1) Give example of one animal source drug.

(honey)
2) Vati is another name of ? (Tablet)
3) Define probiotics ? ( are helpful bacteria)
4) Which volatile oil comes from the wood and roots of Santalum album? (Sandalwood oil)
5) The biological source of cotton fiber is ? (Gossypium barbadense)
6) Powder made by calcification known as ? (Bhasma)
7) Cod liver oil is rich in which vitamin? (vitamin D)
8) In which Ayurvedic formulation preservative is not required? (Pisti)
9) Papaverine shows ..................pharmacological activity? (Vasodilator)
10) Keller Kiliani test is the identification test for…………………..?( Digitalis)

Aim: To study morphological characters of fennel.

Biological Sources: Fennel consists of dried, ripe fruits of plant Foeniculum vulgare, belonging to family
Umbelliferae. Chemical Constituents: Fennel consists of 3 – 7% of volatile oil, about 20% of proteins and
20% fixed oils. The chief active constituents of volatile oil are ketone, fenchone (about 20%) and a
phenolic ether anethole (about 50%). The other constituents are phellandrene, limonene, methyl
chavicol etc.

Morphological Characters: It is a five-sided fruit with green to yellowish brown colour and sweet
aromatic odour and taste. Fruits are glabrous and straight.

Please Note draw on left side

Uses: It is used as carminative, aromatic and stimulant. It is also an expectorant; pharmaceutically it is

used as flavouring agent.

Result :The morphological study of Fennel was performed.

Aim: To study morphological identification of Clove.

Biological Sources: Clove consists of the dried flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllus Thumb, belonging to
family Myrtaceae. Chemical Constituents: Clove contains 14-21% of volatile oil. The other constituents
present are the eugenol, acetyl eugenol, gallotannic acid, and two crystalline principles, a and B-
caryophyllenes, methyl furfural, gum, resin, and fibre. Caryophyllin is odourless component and appears
to be a phytosterol, whereas eugenol is a colourless liquid. Clove oil has 60-90% eugenol, which is the
cause of its anesthetic and antiseptic properties.

Morphological Characters: Clove is reddish-brown in colour, with an upper crown and a hypanthium.
The hypanthium is sub-cylindrical and tapering at the end. The crown region consists of the calyx,
corolla, style and stamens. Clove has strong spicy, aromatic odour, and pungent and aromatic taste.

Uses: Clove is used as an antiseptic, stimulant, carminative, aromatic, and as a flavouring agent.
Eugenol is used for the commercial production of vanillin, Dentists use clove oil as an oral anaesthetic
and to disinfect the root canals. Clove oil can stop toothache. A few drops of the oil in water will stop
vomiting. eating cloves is said to be aphrodisiac. Eugenol is also used as local anaesthetic in small doses.

Result: The morphological study of clove was performed.

Aim: To perform the Gross anatomical study (Transverse Section) of Coriander

Biological Source : Coriander is made up of dried ripe fruits of the Coriandrum sativum Linn, which
belongs to the Umbelliferae family.

Materials and Apparatus Required :

Coriander, sharp razor, brush, dropper, needles, watch glass, microscopic slides, cover-slips, safranin,
water, glycerine, and compound microscope.

Theory

Coriander herb is grown once in a year. It is also well-known by the names of cilantro or Chinese parsley.
All its parts are edible but fresh leaves and dried. seeds are mostly used for cooking purpose. The
epidermis part of the pericarp is formed of polygonal tubular cells with stomata. Inner epidermis of
pericarp consists of parquetry cells. Calcium oxalate prisms are found in epidermal cells. In mesocarp,
inner and outer layer of parenchyma is present along with a layer of sclerenchyma between them.
Presence of seed is one of the main characteristics of umbelliferous fruits. It lacks starch grains,
trichomes, and lignified reticulate parenchyma. In endosperm, fixed oil globules are found and volatile
oil is present in the vittae. The polygonal thick walled cellulose parenchyma of endosperm contains
aleurone grains.

Morphological Characters:

The pericarp is well developed and epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp are the three components of the
pericarp.

1) Epicarp: It is a single row of tiny cellulose cells with thick walls and minute calcium oxalate crystals. It
is cuticulised.

2) Mesocarp: The mesocarp is divided into three segments, as shown below.

3) Simple Parenchyma Cells: They are cellulosic and are loosely arranged.

4) Lignified Fibres: TF is found beneath the secondary ridges, while LF is found beneath the primary
ridges. The vascular bundle is found beneath the major ridges, arranged over the LF.

5) Lignified Parenchyma: They are thick lignified which are arranged in a compact manner. Cells of the
endocarp are single-layered with parquetry pattern.

6) Vittae: The commissarial surface (ventral surface) of the mericarp has two vittae. Due to the
resinification of volatile oil, it turned brown.

Seed:

1) Testa: Testa is made up of single layered yellowish cells.

2) Endosperm: Endosperm is a colourless, fixed oil and aleurone grains. thick polygonal parenchyma
with
3) Raphe: It is non-functioning conductive strands seen on one side of a seed.

4) Carphophore: The ligniflod fibros groups that are responsible for the attachment of two moricarps.

Procedure :

1. 2-3cm long pieces of seed should be taken.

2. The seed should be placed between thumb and first finger of left hand.

3. The razor should be taken in the right hand with the edge of the blade facing inward and handied at
right angle to it.

4. The top portion of the seed should be dipped in water.

5. Then the seed should be cut in transverse sections as soon as possible in a watch glass containing
water.

6. The thinnest part of the seed should be selected with the help of a delicate brush.

7. Thin section of the seed should be transferred into clean watch glass with water.

8. Few drops of safranin stain should be applied in the watch glass with water.

9. The seed should be left for 3-5 minutes.

10.Stain should be removed and cleaned with water if required.

11. The thinnest part should be placed in the center of the slide.

12.A drop of glycerine should be applied over the seed.

13.The seed should be covered with a coverslip with the help of needle.

14.The seed should be observed under a compound microscope after staining and mounting.
Aim: To perform the gross anatomical study (transverse section) of Cinnamon.

Biological Sources: Cinnamon is the dried inner bark of coppiced shoots of Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Nees. which belongs to the Lauraceae family.

Materials and Apparatus Required :

Cinnamon, sharp razor, brush, dropper, needles, watch glass, microscopic slides, cover-slips, safranin,
glycerine, and compound microscope.

Theory :

Clove obtained from the inner bark of the trees of genus Cinnamomum is majorly used in sweet and
savoury foods.

Microscopic Character :

Sclereids : These are lignified, pitted, thick-walled isodiametric cells with a thick wall. They have a classic
U-shaped form. It has a few starch grains in it.

Peficyclic Fibers: They are small, long, thick-walled, lignified fibres that are scanned in sclereids.

Secondary Phloem: Phloem parenchyma, fibres, and medullary rays make up secondary phloem.

Phloem Parenchyma: They are polygonal, cellulosic, and have a thin wall. Starch grains and acicular
calcium oxalate crystals are stored in them. Idioblasts are longitudinally elongated and have mucilage or
volatile oil. The tissue of the sieve tube is embedded in the phloem parenchyma.

Medullary Rays: Cellulosic, tangentially elongated, Uni- or biseriate medullary rays that emerge from the
centre and ends in the cortex.
Other Properties: The width of the phloem fibres and the size of the starch grains are major
distinguishing characteristics of cinnamon, especially when compared to cassia bark. In cortical
parenchyma and medullary rays, starch grains are found. In the cells of parenchyma, calcium oxalate
crystals have been observed.

Procedure

Taking Sections : The dissected plant should be placed between index finger and thumb, keeping the
razor's edge perpendicular to the plant's longitudinal axis. It should be cut down into thin sections.
These sections should be shifted into a watch glass with the help of a brush using the edge of blade. The
watch glass must hold water.

Process of Staining : 2 to 4 thin transverse section should be picked and shifted to a different watch•
glass which contains safranin stain. The seed should be left completely rest in the stain for few
minutes.• After a while, the section of the stain should be removed and rinsed again with• water to
remove any extra strain.

Mounting : Stained section should be placed in the middle of the clean slide and mount it• with water
or glycerine. The coverslip should be placed slowly using a needle.• Blotting paper can be used to
remove excess water or glycerine from the edge of• the coverslip. It should be confirmed that no air
bubbles emerge during the mounted process.•

Precautionary Measures : Enough water should be available to both the blade and the substance
during• dissecting the segment. A brush should be used during working with sections.• The coverslip
should be gently placed to prevent air bubbles.• Using filter paper excess glycerine can be removed.•
Result The gross anatomical study of Cinnamon was performed and determined
Aim: To perform the physical and chemical tests of Asafoetida.

Biological Source : Asafoetida is the oleo-gum resin obtained by incision from the rhizomes and roots of
Ferula foetida.

Materials and Apparatus Required:

Test tube, conical flask, beaker, drug sample, weight balance, nitric acid, conc sulphuric acid, water,
phloroglucinol, cone hydrochloric acid, conc ammonia, dil ammonia, and alcohol.

Theory :

The name asafoetida has been derived from the Latin word foetid which means smelly. Asafoetida is a
genus of perennial herbs. It has a very distinct, pungent odour It is a spice used as a digestive and, in
food as a condiment, and making pickles. It belongs to family Umbelliferae.

Physical Tests

1) Colour: Yellowish-white changing to reddish-brown.

2) Odour: Intense, persistent, penetrating, and alliaceous.

3) Taste: Bitter, alliaceous, and acidic.

4) Shape: Occurs in 2 different forms, ie, tears and masses. Tears are rounded or flattened.

5) Size: Tears are 0.5-3cm in diameter.

6) Extra Features: Fresh tears are tough, which on drying becomes hard and brittle The inner surface of
tears is milky whitish-yellow, translucent, or opaque Mass of asafoetida is agglutinated and mixed with
root fragments. foreign materials, and other impurities

Chemical Constituents:

Asafoetida contains resin (40-65%), gum (20-25%), and volatile oil (4-20%) The chief resin of asafoetida
is asaresinotannol present either in free form or is combined with ferulic acid. Asafoetida also contains
phellandrene, sec-butylpropenyl disulphide, geranyl acetate, bornyl acetate, a-terpineol, myristic acid,
camphene, myrcene, limonene. fenchone, eugenol, linalool, geraniol, isoborneol, borneol, guaiacol,
cadinol,
Uses :

1) Sometimes it is used as an antispasmodic, carminative, expectorant, and laxative.

2) It is also a powerful nerving stimulant, used in nervous disorders related to ysteria.

3) It is also used as intestinal flatulence.

4) Its 2% (w/v) suspension is used as a repellant against dogs, cats, deer, rabbits, etc.

5) It is used in veterinary to apply over the bandages of dogs so they do not chew them

Result : The physical and chemical test of Asafoetida was performed successfully.
Aim: To perform the physical and chemical tests of Gelatine.

Biological Source : Gentian is the dried and partially fermented rhizome and root of yellow gentian, ie.,
Gentiana lutea. It belongs to family Gentianaceae.

Materials and Apparatus Required

Test tube, conical flask, beaker, burner, water bath, copper sulphate, concentrated nitric acid, Millon's
reagent, alcoholic solution of ninhydrin, soda lime, ammonia tannic acid, and picric acid.

Theory

Gelatin is derived from collagen obtained from various animal body parts. It is commonly used as a
gelling agent in food, pharmaceutical drugs, vitamin capsules, photography, and cosmetic
manufacturing.

Physical Tests :

1) It is colourless or slightly yellow coloured.

2) It is transparent, brittle, and available in the form of sheets , flakes, or course granular powder.

3) It is practically odourless and tasteless.

4) When kept in water, it swells and absorbs 5-10 times its weight of water and forms a gel in solutions
below 35-40°C.

5) It is soluble in hot water, glycerol, and acetic acid; and insoluble in cold water and organic solvents.

6) It is amphoteric in nature.

7) It remains stable under dry conditions, but is attacked by bacteria when moist or in solution.

8) Its gelatinising property is reduced if boiled for a long time.

9) Its quality is determined on the basis of its jelly strength (or bloom strength) using a bloom
gelometer.

10) Commercially gelatin is available in two types, i.e.. gelatin A and B

11)The isoelectric point for type A lies between pH 7 and 9.

12) Type A is incompatible with anionic compounds (acacia, agar, and tragacanth).

13) The isoelectric point for type B lies between pH 4.7 and 5. 14) Type B is used with anionic mixtures.
Chemical Constituents:

Gentian contains bitter glycosides, i.e., gentiopicrin (or gentiopicroside). It is a water-soluble, crystalline
compound whose bitter value is 12,000. When fermented and dried, it gives gentiogenin and glucose.
The drug also has amarogentin, amaroswerin, gentioside, and gentinin (a mixture of gentiopicrin and
gentisin).

Uses :

1) It is used in the preparation of pastilles, pastes, suppositories, capsules, pill- coatings, and gelatin
sponge

2) It is used as a suspending agent, tablet binder, coating agent, stabiliser, thickener, and texturiser in
food.
3) It inhibits crystallisation in bacteriology for preparing cultures.

4) It is used as a substitute for blood plasma.

5) It is also used for microencapsulating drugs in which the drug is sealed within a micro-sized capsule or
beadlet, which may then be handled as a powder.

6) Glycerinated gelatin (gelatin treated with glycerine) is used as a vehicle and for manufacturing
suppositories.

7) Zinc gelatin (gelatin treated with zinc) is used as a topical protectant.

Result : The physical and chemical test of Gelatine was performed successfully