn-eqsS _p≤n°p \nc-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ hni-Zo-I-
cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv Bflo-b-X-bn¬ Adnhpw A\p-`-hhpw Hcp-an-°p-∂p.
Bcm[\ IqSmsXbp≈ Adn-hn-√. Adn-hp-Iq-Sm-sX-bp≈ Bcm-[-\-bp-an-√. AXp-sIm-
≠p-Xs∂ Adn-bm-hp∂ `mj-bn¬ Bcm-[n-°-W-sa-∂mWv icnbmb XXzw. F∂m¬
B ImeØp AXn-\p≈ kuI-cy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse BZyw
Ing-°≥ kpdn-bm\n Bcm-[-\m-{I-ahpw ]n∂oSv At¥ymJy≥ _‘-ap-≠mb tijw
]Sn-™m-d≥ kpdn-bm\n Bcm-[-\m-{I-ahpw ]cn-io-en-®p. c≠m-bmepw AXv hnizm-kn-
Iƒ kwkm-cn-°p∂ `mj-b-√m-bn-cp-∂p. B e£y-Øn¬ c≠p {KŸ-ßƒ {]kn-≤o-
I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu Imcy-Øn¬ tIm\m´p amØ≥ aev]m\pw Koh¿Kokv aev]m\v
klm-bn-bm-bn.
]uckvXy Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-Øn¬ Dbn¿∏p-s]-cp-∂m-fmWv G‰w {]m[m-\y-ta-dn-bXv.
AXn-\m¬ "IywXm' AY-hm Dbn¿∏ns‚ \a-kvIm-c-amWv BZyw {]kn-≤oI-cn-®-Xv.
Ggp-t\-csØ bma-{]m¿∞-\-Ifpw Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizm-kn°v AXn-{]-[m-\amWv.
hnizm-kn-I-fpsS kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn CXp c≠m-bn- Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. H≥]-Xmw-aWn,
k‘y, kqØmdm F∂nh k‘ybv°pw cm{Xn, {]`m-Xw, aq∂mw-a-Wn, Bdmw-aWn
F∂nh {]`m-X-Ønepw {Iao-I-cn-®p≈ coXn°p XpS-°-an-´Xv h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv
aev]m-\m-Wv. Hmtcm Znh-k-tØ°pambn-´p≈ bma-{]m¿∞-\-Iƒ C∂v e`y-amWv. AXp-
t]mse …o_m, IywXm-\-a-kvIm-c-{I-a-ßfpw B≠nse amdm-\mb s]cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ°pw
a‰p hnti-j-Zn-h-k-ßƒ°pw tN¿∂ {]m¿∞-\-Ifpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ {]m¿∞-\m-]p-
kvX-I-ßfpw C∂v e`y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Ch-bvs°ms° XpS°w Ipdn-®-h-cn¬ {]ap-
J≥ h´t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bm-Wv. hnizm-khpw Bcm-[-\bpw Hcp-an-®p-tN-cmØ Hcp
k`bv°pw \ne-\n-ev]n√. `c-W-]-camb \ne-\n-ev]n-t\-°mƒ {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-XmWv
hnizm-khpw Bcm-[-\-bpw. C∂v \mw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ `c-W-]-c-amb kzmX-{¥y-Øn\pw
Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X{- ¥y-Øn\pw \nan-Øa
- m-bXv ]. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bm-sW∂v \n w-
ibw ]dbmw.
75
A≤ymbw 5
hy‡n-Xz-Ønse khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Akm-[m-c-W-amb Hcp hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ DS-a-bm-bn-cp∂p ]cn-ip≤\mb h´-t»-
cn¬ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n. amXr-I-bm-°m≥ ]‰nb At\Iw KpW-hn-ti-j-ßƒ
At±-l-Øn¬ sXfn-™p-Im-Wmw. Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xp-am{Xw ChnsS kqNn-∏n-°-s´.
D◊bpw {]hr-Ønbpw (Being & Doing) kwtbm-Pn-∏n® hy‡n
cmjv{S-]n-Xm-hmb Km‘n-Pn-bpsS kq‡-ßfn¬ hf-sc-t∏¿ D≤-cn-°p∂ H∂mWv
temI-tØm-Sp≈ At±-l-Øns‚ ktµ-iw. temI-tØm-Sp≈ ktµiw F¥m-sW∂v
tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw adp-]Sn \¬In, “My life is my message” ˛ Fs‚ Pohn-X-amWv
Fs‚ ktµ-iw. Cu hn[-Øn¬ ]d-bp-hm≥ B¿°p-I-gn-bpw? Xncp-ta\n hm°p-I-fn¬
Aßs\ ]d-™n-s√-¶nepw PohnXw B h-gn°p Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. hy‡n-Xz-Ønse
inYn-eo-I-cWw C∂v F√m-h-cp-sSbpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ Hcp bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv. Bflo-b-
X-bn¬IqSn CsXm-gn-hm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Aßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂n√ F∂Xv Bflo-b-X-
bnse ZptcymKw F∂-√msX F¥p-]-d-tb≠p? AXm-bXv Nne hy‡n-I-fpsS kzXz-
Øn¬ henb If-¶ß - s
- fm-∂p-an-√. ]t£, k`bv°pw kaq-lØ - n\pw Imcy-amb {]tbm-
P\w H∂pw sNbvXn-ń-√. D≈p sa®-am-Wv. {]hr-Øn-bn¬ \ne-hm-c-an-√. as‰mcp Iq´-
cp-≠v, {]hr-Øn-I-fn¬ hfsc ap≥]n-em-Wv. t]msc-¶n¬ Nne¿ {]hr-Øn-I-fn¬ IqSn
am[y-a-ß-fn¬ \nd-™p-\n-∂-ncn-°pw. F∂m¬ AXn\p kzoI-cn-°p∂ hgn-Iƒ hf-
™Xpw tIm´hpap≈-Xm-Wv. {]hrØn \√-Xv, D◊ AYhm kzXzw tami-am-b-Xv. Cu
ssZzX-`m-h-Øn¬\n∂v Hgn-™n-cn-°m≥ At\-I¿°p km[n-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Xncp-
ta-\n-bpsS PohnXw CX-ns\m-c-]-hm-Z-am-bn-cp-∂p. D◊bpw {]hr-Ønbpw XΩn¬ At`-
Zy-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. \√ hr£w \√ êw Imbv°pw F∂ I¿Ør-h-N\w
\nhr-Øn-°s∏-Sp-∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-Xw.
Bg-ta-dnb {]m¿∞-\m-Po-hnXw
Kpcp-hmb ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-XsØ A∏msS kzoI-cn® DØ-a-in-jy-
\m-bn-cp-∂p Xncp-ta\n. bma-{]m¿∞-\-Iƒ t{ImUo-I-cn-°m≥ D’mlw Imń-bXv bmaw-
tXmdpw {]m¿∞n-®-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-sb-t∏mse {]m¿∞-\bv°p \√
\n¿∆N-\-ßƒ injy-\mb Cu ]cn-ip-≤\pw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. AXn¬ H∂v {i≤n°pI:
""{]m¿∞\ F∂Xv a\p-jy¿ Xß-fpsS {kjvSm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ I¿Ø-hy-sØbpw
X∂n¬\n-∂-\p-`-hn-°p∂ \∑-I-sfbpw Xncn-®-dn™p kvXpXn ]mSn Xs‚ CjvSw
kºm-Zn-°p-Ibpw Xß-fpsS Bflm-°-fpsS c£bv°pw ico-c-Øns‚ ]pe¿®bv°pw
Bh-iy-ap≈ Imcy-ßsf Xt∂mSp tNmZn®p hmßn-°p-Ibpw sNbvhm-\m-bn´p Xß-
fpsS lrZ-b-ßsf {kjvSm-hmb ssZh-Øn-¶-tebv°p Db¿Øn Xt∂mSpXs∂
kwk¿§w sNøp-∂-Xm-Ip∂p.'' (km-ap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n, ae-¶c k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿,
hmeyw 1, t]Pv 268). cl-ky-{]m¿∞-\-Ifpw ]c-ky-{]m¿∞-\-I-tfm-sSm∏w A\p-jvTn-
°-W-sa∂v {]tXyIw DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. {]m¿∞-\-bn-ep≈ i‡n-aq-e-amWv A\-
h[n tIkp-Iƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ F√m kwL¿j-ß-sfbpw At±lw AXn-Po-hn-®-Xv.
Im]-Sy-an-√mbva
`‡n-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Sm-hp∂ henb A]-I-S-amWv Im]-Syw. P\-{]n-b-cm-
Ip-hm≥ C√mØ `‡n Ds≠∂p \Sn-°pI F∂Xv F°m-e-sØbpw {]tem-`-\-am-Wv.
76
BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ IqSp-X-ep≈ GXp hnizm-k-k-aq-l-Ønepw CXv kw`-hn-°mw.
blq-Z-a-X-Øn¬ CXp kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂p. Im]Syw hfsc IqSp-X-em-bn-cp-∂p. {]m¿∞-
\bpw Zm\-[¿Ω-ßfpw D]-hm-k-hp-sams° a\p-jysc ImWn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn blq-
Z∑m¿ A\p-jvTn-®n-cp∂Xns\ I¿Ømhv i‡-ambn A]-e-]n-®p. cl-ky-Øn¬ `n£
sImSp-°m\pw cl-ky-Øn¬ {]m¿∞n-°m\pw cl-ky-Øn¬ D]-h-kn-°phm\pw
I¿Ømhv injy-∑msc ]Tn-∏n®p (hn. aØm. 6:1˛21). cl-ky-{]m¿∞\bn¬ \n¿hrXn
AS-™n-cp∂ Xncp-ta\n I]-S-`-‡nsb shdp-Øn-cp-∂p.
k`-bnse I£n-h-g°n¬ At±-l-Øns‚ Poh≥ A]m-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ FXn-cm-
fn-Iƒ {ian® kµ¿`-ß-fp-≠v. GI-\mbn apdn-bn¬ cl-ky-{]m¿∞-\-bn¬ ap´p-Ip-Øn-
bn-cp∂ At±-lsØ I≠-t∏mƒ i{Xp-°ƒ `b-N-In-X-cmbn ]n≥hm-ßp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-
b-Xv. I]-S-`-‡n-bp-s≠∂v tXm∂n-b-hsc imkn-°m\pw At±lw aSn-®n-√. CjvS-]p-
kvX-I-amb ain-lm-\p-Ic-Whpw thZ-]p-kvX-Ihpw a‰p-≈-h¿ ImWmsX hmbn-°m-
\mWv Gsd CjvS-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS D‰kplr-Øm-bn-cp∂ kn. F^v.
B≥{Uqkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hnip≤nsb Xncn--®-dn™v {]tXyIw {]m¿∞-\bpw A\p-
{K-lhpw Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬\n∂v t\Sn-bn-´p≠v.
hn]-Zn-ss[cyw
t\Xr-Xz-Øn-tebv°v IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-h¿ kmaqly Pohn-X-Øn-em-bmepw Bflob
afi-e-ß-fnembmepw ISpØ {]Xn-k-‘n-Isf t\cn-tS-≠-Xm-bn-h-cpw. AXns\
Fßs\ t\cn-Sp∂p F∂-XmWv Ah-cpsS al-XzsØ a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ Dc-I-√v.
apS°v Dƒs∏sS-bp≈ {]Xn-k-‘n-Isf At±-l-Øn\v t\cn-tS≠nh-∂p. ISpØ am\-
knI kwL¿jw D≠m-°p∂ AØcw Hcp \S-]Sn ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse as‰mcp taev]-
´-°m-c\pw t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂n-ń-√. k`-bpsS kzmX{¥yØn\p-th≠n Dd-®p-\n-∂-Xn-\m¬,
AXn-t\mSp FXn¿∏p≈hcpsS \nc-¥-c-amb òj-Wn-Ifpw XpS¿®-bmb tIkp-Ifpw
D≠m-bn. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ AwK-c-£-I-\mbn \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-bmsf {]Xn-
tbm-Kn-Iƒ Zmcp-W-ambn sIme-s∏-Sp-Øn. Pohn-Xkm-bm-”Øn¬ AXn-th-Z-\-bp-f-hm-
°p∂ as‰mcp kw`-hw- IqSnbp≠mbn. At±lw Gsd hm’-ey-tØmsS hf¿Øn-
s°m-≠p-h-∂ ka¿∞-\mb injy-\m-bn-cp-∂p ^m. ]n. ‰n. Koh¿Kokv. A°m-eØv
_ncp-Zm-\-¥-c-_n-cpZw t\Snb sshZn-I-s\∂ \ne-bnepw _Y\n k\ym-k-k-aq-l-
Øns‚ ÿm]-I-s\-∂-\n-e-bnepw Gsd BZ-c-hp-Ifpw At±lw t\Sn-bn-cp-∂p. `‡n-
tb-°mƒ _p≤n hnI-kn-®-Xp-sIm-≠mhmw ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse I£n-h-g-°p-Iƒ C√m-
Xm-°m≥ Hcp H‰-aqen At±lw Is≠-Øn. tdmam-k-`-bp-ambn IqSn-t®-cp-I. "]p\-
sscIyw' F∂v AXn\p t]cpw \¬In. thZ-im-kv{X-Øn-t\m, k`m-N-cn-{X-Ønt\m
\nc-°p∂ Hcp Bi-b-a√ ]p\-ssc-Iyw.
`mc-X-Ønse ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ AYhm tXmam-bpsS am¿§w IqSn-b-h¿, ]m›m-
Xy¿ ChnsS hcp-∂-Imew hsc-bpw kzX-{¥-ambn \ne-\n-∂-h-cm-Wv. Ncn-{X-k-Xy-
ßsf \ntj-[n-®p-sIm≠v tdmam-k-`-bpsS ùXn-Ik-ar-≤nbpw ÿm]-\-ssh-]p-eyhpw
Hs° I≠v BIr-jvS-\mb At±lw tdmam-k-`-bn¬ tNcp-hm≥ \n›-bn-®p. 1930-˛-em-
bn-cp∂p Cu kw`-hw. Xncp-ta\n Imew sNøp-∂-Xn\v tIhew \mep-h¿jw apºv.
Cu Btem-N-\bv°v Kpcp A\p-aXn \¬In-bn-s√-¶nepw temI-{]-Imcw ka¿∞-\mb
At±lw Kpcp-hns\ Dt]-£n®v tdmam-k-`-bn¬ tNcp-Ibpw as‰mcp doØm-bn-Øo-cp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. k`-bn¬ kam-[m\w D≠m-°p-hm-t\m, ]pcm-X-\-amb am¿ tXmam-«o-
lm-bpsS k`sb C√m-Xm-°mt\m CXp aqew km[n-®n-√. ]m›mXy-cpsS hc-hn-\p-
tijw On∂-`n-∂amb ae-¶-c-bn¬ as‰mcp k`-IqSn DS-se-SpØp F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
77
]cn-Wn-X-^-ew. Cu {]Xn-k-‘n-I-fnse√mw ]md-t]mse Dd-®p-\n¬°p-hm≥ At±-l-
Øn\v km[n-®Xv Bg-ta-dnb ssZhm-{i-bwsIm≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ""ae-bn-f-Inepw a\-an-f-
Im alm-flm-°ƒ°v'' ae-Iƒ Cf-In-bmepw almflm-°-fpsS a\ v Cf-Ip-I-bn-s√-
∂p≈ ae-bm-f-Ønse al-XvhmIyw Xncp-ta-\nbn¬ \qdp-i-X-am\hpw A\z¿∞-am-bn.
an{X-ß-sfbpw i{Xp-°-sfbpw Hcp-t]mse

k`m-kzm-X{¥yw, kXy-hn-izmkw XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Dd-®p-\n-∂-Xn-\m¬
an{X-ßfpw i{Xp-°fpw At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn. C∂-sØ-t∏mse A[nIw sa{Xm-t∏m-
eo-Øm-am¿ C√mØ Ime-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. At±-ltØm-sSm∏w aqt∂m \mtem t]¿
am{Xw. ssZhm-{i-bhpw k`m-kvt\-lhpw XymK-a-\ pw ]mfin-Xy-hp-ap≈ Hcp Aflm-
b-\nc At±-l-tØm-sSm-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sI. kn. amΩ≥ am∏n-f, C. sP. tPm¨
h°o¬, dmhp-kmln_v, H. Fw. sNdn-bm≥, Fw. F. Nmt°m, Fw. ]n. h¿°n, ]{Xm-
[n-]¿ tP°_v Ipcy≥, F. ^nen-t∏mkv apXemb-h¿ B \nc-bn¬s∏-Spw. Ah-cpsS
ssIØm-ß¬ At±-l-Øn\v _ew \¬In. AtX-k-abw Ht´-sd-t∏¿ At±-lsØ
FXn¿Øp. Iq´p-{SÃn-Iƒ FXn-cm-bXpw hm’-ey-in-jy≥ k-`m-]-cn-XymKw \S-Øn-
bXpw \mw I≠p. Xncpta\n°v Ah-tcmSp bmsXmcp hntZz-j-hp-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.
At±-l-Øns‚ D÷z-e-{]-`m-j-W-ßfn¬ NneXv \ap°v e`y-am-Wv. tUm. kmap-
h¬ Nµ\∏≈n Nne-sXms° Is≠Øn "ae-¶c k`m-]n-Xm°-∑m-cn¬' tN¿Øn´p-
≠v. FXn-cm-fn-I-sf-°p-dn®v _lp-am-\-tØm-sS-b-√msX At±lw kwkm-cn-®n-ń-√. Xs‚
\ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ Dd-®p-\n∂v km[q-I-cWw \¬Ip-tºmgpw hyXykvX A`n-{]m-b-ap-≈-
hsc sNdp-Xm-°mt\m ]p—n-°mt\m At±lw {ian-®n-ń-√. Xs∂ apS-°nb ]m{Xn-
b¿°okn\v FXn-cm-bn-t∏mepw Hcp hm°p D®-cn-®-Xmbn \mw ImWp-∂n-√. "i{Xp-
hns\ kvt\ln-°pI' F∂ I¿Ør-I-ev]\ At±lw A\p-k-cn-®n-cp∂p. F√m A¿∞-
Ønepw At±-l-Øns‚ hy‡nXzw A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p, bYm¿∞ ssZh-
a-\p-jy-t‚-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-Xw-Xs∂ {InkvXob km£yhpw ktµ-
i-hp-ambn amdn.
A≤ymbw 6
ae-¶-c-k`m `mkp-c≥
2003 s^{_p-hcn 24˛mw XobXnbmWv Xncp-ta-\nsb ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn {]Jym-]n-°p-
∂Xv. AXn\p ap≥]p-Xs∂ hfsc at\m-l-c-amb Hcp hnti-jWw At±-l-Øn\v
\¬In-bn-cp∂p; "ae-¶c- k
- `
- m- `m-kp-c≥'. `mkp-c≥ F∂m¬ kqcy≥ F∂¿∞w. kqcy≥
X\nsb tim`n-°p∂p. AXp a‰p-≈-h¿°v shfn-®hpw NqSpw \¬Ip-∂p. kzbw {]Im-
in-°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈-hsc {]Im-in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kqcy-[¿Ωw At±lw \n¿∆ln-
®n-cp-∂p. -{K-l-ßƒ, kqcys\ Np‰p-∂-Xp-s]se Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ime-L-´-Ønse k`
]q¿Æ-ambpw At±-lsØ Np‰n-∏‰n Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Nen®Xv.
A‘-Im-csØ \o°nb \oXn-kq-cy≥
]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ A‘-Imcw A∂p k`sb _m[n-®n-cp-∂p. s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-
cW _m‘-h-Øn¬\n∂p ]Xps° k` kzmX{¥yw {]m]n-®p-h-∂-t∏mƒ as‰mmcp
]mc-X-{¥y-Øn-te-bv°mWv k` sN∂p ]Xn-®-Xv. \ho-I-c-W-°m¿, hnizm-k-Im-cy-ß-
fn¬ hyXymkw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah-tcm-Sp≈ _‘sØ hfsc kq£va-
ambn \nco-£n-®ncp∂p. F∂m¬ At¥ym-Jy≥ _‘-Øn¬ Aßs\ Hcp Bh-iy-
78
IX tXm∂n-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Htc hnizm-khpw amtam-Zo-kmbpw hn. Ip¿∫-m\-bpsS
kwk¿§-hp-ap≈ ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ {Ia-t°-Sp-Im-Wn-°-bn√ F∂p ]q¿Æ-ambn hniz-
kn-®n-cp-∂n-cn-°W
- w. AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbm-eb - n¬ (1836) At¥ym-
Jy≥ _‘sØ kXy-hn-izmkw kwc-£n-°p∂Xn\p≈ D]m-[n-bmbn FSp-Øp-Im-ń-
b-Xv. At¥ym-Jy-bn¬\n∂p-h∂ bpbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-tem-kn-\p-th≠n tN∏mSp Xncp-
ta\n Xs‚ ÿm\w-t]mepw Hgn-™p-sIm-Sp-Øp. Htc hnizm-kØ - n¬\n∂ ktlm-Zc - -
ß-fn¬\n∂v Hcp A[n-\nthiw D≠m-Ip-sa∂v ae-¶c - b
- nse \{km-Wn-Iƒ Hcn-°epw
Nn¥n-®n-cp-∂n-√. ioa-°m-tcmSp (A-t¥ym-Jym-tbmSp _‘-s∏-´) \ap-°p≈ BZ-ch - ns\
kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v C{]-Imc-ap≈ Hcp ]g-samgnt]mepw A°m-eØ - p-≠m-bn-´p≠v. "BIm-
i-Øn-ep≈ _mhm'sbt∏m-ep≈ as‰mcp _mhm-bmWv At¥ym-Jy-bnse _mhm.
tN∏mSp am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-°p-tijw ae-¶-c-k-`sb \bn® ]pen-
t°m-ń¬ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta\n AXn-{]-K¤ - \
- m-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw At±-lØ - ns‚
Ime-Øp-Xs∂ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Chn-sS- h-cp-hm\pw apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv hnfn-
®p-Iqń ae-¶-csb Ggp `{Zm-k-\-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn®v sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn-°p-hm-\p-sams°
km[n-®p. ]q¿Æ-amb hnt[bXzw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v e`n-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ Bthmfw
]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n {ian-®p. F∂m¬ A[n-\n-th-i-Øns‚ {Iqc-amb apJw A`n-
ap-Jo-Ic
- n-t°-≠n-h∂
- Xv h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n°mbn-cp-∂p. hnt[-bXzw \¬ImØXns‚
t]cn¬ "apS°v' Dƒs∏sSbp≈ in£ G‰p-hm-ßphm≥ Xncp-ta\n \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-
bn. "Xnc-am-e-I-fp≈ kap{Zw Ign-hp≈ I∏n-Øms\ krjvSn-°p∂p' F∂ ]g-samgn
A\z¿∞-am-Ip-am-dmWv h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Ah-k-c-Øn-s\mØv Db¿∂-Xv. C{k-
tb¬ a°sf I\m≥\mńseØn® tamsi-bpsS hgn-bn-eqsS Xncp-ta-\n°pw {]bmWw
sNtø-≠n-h-∂p. [oc-\mb B t]mcmfn ]t£, Xf¿∂n√. ain-lm-X-ºp-cms‚ Ipcn-
in-em-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ B{i-bw. At±lw AtX-∏‰n {]kw-Kn®p ""kXy-Øn\pw
\oXn°pw th≠n IjvSX kln-°m≥ Xøm-dm-Ip-∂-XmWv Ipcniv.'' kXy-Øn\pw
\oXn°pw th≠n F{X IjvSX h∂mepw Xm≥ kln-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂Xmbn-cp∂p At±-
l-Øns‚ at\m-`m-hw. ae-¶c \{km-Wn-If - n¬ Hcp hn`m-Khpw Iq´p{SÃn-Ifpw ]m{Xn-
b¿°okv ]£w tN¿∂Xpw k`sb {Kkn® A‘-Im-cØ - ns‚ ImTn\yw h¿≤n∏n-®p.
_Y-\n-bpsS Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ k`m-]-cn-Xym-Khpw A‘-Imcw
h¿≤n-∏n® as‰mcp kw`-h-am-Wv. hm’-ey-in-jy-\mb Fw. F.(M. A.)°mc≥ k`sb
ssIsh-Sn-™-t∏mƒ {]K-¤-\mb as‰mcp Fw. F.°mcs\ I≠p-]n-Sn®v taev]-´-°m-
c-\m-°n. {]kn-≤- hm‹n-bm-bn-cp∂ ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta\n(Koh-dp-Kokv am¿
]oe-Ivkn-t\m-kv)bmbn-cp∂p AXv. Aßs\ Iqcn-cp´p hym]n-®-t∏m-sgms° Ccp-ńs\
]gn-°msX shfn®w IØn-®p-h-bv°Wsa∂ ssN\okv ]g-samgn At±lw A£-
cm¿∞-Øn¬ \nh¿Øn-®p.
`c-WL
- S- \
- m-inev]n
ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\Ø - n-eqsS k`-bpsS kzmX{¥yw Dd-∏n®p F¶nepw AXns\
km[q-Ic- n®v \ne-\n¿Øp∂ Hcp `c-WL - S- \ k`-bv°n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. `mc-XØ
- ns‚ kzmX-
{¥y-k-a-c-Øn\p s\Sp-\m-b-IXzw hln® Km‘n-Pnbpw `c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬
inev]-Nm-Xp-cy-tØmsS {]h¿Øn® Awt_-ZvIdpw ae-¶-c-k-`sb kw_-‘n-®n-S-
tØmfw h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ Hcp-an-®p-tN-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw Imew-sN-
bvX-tijamWv `c-W-L-S\ ]m m-°n-b-sX-¶nepw AXn-t‚-Xmb {][m\ inev]n
Xncpta\n Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. hnizm-kn-Iƒ -IqSn k`-bpsS `c-W-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-
Ip-tºm-tg, Ahsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v A¿∞-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p-≈q.
79
k`-bpsS ]c-am-≤y£≥, sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿, Iq´p-{S-Ãn-Iƒ Ch-sc-sbms° sXc-
s™-Sp-°m≥ P\-ß-ƒ°v C∂v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v. Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ IqSn Dƒs∏-
Sp∂ amt\-PnwKv IΩ-‰n, h¿°nwKv IΩ‰n Ch-sbms° tN¿∂mWv k`-bpsS `cWw
\n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xv. F¥n-\-[nIw, Hmtcm CS-h-Ibpw hnizmkw, ]´-Xzw, in£Ww
F∂o Imcy-ß-fn-sem-gnsI F√m ùXnI Imcy-ßfpw `{Zm-k\ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-
cpsS AwKo-Im-c-tØmsS \n¿∆-ln-°m-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p-≠v. Imew
\oßn-b-t∏mƒ "ImtXm-en°m' F∂ ÿm\-t∏cv a‰p Nnecpw kzoI-cn-s®-¶nepw Ah¿
Bcpw-Xs∂ kzX-{¥-c-√. a‰p hntZi k`m-ta-e-≤y-£-∑m-cpsS Iogn-ep≈ ÿm\n-I-
fm-Wv. Aßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ `mc-X-Øn¬ Hcp ImtXm-en-°msb D≈q. AXv am¿
tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ hmgp∂ ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bm-Wv. CsX√mw
km[y-am-bXv h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-sb ssZhw FSpØp D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.
"ae-¶ck`m `mkp-c≥' F∂ t]cv F√m-hn-[-Ønepw A¿∞-h-Øm-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
At±-l-Øns‚ Nc-a-Zn-\-Øn¬ `mKy-kva-c-Wm¿l-\mb ]cn-ip≤ _tk-en-tbmkv
Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm-Xn-cp-ta\n \S-Ønb {]kw-K-Ønse Nne hmN-I-ßƒ
C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""Bflo-b-{]-Im-chpw At±lw Hcp alm\pw bmsXmcp Ipdhpw C√m-
Ø-h\pw Bbn-cp∂p F∂mWv \ΩpsS A`n-{]m-bw. ]e¿°pw AXv Adn-bn-√m-bn-cp-
∂p. At±lw AXv Atijw `mhn-°p∂ Bf-√m-bn-cp-∂p. \mw sNdp∏w apX¬ At±-
l-tØmSp kl-h-kn-®n-´p≈ Bfm-Wv. ssZh-Øn\v CjvS-ap≈ \S-]-Sn-I-f-√msX At±-
l-Øns‚ Bflo-b-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \mw I≠n-ń-√. At±lw Hcp henb aev]m-\m-bn-cp-
∂p... At±-l-Øns‚ th¿]mSv F{Xbpw im¥-am-bn-cp-∂p. bmsXmcp tNjvS-tbm,
tKmjv S ntbm IqSmsX \mgn- I - a - W n- b psS s]≥Upew Ne- \ - c - l n- X - a m- I p- ∂ - X p-
t]msebmWv At±-lØ - ns‚ izmkw \n∂-Xv. AXn\p ap≥]p a
- pX¬ Rßƒ {]tXyI
{]m¿∞-\-Ifpw Km\-ßfpw sNm√n-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. hnizm-k-{]-amWw sNm√n-Øo¿∂-
t∏mƒ IrXyw ]{¥-≠p-a-Wn°v ain-lm-X-ºp-cm≥ temI-c-£-bv°p-th≠n {Iqin-°-
s∏´ sh≈n-bmgvN Znh-k-Ønepw B \mgn-I-bnepw At±lw I¿Øm-hn¬ \n{Z-{]m-
]n-®p... ssZh-Øns‚ ]cn-ip-≤-∑msc \mw Cß-s\-bmWv Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xv. \ΩpsS
k`bv°v Hcp henb ]pWy-hm-f≥ \jvS-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. CXp-hsc At±lw \mta-h-
scbpw X≥ Nnd-Ip-If - n≥Iogn¬ ImØp-sIm-≠p. At±lw \tΩmSp kl-Xm-]a - p≈h\m-
I-bm¬ \ap-°p-th≠n apń-∏mbn a≤y-ÿX \S-Øp-sa∂v \ap°v kam-iz-kn-°mw.
\oXn-ams‚ {]m¿∞-\-bpsS i‡n hep-Xm-Wt√m'' (a-e-¶c k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ pp.
248-˛50).
ae-¶c k`m-`m-kp-c≥ Xnc-»o-e-bv°-∏p-dhpw \oXn-kq-cy-\mbn tim`n-°p-∂-Xn¬
ssZhsØ al-Xz-s∏-Sp-Ømw. B ]cn-ip-≤s - ‚ a≤y-ÿX k`bv°pw hnizm-kn-Iƒ°pw
F∂mfpw i‡-amb tIm´-bmbn \ne-sIm-≈-s´.
(tIm´bw ]-g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bnse ]cn-ip-≤s‚ I_-dnSw I≠n-ń-√mØ Ipń-Iƒ
A[ym-]I - t- cmSp tN¿∂v AhnSw kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw a≤y-ÿX AW-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂Xv \√ A\p-`-h-am-bn-cn-°pw).
80

Class 10 Part 2 Malayalam

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]uckvXy Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv

k¨tU-kvIqƒ tI{µ Hm^okv

^m. tUm. H. tXmakv

]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: BtKmf k`m-N-cn-{X-K-Xnsb am‰n-a-dn® s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-c-W-

amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme (1836)

apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv (1876)

]cn-ip≤ {XnXzw ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬

]cn-ip≤ -{XnXzw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬

bn{km-tb¬ P\-Xbpw cmP-Iob ]utcm-ln-Xyhpw

a™n-\n-°c Zb-dm-bn-ep≈ PohnXw

Hcp C¥y≥ k`-sb-°p-dn®p≈ At\z-jWw

2. [\w Fßs\ sNe-h-gn-°p∂p?

3. ssZhw Xcp∂ kºØv F√m-h¿°pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-Wv

5. kºmZyw `mhn-bn-tebv°v Bh-iytam?

Iu¨kn-enwKv B¿s°√mw Bh-iy-amWv

ssZhnI hnfn -tI´v A\p-k-cn-®-h¿

an{X-ß-sfbpw i{Xp-°-sfbpw Hcp-t]mse

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