PHYSICS SEMESTER 1 2024-2025

Unit 4 - Electricity and

Magnetism
Introduction:
• Electrostatics
• Magnetostatics
What is Electrostatics?
• The systematic study in which the force, field, potential of electric
charges, which are at rest (or doesn’t depend on the motion of the
charges) are done is called electrostatics.
Coulomb’s law:
• Like charges REPEL and unlike charges ATTRACT each other.
• This repulsion or attraction creates an electrical force. This electrical
force can be calculated with Coulomb’s law.
• Coulomb’s law is valid for two stationary point charges (size of the
charge is very small as compared to their separation).
Statement of Coulomb’s Law
• Coulomb's law states that the electrical force between two point
charges is directly proportional to the product of the quantity of
charge on the objects and inversely proportional to the square of the
separation distance between the two objects.
• In equation form, Coulomb's law can be stated as:
Force is a VECTOR quantity. So here the force must be
accompanied with direction. So,
Problem 1.
• Two like and equal charges are at a distance of d= 5 cm, and exert a
force of F = 9 × 10^-3 N on each other (a) Find the magnitude of each
charge. (b) What is the direction of the electrostatic force between
them?
Solution:
.
.
• q = 5 × 10^−8 C.
.
• The direction of the Coulomb force depends on the sign of the
charges.
• Two like charges repel and two unlike ones attract each other.
• Since two charges have the same signs so the electric force between
them is repulsive.
Problem 2.
• A point charge of 4 µC is 3 cm apart from the charge -1 µC. Find the
magnitude of the Columbic force. Is the force attractive or repulsive?
.
.
• Since the charges have opposite signs so the electric force between
them is attractive.
Problem 3.
• Three charged particles are arranged in a line as shown in figure
below. Charge A = -5 μC, charge B = +10 μC and charge C = -12 μC.
Calculate the net electrostatic force on particle B due to the other
two charges.
.
The force FBA exerted on particle B by
particle A
.
• The direction of the electrostatic force points to particle A (point to
left)
The force FBC exerted on particle B by
particle A
.
• The direction of the electrostatic force points to particle C (point to
right).

• The net electrostatic force on particle B is FB = FAB – FBC = 675 N –

125 N = 550 Newton.
• The direction of the net electrostatic force on particle B points to
particle C (points to the right)
Electric field :
• Electric field is an electric property associated with each point in
space when charge is present in any form.
• The magnitude and direction of the electric field are expressed by the
value of E, called electric field strength or electric field intensity.
• Electric field intensity is defined as the force experienced by a unit
positive charge when placed in an electric field.
.
By using the Concept of Coulomb’s law and electric field, one can
calculate the electric field in specific cases like
• 1. Field due to a linear distribution of charge.
• 2. Field due to a uniformly charged ring at an axial point.
• 3. Field due to a uniformly charged disk.
• 4. Field due to an electric dipole.
Definition of electrostatic potential:
• When an electric charge is moved towards a like charge or away from
an unlike charge, work is done against the electric forces by the
external agency that moves the charge.
• As result, the electric charge acquires potential energy.
• If the charge is released, work is done by the field and charge
accelerates.
• It means that its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. In
case of electric field the work done on a charge can be expressed in
terms of the potential energy of the charge.
Electric flux:
In electromagnetism, electric flux is the measure of flow of the
electric field through a given area.
Electric flux is proportional to the number of electric field lines going
through a normally perpendicular surface.
.

• The electric flux is defined as the product of the magnitude of the

electric field and surface area, S, perpendicular to the field.

• When the surface is not perpendicular to the field lines, then the
component of E along the normal to the surface is to be multiplied by
the area. Thus

• We may express the above relation as the scalar product of vectors E

and S, as
Physical significance of curl and divergence.
Gauss’s law:
• Gauss’s law for the electric field describes the static electric field
generated by a distribution of electric charges.
• It states that the electric flux through any closed surface is equal to
the 1/𝜺𝟎 times the magnitude of the total electric charge enclosed by
this surface.
Derive the integral form of the Gauss’s law in free space.
Gauss law of electrostatics on the basis of Maxwell equation.
Derivation:
Gauss law of electrostatics on the basis of Maxwell equation.
Derivation continued…
Gauss law of electrostatics on the basis of Maxwell equation.
.Derivation continued…
Magnetostatics:
• Magnetostatics deals with magnetic fields produced by steady
currents.
Magnetic field:
• A steady current I flowing in a conductor produces a magnetic field
around it.
• The region around a current carrying conductor or a permanent
magnet where magnetic effects are experienced is called a magnetic
field.
• A magnetic field is schematically represented by magnetic lines of
force, which are also known as field lines or lines of magnetic
induction. A magnetic field is described by magnetic induction (or
magnetic flux density), B.
Biot- Savart Law:
• The equation used to calculate the magnetic field produced by a current is known as the Biot-Savart law. It is
an empirical law named in honor of two scientists who investigated the interaction between a straight, current-
carrying wire and a permanent magnet. This law enables us to calculate the magnitude and direction of the
magnetic field produced by a current in a wire.
Maxwell's Equations
• The four Maxwell’s equations in differential form are
Maxwell's Equations
The Maxwell's Equations equations in the
integral form are expressed as
Concept of displacement current to remove discrepancy in the
Ampere’s law
Concept of displacement current to remove
discrepancy in the Ampere’s law
Concept of displacement current to remove
discrepancy in the Ampere’s law
Concept of displacement current to remove
discrepancy in the Ampere’s law
Concept of displacement current to remove
discrepancy in the Ampere’s law
Conduction current and displacement current
Applications of Maxwell’s Equations
• calculation of speed of light
• explanation of refraction of light using Maxwells equations.
• MRI Scanning
• In GPS for navigation
• In defense
• Wireless communication
• The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, and
radio technologies, such as power generation, electric motors
Modes of propagation in waveguides
Show that time-varying magnetic field will always produce
an electric field
• Maxwell’s 3rd equation is derived from Faraday’s laws of Electromagnetic Induction. It states that
“Whenever there are n-turns of conducting coil in a closed path placed in a time-varying magnetic field, an
alternating electromotive force gets induced in each coil.” Lenz’s law gives this. Which states,” An induced
electromotive force always opposes the time-varying magnetic flux.”
Show that time-varying magnetic field will always
produce an electric field
Show that time-varying magnetic field will
always produce an electric field
Derivation the Maxwell’s fourth equation
Derivation the Maxwell’s fourth equation
Derivation the Maxwell’s fourth equation
Derivation the Maxwell’s fourth equation
UNIT-4: Electricity and Magnetism
Numerical
 - -

-
8.1 A long straight wire carries a current of 5 A. Find the
magnetic field 10 cm away from the wire. (Permeability of free
space is 4π × 10^-7 T.m/A)
Home assignment
Hint: use formula
20. A solenoid has 700 turns per meter and carries a current of 6 A. Find the magnetic flux through a cross-
sectional area of 3 cm². (Permeability of free space is 4π × 10-7 T.m/A)

Solution:
• Magnetic field B inside a solenoid is given by,
• B = 𝜇0 nI = 4 𝜋 x 10−7 x 700 x 6 = 0.0052 T
• Magnetic flux 𝜙 through an area is given by,
• 𝜙=B.A = 0.0052 x 3 x 10−4 = 1.56 x 10−6 wb
21. A point charge of 7μC is placed at the centre of a spherical surface with radius 3 m. What is the electric field
intensity at a point on the surface of the sphere? Determine the total electric flux through the spherical surface.
(Permittivity in free space = 8.854×10-12 C2/ (N.m2))

Solution:
• By Coulumbs law, Electric field intensity is given by,
1 𝑞
• E=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝑘𝑞 9x109 x 7x10−6
• E= 2 = = 7000 N/C
𝑟 32
• Total electric flux is given by Gauss law,
𝑄 7x10−6
• 𝜙𝐸 = = = 7.9 x 105 N𝑚2 /C
𝜀0 8.854 x10−12