ICT-REVIEWER

ICT REVIEWER
CONTROL DEVICE - it allows us to determine where and when electricity flows. Either open or close
the path of the circuit.
Common examples of control devices: Light switches, thermostats, and time clocks
Relays – are electromagnetic switch used to control high-power circuits with low-power signal
Timers – are devices that measure and control time interval which are essential for operation timing in
robotics
Counters – are used to count events and objects, Counters play a crucial task like tracking the numbers of
item processed.
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC): - A digital computer used for automation of industrial processes
and can be programmed to perform sequence of operation
Characteristics of PLC control system:
• Increased Reliability.
• More Flexibility.
• Lower Cost.
• Faster Response Time.
• Communications Capability.
• Easier to Troubleshoot.
• Reduce 80% number of extension cord.
• PLC power consumption is very low.
• Easy to learn programming languages> easy programming and changing
programs.
• Adaptation in harsh environments: Temperature, humidity, voltage
fluctuations
STRUCTURE OF PLC:
Fixed I/O: Found in small PLCs, these units combine the CPU and I/O into a single, non-
detachable package with a fixed number of input/output connections. They are cost-effective and
may allow expansion by adding extra fixed I/O devices. However, they lack flexibility in terms
of I/O types and quantities and require full unit replacement if any part fails.
Modular I/O: These systems use separate, plug-in modules, offering greater flexibility and
customization. A modular controller typically includes a rack, power supply, CPU, I/O modules,
and an operator interface. Modules connect to a backplane within the rack, enabling
communication with the PLC processor.
Application of PLC
Is currently used in a wide range of civil and industrial domains, including:
• Transport lifting system.
• Packaging line.
• The robot assembles the product.
• Pump control.
• Chemical processing line.
• Paper production technology
• Glass production line.
• Cement production line
• Food processing technology.
• Semiconductor components manufacturing line.
• TV assembly line.
• Control the traffic light system.
• Automatic parking management.
• Alarm system.
• Industrial sewing line.
• Elevator control.
• Car production line
Microcontroller Unit (MCU): - An integrated circuit designed to operate specific functions in an

embedded system, this includes processor, memory, and input/output peripherals.
Elements of Microcontrollers:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): Acts as the brain of the microcontroller, managing operations
and executing mathematical tasks.
2. Random-Access Memory (RAM): Temporary storage used for running and calculating
programs, overwritten during use.
3. Read-Only Memory (ROM): Permanent storage providing instructions, retaining data even
without power.
4. Input/Output Ports (I/O Ports): Connective pins for power and data flow between the MCU
and external circuits.
5. Internal Oscillator: Serves as the MCU’s clock, managing process timing and execution
rhythms.
6. Analog to Digital Converter (ADC): Converts analog signals to digital, enabling
communication with analog devices like sensors.
7. Digital to Analog Converter (DAC): Converts digital signals to analog for controlling analog
devices like motors and drives.
8. System Bus: A connective wire linking all components within the microcontroller.
9. Serial Port: A type of I/O port for connecting the MCU to external components, functioning
similarly to USB but with different bit exchanges.
An IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a piece of software that integrates a code editor,
code compiler, code linker, code debugger, and other frequently used developer tools into a small GUI
(graphical user interface) program.
- Faster Coding: IDEs help you write code faster with features like auto-completion and code
suggestions.
- Fewer Mistakes: IDEs catch errors as you type, helping you write cleaner code.
- Easier Organization: IDEs keep your code organized and help you manage large projects.
SOURCE CODE EDITOR A source code editor is a type of text editor software created especially for
programmers to edit the source code of computer program.
COMPILER A compiler is a computer program that translates computer code written in one
programming language into another language's object code.
LINKER One or more object files produced by a compiler can be combined into a single executable file
by a computer program called a linker
INTERPRETER A computer program called an interpreter is used to carry out instructions written in
one of the numerous high-level programming languages directly.
DEBUGGER The main purpose of a debugger, also known as a debugging tool, is to run the target
program under controlled conditions so that the programmer can track its operations in progress and keep
an eye on changes in computer resources that might indicate malfunctioning code.
GUI BUILDER Using GUI builder software, users or programmers can create a graphical user interface
by manipulating icons using graphics tools and dragging and dropping them from a toolbar into the
interface display.
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Microcontroller Unit (MCU): - An integrated circuit designed to operate specific functions in an

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