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    of 2

    Ecole Nationale Polytechnique Constantine

    1st-year class preparatory


    Analysis 1 - Guided Exercises N° 2: Real Sequences

    Exercise 1. [Generalities]
    1. Consider the sequence (un ) defined recursively as follows:

    u0 = 1,

    u1 = 2,
    un+1 = un +u
     n−1
    , for n ≥ 2.

    2
    n
    ˆ Show that un+1 − un = − 12 .
    

    ˆ Find an expression for (un ) in terms of n.


    2. Study the monotonicity of the following sequences for all n ≥ 2:
    r
    n
    un = , vn = n3 − 1.
    2n
    3. Among the sequences above, find those that are subsequences of another sequence:

    (u2n )n∈N , (u3n )n∈N , (u6n )n∈N , (u3·2n )n∈N , (u2n )n∈N , (u2n+1 )n∈N .

    Exercise 2. [Limit by Definition]


    Using the definition of a limit, prove the limits of the following sequences:

    n sin n n2
    lim = 0, lim =1
    n→+∞ n2 + 2 n→+∞ n(n + 1)

    2n − 5n3
    n2 + (−1)n n
    
    lim = +∞, lim = −∞ (Add)
    n→+∞ n→+∞ 2n + n2

    Exercise 3. [Nature]
    Study the nature of the following sequences:

    n n
    √
    n
    X 1 X (−1)k
    un = an + bn , where a > b > 0 , vn = , wn = (Add)
    n+k k!
    k=1 k=1
    yn = cos(nπ) , zn = 0.99999 . . . 99999 (Add) .

    Exercise 4. [Adjacent Sequences]


    Let a and b be positive real numbers:
    √
    1. Show that a+b
    2 ≥ ab.
    2. Prove the following inequalities (b ≥ a > 0):
    a+b
    a≤ ≤ b,
    √2
    a ≤ ab ≤ b.

    1
    3. Let u0 and v0 be strictly positive real numbers with u0 < v0 . Define two sequences:
    √
    un+1 = u n vn ,
    un + vn
    vn+1 = .
    2
    Show that the sequences (un ) and (vn ) are convergent and have the same limit.

    Exercise 5. [Cauchy Criterion]


    Use the Cauchy criterion to study the nature of the following sequences:
    n2 −1
    1. un = n2 .

    2. (vn ) is a sequence satisfying: ∃0 < C < 1 such that |vn+1 − vn | ≤ C|vn − vn−1 |.
    1 1 1
    3. wn = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n Add .

    Exercise 6. [Recursive Sequences]


    Consider the sequence (un ) defined by u0 ∈]0, 1] and

    u2n u2
    un+1 = + n.
    2 4
    1. Prove that for all n ∈ N, 0 < un ≤ 1.
    2. Study the nature of the sequence (un ) and calculate its limit if it is convergent.
    3. Let E = {un , n > 1}. Determine sup E and inf E.

    Mini-Problem: Introduction to Numerical Series (Supplementary)


    1) Determine two real numbers a and b such that
    1 a b
    = + .
    k2 −1 k−1 k+1

    2) Define the sequence Sn = nk=2 k21−1 . Examine the nature of (Sn ). What can
    P

    you conclude about the nature of the series S = ∞ 1


    P
    n=2 n2 −1 ?

    3) Using a similar approach, study the nature of the series R = ∞ 1


    P
    n=0 n2 +3n+2 .

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