Parts of Thesis

PARTS OF THESIS
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
A paragraph or two to introduce the study indicating the importance and the validity
of the particular problem.
Suitable background information of the actual situation obtained in the environment

proposed to be studied may be incorporated in the introduction and a comparison with
some theoretical framework or principle is made. The introduction should indicate the
need to study the problem.
Statement of the Problem
This is a clear and sharply defined statement of the actual problem. This is usually
a declarative statement but specific problems are written in question form. This attempt
to focus on a stated goal direction to the research process. It must be limited enough in
scope to make a definite conclusion possible. The major statement may be followed by
minor statements.
A problem suggests a specific answer or conclusion. Usually, a controversy or a

difference of opinion exists. A cause-effect relationship may be suggested upon the basis
of theory or previous research findings. Personal observation and experience may be the
basis of a problem. Research problems are best defined by stating the major problem
(either in declarative of interrogative form) and then breaking it down into specific
questions.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This explicitly describes the coverage of the study, period of time involved in the
investigation, the geographic limits of the study, and the persons involved. It also includes
the areas of the field of the study that are outside the limits of the study or problem.
Theoretical Framework
This part consists of the summary of writings of recognized authorities and of

previous researchers providing evidence that the researcher is familiar with what is
already known and what is still unknown and untested. Since effective research is based
upon past knowledge, this step helps to eliminate the duplication of what has been done
and provides useful hypotheses and helpful suggestions for significant investigation.
Citing studies that show substantial agreement and those that seem to present conflicting
conclusions helps to sharpen and define understanding of existing knowledge in the
problem area, provides a background for the research project, and makes the reader
aware of the status of the issue.
This section of the proposal helps explain or clarity the theoretical rationale of the
problem. Only studies which are related in purpose, method, or findings to the current
study should be included in the review. The discussion of such studies should be in the
form of brief critical analysis of the purpose, method of study, principal findings, and
conclusions. How each of the studies reviewed relates the problem at hand will be pointed
out summarizing and providing a transition from the past studies to the present one. The
present study should be shown to relate with or evolve from earlier work.
The related materials should be synthesized in order to evolve a theory which

serves as guidepost in the conduct of the study.
Conceptual Framework
From the theoretical framework, the researcher formulates a theoretical scheme

for his own research problem which is tentative or theoretical explanation of the
phenomenon or problem he is going to investigate. The conceptual framework is reduced
into a paradigm or schematic diagram showing the variables of the framework and their
interrelationships. The theoretical scheme is the basis for formulating the research
hypothesis.
Assumptions
These are the statements which the researcher believes to be true but cannot
verify. A researcher may state the assumptions for instance that the participant observers
in the classroom after a period of three days will establish rapport with the students and
will not have a reactive effect on the behavior to be observed.
Research Hypothesis(es)
The hypothesis is a tentative answer to a question. It is an educated guess or

hunch, generally based upon prior research and/or theory to the process of verification or
disconfirmation. This is a conjectural statement of relationship between two or more
variables. These statements are based on existing information tested experimentally or
empirically.
Whether stated explicitly or not, hypotheses are a part of a research, for they guide
the investigation.it is important that the hypothesis be formulated before data are
gathered. This is necessary for an unbiased investigation. It is not inappropriate to
formulate additional hypotheses after data are collected, but they should be tested on the
basis of new data, not on the data that suggested them.
The research hypotheses are changed to the null for when they are tested
statistically. Only null hypotheses can be subjected to statistical testing.
Significance of the Study
Significance of the study is written so that the reader know the importance of study.
It is the proof that the study is really beneficial and worth it for the effort and time. It can
be based on the statement of the problem wherein you can get ideas on how to write a
significance of the study section on your thesis or research. It illustrate the contribution of
the study on the society. It provides information on how the project or research contributed
to the present generation and how to expand its related literature.
Definition of Terms
Many terms are subject to interpretations. Such terms are to be defined

operationally according to the precise meanings they are intended to convey. Clear
definitions should be stated for all important variables reflected in the paradigm or the
conceptual framework mentioning their respective measures.
These definitions will help to establish the frame of reference with which the
researcher approaches the problem.
CHAPTER II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This part of the research proposal usually consists of research design, subjects,
procedures, and data analysis.
Research Design
This section usually describes the method of research to be followed by the

researcher whether it is descriptive, experimental, or historical research.
Sampling Technique
This section details the population from which the researcher plans to select the
sample. The number of respondents desired from the population and how they will be
selected are also indicated in this section. The reader of the research report should be
able to understand exactly from where and how the respondents are to be selected.
Respondents of the Study

This part describes briefly the respondents of the study.
Locale of the Study

Give a brief description of the place of study.
Data Gathering Instruments
This section describes the adoption, construction, and administration of the

instruments to be used in gathering the data for the research. Instruments include tests,
questionnaires, interview, guides, and/or schedules. Apparatus, devices, and laboratory
equipment used should be described. In this case of complex or custom-made equipment,
a drawing or photograph is recommended.
Data Gathering Procedure
The procedures to be followed in conducting the study should be explained in

complete detail. Techniques, devices, and procedures to be followed should be
described.
Statistical Treatment of Data
This section describes briefly how the data collected are to be processed. If
statistical techniques are used, this fact should be mentioned. If one will use a technique
that is not appropriate to the data, this fact should be noted and explanation made.
Only if the statistical technique to be used is a new or unfamiliar one, need the
formula be given.
CHAPTER III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results should be presented based on the statement of the problem.
CHAPTER IV. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

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PARTS OF THESIS

Suitable background information of the actual situation obtained in the environment

Statement of the Problem

A problem suggests a specific answer or conclusion. Usually, a controversy or a

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This part consists of the summary of writings of recognized authorities and of

The related materials should be synthesized in order to evolve a theory which

From the theoretical framework, the researcher formulates a theoretical scheme

The hypothesis is a tentative answer to a question. It is an educated guess or

Significance of the Study

Many terms are subject to interpretations. Such terms are to be defined

This section usually describes the method of research to be followed by the

Respondents of the Study

Locale of the Study

Data Gathering Instruments

This section describes the adoption, construction, and administration of the

Data Gathering Procedure

The procedures to be followed in conducting the study should be explained in

Statistical Treatment of Data

CHAPTER III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results should be presented based on the statement of the problem.

CHAPTER IV. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

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