tables_2425_v2

Equations, Tables and Charts for
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer (ME322)
October 2024
ME322 Tables, Charts, and Equations page 1/39 v2, Nov 2024
Useful equations in Thermodynamics
Entropy
 δQ 
dS =  
 T int rev
Tds =du + pdv =dh − vdp
Ideal gases
The universal gas constant is Ru = 8314 J kmol–1 K–1 .
𝑎𝑎 = √𝛾𝛾𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
R
R= u pv = RT ∆h = c p ∆T ∆u = cv ∆T
M
−γ
γ γ −1
Isentropic process: pv = constant , Tv = constant , pT γ −1
= constant
Incompressible substances
T 
∆u = c p ∆T ∆h = c p ∆T + v∆p c p ln  2 
s2 − s1 =
 T1 
First Law
Closed system: Q =W + U 2 − U1
dECV  1   1 
Control volume: Q W + ∑ m i  h + V 2 + gz  − ∑ m e  h + V 2 + gz 
=−
dt i  2 i e  2 e
2
Boundary work: 1 w2 = ∫ pdv
1
Second Law
2
Work in a reversible steady-flow process: 1 w2 = − ∫ vdp
1
Small-stage (polytropic) efficiency

γ −1 γ −1
ηs
T p  γ T  p ηsγ
turbine: 2 =  2  compressor: 2 =  2 
T1  p1  T1  p1 
Quasi-1D isentropic flow
γ
1 2 T0 γ −1 2 p0  γ − 1 2  γ−1
T0= T + V = 1+ M = 1 + M 
2c p T 2 p  2 
γ+1
2
 A 1  2  γ − 1 2   γ−1
=
 ∗ 1 + M 
A  M 2  γ + 1  2 
Wind Turbines
𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃 = 1 𝑃𝑃
𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃 ,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 16
27
2
𝜌𝜌𝑈𝑈∞3
𝐴𝐴
Useful equations in Heat Transfer
Conduction
q′′′g1 ∂T
The heat diffusion equation: ∇ 2T + =
k α ∂t
2π kL (T1 − T2 )
Radial conduction through a thick-walled cylinder: q =
r 
ln  2 
 r1 
Convection
Internal flow:
=  p (Tm ,o − T=
q mc m ,i )
 p ( ∆Ti − ∆To )
mc
 Ph 
T ( x) − Ts −
 mc
 
x
∆Ti − ∆To
=e  p q = hPL∆Tlm = hPL
Ti − Ts  ∆T 
ln  i 
 ∆To 
Heat exchangers
∆T − ∆To q UA
∆Tlm =i ε= NTU =
 ∆T  qmax Cmin
ln  i 
 ∆To 
Transient heat transfer

 hA  t
T − T∞ − t
 ρVc 
− 
Lumped capacitance: = e= e τ 
Ti − T∞
Radiation
The Stefan-Boltzmann constant is σ = 5.670×10–8 W m–2K–4
Blackbody emission: E = σT 4
Ebi − J i
Surface radiative resistance: qi =
(1 − ε i ) (ε i Ai )
Ji − J j
Geometric radiative resistance: qij =
 1 
 
 Ai Fij 
Heat transfer from small surface (s) to large surroundings (sur):
=q σε (Ts4 − Tsur
4
)A
Heat transfer coefficient for small surface (s) in large surroundings (sur):
hrad =σε (Ts2 + Tsur
2
)(Ts + Tsur )
Thermal Resistance
L 1
Conduction: R = convection: R=
kA hA
r 
ln  2 
r
Conduction through thick-walled cylinder: R=  1
2π kL
1
Radiation: R= for small surface (s) in large surroundings (sur)
σε As (T + Tsur
s
2 2
)(Ts + Tsur )
Bioheat transfer
The Pennes bioheat equation: (ρc )t ∂T = kt ∇ 2T + (ρcω )b (Ta − T ) + qm′′′
∂t
1
1 3/2 –1/2
The Mosteller formula: A = k ( Hm ) 2 where k = m kg
6
TABLE A-1
Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties
Critical-point properties
Gas
Molar mass, constant, Temperature, Pressure, Volume,
Substance Formula Mkg/kmol R kJ/kg·K* K MPa m 3/kmol
Air 28.97 0.2870 132.5 3.77 0.0883
Ammonia NH3 17.03 0.4882 405.5 11.28 0.0724
Argon Ar 39.948 0.2081 151 4.86 0.0749
Benzene C 6H 6 78.115 0.1064 562 4.92 0.2603
Bromine Br 2 159.808 0.0520 584 10.34 0.1355
n-Butane C4H 10 58.124 0.1430 425.2 3.80 0.2547
Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01 0.1889 304.2 7.39 0.0943
Carbon monoxide co 28.011 0.2968 133 3.50 0.0930
Carbon tetrachloride CC14 153.82 0.05405 556.4 4.56 0.2759
Chlorine Cl 2 70.906 0.1173 417 7.71 0.1242
Chloroform CHC13 119.38 0.06964 536.6 5.47 0.2403
Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) CC12F 2 120.91 0.06876 384.7 4.01 0.2179
Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21) CH C12F 102.92 0.08078 451.7 5.17 0.1973
Ethane C 2H 6 30.070 0.2765 305.5 4.48 0.1480
Ethyl alcohol C2HPH 46.07 0.1805 516 6.38 0.1673
Ethylene C 2H 4 28.054 0.2964 282.4 5.12 0.1242
Helium He 4.003 2.0769 5.3 0.23 0.0578
n-Hexane C 6H 14 86.179 0.09647 507.9 3.03 0.3677
Hydrogen (normal) H2 2.016 4.1240 33.3 1.30 0.0649
Krypton Kr 83.80 0.09921 209.4 5.50 0.0924
Methane CH4 16.043 0.5182 191.1 4.64 0.0993
Methyl alcohol CHpH 32.042 0.2595 513.2 7.95 0.1180
Methyl chloride CH3Cl 50.488 0.1647 416.3 6.68 0.1430
Neon Ne 20.183 0.4119 44.5 2.73 0.0417
Nitrogen N2 28.013 0.2968 126.2 3.39 0.0899
Nitrous oxide Np 44.013 0.1889 309.7 7.27 0.0961
Oxygen 02 31.999 0.2598 154.8 5.08 0.0780
Propane C3H 8 44.097 0.1885 370 4.26 0.1998
Propylene C 3H 6 42.081 0.1976 365 4.62 0.1810
Sulfur dioxide Tetrafluoroethane S02 64.063 0.1298 430.7 7.88 0.1217
(R-134a ) Trichlorofluoromethane CF 3CH 2F 102.03 0.08149 374.2 4.059 0.1993
(R-11) Water CC13F 137.37 0.06052 471.2 4.38 0.2478
Xenon Hp 18.015 0.4615 647.1 22.06 0.0560
Xe 131.30 0.06332 289.8 5.88 0.1186
'The unit kJ/kg·K is equivalent to kPa-m3/kg-K. The gas constant is calculated from R = RjM, where R, = 8.31447 kJ/kmol-K and Mis the molar mass.
Source of Data: K. A. Kobe and R. E. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review 52 (1953), pp. 117-236; and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp. 16.4 and 36.1.
TABLE A-2
Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases
(a) At 300 K
Gas constant, R cP Cv
Gas Formula kJ/kg·K kJ/kg·K kJ/kg·K k
Air 0.2870 1.005 0.718 1.400
Argon Ar 0.2081 0.5203 0.3122 1.667
Butane C4H 10 0.1433 1.7164 1.5734 1.091
Carbon dioxide CO2 0.1889 0.846 0.657 1.289
Carbon monoxide co 0.2968 1.040 0.744 1.400
Ethane C 2H 6 0.2765 1.7662 1.4897 1.186
Ethylene C 2H 4 0.2964 1.5482 1.2518 1.237
Helium He 2.0769 5.1926 3.1156 1.667
Hydrogen H2 4.1240 14.307 10.183 1.405
Methane CH4 0.5182 2.2537 1.7354 1.299
Neon Ne 0.4119 1.0299 0.6179 1.667
Nitrogen N2 0.2968 1.039 0.743 1.400
Octane CsH 1 s 0.0729 1.7113 1.6385 1.044
Oxygen 02 0.2598 0.918 0.658 1.395
Propane C3H 8 0.1885 1.6794 1.4909 1.126
Steam Hp 0.4615 1.8723 1.4108 1.327
Note: The unit kJ/kg-K is equivalent to kJ/kg-°C.
Source of Data: B. G. Kyle, Chemical and Process Thermodynamics, 3rd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000).
TABLE A-4
Saturated water-Temperature table
Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy,
m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
Temp., press., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor,
T C
°
P,a,kPa l)f l) g uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
0.01 0.6117 0.001000 206.00 0.000 2374.9 2374.9 0.001 2500.9 2500.9 0.0000 9.1556 9.1556
5 0.8725 0.001000 147.03 21.019 2360.8 2381.8 21.020 2489.1 2510.1 0.0763 8.9487 9.0249
10 1.2281 0.001000 106.32 42.020 2346.6 2388.7 42.022 2477.2 2519.2 0.1511 8.7488 8.8999
15 1.7057 0.001001 77.885 62.980 2332.5 2395.5 62.982 2465.4 2528.3 0.2245 8.5559 8.7803
20 2.3392 0.001002 57.762 83.913 2318.4 2402.3 83.915 2453.5 2537.4 0.2965 8.3696 8.6661
25 3.1698 0.001003 43.340 104.83 2304.3 2409.1 104.83 2441.7 2546.5 0.3672 8.1895 8.5567
30 4.2469 0.001004 32.879 125.73 2290.2 2415.9 125.74 2429.8 2555.6 0.4368 8.0152 8.4520
35 5.6291 0.001006 25.205 146.63 2276.0 2422.7 146.64 2417.9 2564.6 0.5051 7.8466 8.3517
40 7.3851 0.001008 19.515 167.53 2261.9 2429.4 167.53 2406.0 2573.5 0.5724 7.6832 8.2556
45 9.5953 0.001010 15.251 188.43 2247.7 2436.1 188.44 2394.0 2582.4 0.6386 7.5247 8.1633
50 12.352 0.001012 12.026 209.33 2233.4 2442.7 209.34 2382.0 2591.3 0.7038 7.3710 8.0748
55 15.763 0.001015 9.5639 230.24 2219.1 2449.3 230.26 2369.8 2600.1 0.7680 7.2218 7.9898
60 19.947 0.001017 7.6670 251.16 2204.7 2455.9 251.18 2357.7 2608.8 0.8313 7.0769 7.9082
65 25.043 0.001020 6.1935 272.09 2190.3 2462.4 272.12 2345.4 2617.5 0.8937 6.9360 7.8296
70 31.202 0.001023 5.0396 293.04 2175.8 2468.9 293.07 2333.0 2626.1 0.9551 6.7989 7.7540
75 38.597 0.001026 4.1291 313.99 2161.3 2475.3 314.03 2320.6 2634.6 1.0158 6.6655 7.6812
80 47.416 0.001029 3.4053 334.97 2146.6 2481.6 335.02 2308.0 2643.0 1.0756 6.5355 7.6111
85 57.868 0.001032 2.8261 355.96 2131.9 2487.8 356.02 2295.3 2651.4 1.1346 6.4089 7.5435
90 70.183 0.001036 2.3593 376.97 2117.0 2494.0 377.04 2282.5 2659.6 1.1929 6.2853 7.4782
95 84.609 0.001040 1.9808 398.00 2102.0 2500.1 398.09 2269.6 2667.6 1.2504 6.1647 7.4151
100 101.42 0.001043 1.6720 419.06 2087.0 2506.0 419.17 2256.4 2675.6 1.3072 6.0470 7.3542
105 120.90 0.001047 1.4186 440.15 2071.8 2511.9 440.28 2243.1 2683.4 1.3634 5.9319 7.2952
110 143.38 0.001052 1.2094 461.27 2056.4 2517.7 461.42 2229.7 2691.1 1.4188 5.8193 7.2382
115 169.18 0.001056 1.0360 482.42 2040.9 2523.3 482.59 2216.0 2698.6 1.4737 5.7092 7.1829
120 198.67 0.001060 0.89133 503.60 2025.3 2528.9 503.81 2202.1 2706.0 1.5279 5.6013 7.1292
125 232.23 0.001065 0.77012 524.83 2009.5 2534.3 525.07 2188.1 2713.1 1.5816 5.4956 7.0771
130 270.28 0.001070 0.66808 546.10 1993.4 2539.5 546.38 2173.7 2720.1 1.6346 5.3919 7.0265
135 313.22 0.001075 0.58179 567.41 1977.3 2544.7 567.75 2159.1 2726.9 1.6872 5.2901 6.9773
140 361.53 0.001080 0.50850 588.77 1960.9 2549.6 589.16 2144.3 2733.5 1.7392 5.1901 6.9294
145 415.68 0.001085 0.44600 610.19 1944.2 2554.4 610.64 2129.2 2739.8 1.7908 5.0919 6.8827
150 476.16 0.001091 0.39248 631.66 1927.4 2559.1 632.18 2113.8 2745.9 1.8418 4.9953 6.8371
155 543.49 0.001096 0.34648 653.19 1910.3 2563.5 653.79 2098.0 2751.8 1.8924 4.9002 6.7927
160 618.23 0.001102 0.30680 674.79 1893.0 2567.8 675.47 2082.0 2757.5 1.9426 4.8066 6.7492
165 700.93 0.001108 0.27244 696.46 1875.4 2571.9 697.24 2065.6 2762.8 1.9923 4.7143 6.7067
170 792.18 0.001114 0.24260 718.20 1857.5 2575.7 719.08 2048.8 2767.9 2.0417 4.6233 6.6650
175 892.60 0.001121 0.21659 740.02 1839.4 2579.4 741.02 2031.7 2772.7 2.0906 4.5335 6.6242
180 1002.8 0.001127 0.19384 761.92 1820.9 2582.8 763.05 2014.2 2777.2 2.1392 4.4448 6.5841
185 1123.5 0.001134 0.17390 783.91 1802.1 2586.0 785.19 1996.2 2781.4 2.1875 4.3572 6.5447
190 1255.2 0.001141 0.15636 806.00 1783.0 2589.0 807.43 1977.9 2785.3 2.2355 4.2705 6.5059
195 1398.8 0.001149 0.14089 828.18 1763.6 2591.7 829.78 1959.0 2788.8 2.2831 4.1847 6.4678
200 1554.9 0.001157 0.12721 850.46 1743.7 2594.2 852.26 1939.8 2792.0 2.3305 4.0997 6.4302
TABLE A-4
Saturated water-Temperature table (Concluded)

3
m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K
T °C Psat kPa vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
205 1724.3 0.001164 0.11508 872.86 1723.5 2596.4 874.87 1920.0 2794.8 2.3776 4.0154 6.3930
210 1907.7 0.001173 0.10429 895.38 1702.9 2598.3 897.61 1899.7 2797.3 2.4245 3.9318 6.3563
215 2105.9 0.001181 0.094680 918.02 1681.9 2599.9 920.50 1878.8 2799.3 2.4712 3.8489 6.3200
220 2319.6 0.001190 0.086094 940.79 1660.5 2601.3 943.55 1857.4 2801.0 2.5176 3.7664 6.2840
225 2549.7 0.001199 0.078405 963.70 1638.6 2602.3 966.76 1835.4 2802.2 2.5639 3.6844 6.2483
230 2797.1 0.001209 0.071505 986.76 1616.1 2602.9 990.14 1812.8 2802.9 2.6100 3.6028 6.2128
235 3062.6 0.001219 0.065300 1010.0 1593.2 2603.2 1013.7 1789.5 2803.2 2.6560 3.5216 6.1775
240 3347.0 0.001229 0.059707 1033.4 1569.8 2603.1 1037.5 1765.5 2803.0 2.7018 3.4405 6.1424
245 3651.2 0.001240 0.054656 1056.9 1545.7 2602.7 1061.5 1740.8 2802.2 2.7476 3.3596 6.1072
250 3976.2 0.001252 0.050085 1080.7 1521.1 2601.8 1085.7 1715.3 2801.0 2.7933 3.2788 6.0721
255 4322.9 0.001263 0.045941 1104.7 1495.8 2600.5 1110.1 1689.0 2799.1 2.8390 3.1979 6.0369
260 4692.3 0.001276 0.042175 1128.8 1469.9 2598.7 1134.8 1661.8 2796.6 2.8847 3.1169 6.0017
265 5085.3 0.001289 0.038748 1153.3 1443.2 2596.5 1159.8 1633.7 2793.5 2.9304 3.0358 5.9662
270 5503.0 0.001303 0.035622 1177.9 1415.7 2593.7 1185.1 1604.6 2789.7 2.9762 2.9542 5.9305
275 5946.4 0.001317 0.032767 1202.9 1387.4 2590.3 1210.7 1574.5 2785.2 3.0221 2.8723 5.8944
280 6416.6 0.001333 0.030153 1228.2 1358.2 2586.4 1236.7 1543.2 2779.9 3.0681 2.7898 5.8579
285 6914.6 0.001349 0.027756 1253.7 1328.1 2581.8 1263.1 1510.7 2773.7 3.1144 2.7066 5.8210
290 7441.8 0.001366 0.025554 1279.7 1296.9 2576.5 1289.8 1476.9 2766.7 3.1608 2.6225 5.7834
295 7999.0 0.001384 0.023528 1306.0 1264.5 2570.5 1317.1 1441.6 2758.7 3.2076 2.5374 5.7450
300 8587.9 0.001404 0.021659 1332.7 1230.9 2563.6 1344.8 1404.8 2749.6 3.2548 2.4511 5.7059
305 9209.4 0.001425 0.019932 1360.0 1195.9 2555.8 1373.1 1366.3 2739.4 3.3024 2.3633 5.6657
310 9865.0 0.001447 0.018333 1387.7 1159.3 2547.1 1402.0 1325.9 2727.9 3.3506 2.2737 5.6243
315 10,556 0.001472 0.016849 1416.1 1121.1 2537.2 1431.6 1283.4 2715.0 3.3994 2.1821 5.5816
320 11,284 0.001499 0.015470 1445.1 1080.9 2526.0 1462.0 1238.5 2700.6 3.4491 2.0881 5.5372
325 12,051 0.001528 0.014183 1475.0 1038.5 2513.4 1493.4 1191.0 2684.3 3.4998 1.9911 5.4908
330 12,858 0.001560 0.012979 1505.7 993.5 2499.2 1525.8 1140.3 2666.0 3.5516 1.8906 5.4422
335 13,707 0.001597 0.Q11848 1537.5 945.5 2483.0 1559.4 1086.0 2645.4 3.6050 1.7857 5.3907
340 14,601 0.001638 0.010783 1570.7 893.8 2464.5 1594.6 1027.4 2622.0 3.6602 1.6756 5.3358
345 15,541 0.001685 0.009772 1605.5 837.7 2443.2 1631.7 963.4 2595.1 3.7179 1.5585 5.2765
350 16,529 0.001741 0.008806 1642.4 775.9 2418.3 1671.2 892.7 2563.9 3.7788 1.4326 5.2114
355 17,570 0.001808 0.007872 1682.2 706.4 2388.6 1714.0 812.9 2526.9 3.8442 1.2942 5.1384
360 18,666 0.001895 0.006950 1726.2 625.7 2351.9 1761.5 720.1 2481.6 3.9165 1.1373 5.0537
365 19,822 0.002015 0.006009 1777.2 526.4 2303.6 1817.2 605.5 2422.7 4.0004 0.9489 4.9493
370 21,044 0.002217 0.004953 1844.5 385.6 2230.1 1891.2 443.1 2334.3 4.1119 0.6890 4.8009
373.95 22,064 0.003106 0.003106 2015.7 0 2015.7 2084.3 0 2084.3 4.4070 0 4.4070
Source of Data: Tables A-4 through A 8- are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used
in calculations is the highly accurate Steam_IAPWS, which incorporates the 1995 Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and
Scientific Use, issued by The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). This formulation replaces the 1984 formulation of Haar, Gallagher, and Kell
(NBSINRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Co., 1984), which is also available in EES as the routine STEAM. The new formulation is based on the correlations of Saul and
Wagner (J. Phys. Chem. Ref Data, 16,893, 1987) with modifications to adjust to the International Temperature Scale of 1990. The modifications are described by Wagner and Pruss
(J. Phys. Chem. Ref Data, 22,783, 1993). The properties of ice are based on Hyland and Wexler, "Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties of the Saturated Phases of H20
from 173.15 K to 473.15 K," ASHRAE Trans., Part 2A, Paper 2793, 1983.
TABLE A-5
Saturated water-Pressure table
Press., temp., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor,
PkPa T,a, oc l)f l)g uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
1.0 6.97 0.001000 129.19 29.302 2355.2 2384.5 29.303 2484.4 2513.7 0.1059 8.8690 8.9749
1.5 13.02 0.001001 87.964 54.686 2338.1 2392.8 54.688 2470.1 2524.7 0.1956 8.6314 8.8270
2.0 17.50 0.001001 66.990 73.431 2325.5 2398.9 73.433 2459.5 2532.9 0.2606 8.4621 8.7227
2.5 21.08 0.001002 54.242 88.422 2315.4 2403.8 88.424 2451.0 2539.4 0.3118 8.3302 8.6421
3.0 24.08 0.001003 45.654 100.98 2306.9 2407.9 100.98 2443.9 2544.8 0.3543 8.2222 8.5765
4.0 28.96 0.001004 34.791 121.39 2293.1 2414.5 121.39 2432.3 2553.7 0.4224 8.0510 8.4734
5.0 32.87 0.001005 28.185 137.75 2282.1 2419.8 137.75 2423.0 2560.7 0.4762 7.9176 8.3938
7.5 40.29 0.001008 19.233 168.74 2261.1 2429.8 168.75 2405.3 2574.0 0.5763 7.6738 8.2501
10 45.81 0.001010 14.670 191.79 2245.4 2437.2 191.81 2392.1 2583.9 0.6492 7.4996 8.1488
15 53.97 0.001014 10.020 225.93 2222.1 2448.0 225.94 2372.3 2598.3 0.7549 7.2522 8.0071
20 60.06 0.001017 7.6481 251.40 2204.6 2456.0 251.42 2357.5 2608.9 0.8320 7.0752 7.9073
25 64.96 0.001020 6.2034 271.93 2190.4 2462.4 271.96 2345.5 2617.5 0.8932 6.9370 7.8302
30 69.09 0.001022 5.2287 289.24 2178.5 2467.7 289.27 2335.3 2624.6 0.9441 6.8234 7.7675
40 75.86 0.001026 3.9933 317.58 2158.8 2476.3 317.62 2318.4 2636.1 1.0261 6.6430 7.6691
50 81.32 0.001030 3.2403 340.49 2142.7 2483.2 340.54 2304.7 2645.2 1.0912 6.5019 7.5931
75 91.76 0.001037 2.2172 384.36 2111.8 2496.1 384.44 2278.0 2662.4 1.2132 6.2426 7.4558
100 99.61 0.001043 1.6941 417.40 2088.2 2505.6 417.51 2257.5 2675.0 1.3028 6.0562 7.3589
101.325 99.97 0.001043 1.6734 418.95 2087.0 2506.0 419.06 2256.5 2675.6 1.3069 6.0476 7.3545
125 105.97 0.001048 1.3750 444.23 2068.8 2513.0 444.36 2240.6 2684.9 1.3741 5.9100 7.2841
150 111.35 0.001053 1.1594 466.97 2052.3 2519.2 467.13 2226.0 2693.1 1.4337 5.7894 7.2231
175 116.04 0.001057 1.0037 486.82 2037.7 2524.5 487.01 2213.1 2700.2 1.4850 5.6865 7.1716
200 120.21 0.001061 0.88578 504.50 2024.6 2529.1 504.71 2201.6 2706.3 1.5302 5.5968 7.1270
225 123.97 0.001064 0.79329 520.47 2012.7 2533.2 520.71 2191.0 2711.7 1.5706 5.5171 7.0877
250 127.41 0.001067 0.71873 535.08 2001.8 2536.8 535.35 2181.2 2716.5 1.6072 5.4453 7.0525
275 130.58 0.001070 0.65732 548.57 1991.6 2540.1 548.86 2172.0 2720.9 1.6408 5.3800 7.0207
300 133.52 0.001073 0.60582 561.11 1982.1 2543.2 561.43 2163.5 2724.9 1.6717 5.3200 6.9917
325 136.27 0.001076 0.56199 572.84 1973.1 2545.9 573.19 2155.4 2728.6 1.7005 5.2645 6.9650
350 138.86 0.001079 0.52422 583.89 1964.6 2548.5 584.26 2147.7 2732.0 1.7274 5.2128 6.9402
375 141.30 0.001081 0.49133 594.32 1956.6 2550.9 594.73 2140.4 2735.1 1.7526 5.1645 6.9171
400 143.61 0.001084 0.46242 604.22 1948.9 2553.1 604.66 2133.4 2738.1 1.7765 5.1191 6.8955
450 147.90 0.001088 0.41392 622.65 1934.5 2557.1 623.14 2120.3 2743.4 1.8205 5.0356 6.8561
500 151.83 0.001093 0.37483 639.54 1921.2 2560.7 640.09 2108.0 2748.1 1.8604 4.9603 6.8207
550 155.46 0.001097 0.34261 655.16 1908.8 2563.9 655.77 2096.6 2752.4 1.8970 4.8916 6.7886
600 158.83 0.001101 0.31560 669.72 1897.1 2566.8 670.38 2085.8 2756.2 1.9308 4.8285 6.7593
650 161.98 0.001104 0.29260 683.37 1886.1 2569.4 684.08 2075.5 2759.6 1.9623 4.7699 6.7322
700 164.95 0.001108 0.27278 696.23 1875.6 2571.8 697.00 2065.8 2762.8 1.9918 4.7153 6.7071
750 167.75 0.001111 0.25552 708.40 1865.6 2574.0 709.24 2056.4 2765.7 2.0195 4.6642 6.6837
TABLE A-5
Saturated water-Pressure table (Concluded)
Press., temp., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor,
PkPa T,a, oc l)f l)g uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
800 170.41 0.001115 0.24035 719.97 1856.1 2576.0 720.87 2047.5 2768.3 2.0457 4.6160 6.6616
850 172.94 0.001118 0.22690 731.00 1846.9 2577.9 731.95 2038.8 2770.8 2.0705 4.5705 6.6409
900 175.35 0.001121 0.21489 741.55 1838.1 2579.6 742.56 2030.5 2773.0 2.0941 4.5273 6.6213
950 177.66 0.001124 0.20411 751.67 1829.6 2581.3 752.74 2022.4 2775.2 2.1166 4.4862 6.6027
1000 179.88 0.001127 0.19436 761.39 1821.4 2582.8 762.51 2014.6 2777.1 2.1381 4.4470 6.5850
1100 184.06 0.001133 0.17745 779.78 1805.7 2585.5 781.03 1999.6 2780.7 2.1785 4.3735 6.5520
1200 187.96 0.001138 0.16326 796.96 1790.9 2587.8 798.33 1985.4 2783.8 2.2159 4.3058 6.5217
1300 191.60 0.001144 0.15119 813.10 1776.8 2589.9 814.59 1971.9 2786.5 2.2508 4.2428 6.4936
1400 195.04 0.001149 0.14078 828.35 1763.4 2591.8 829.96 1958.9 2788.9 2.2835 4.1840 6.4675
1500 198.29 0.001154 0.13171 842.82 1750.6 2593.4 844.55 1946.4 2791.0 2.3143 4.1287 6.4430
1750 205.72 0.001166 0.11344 876.12 1720.6 2596.7 878.16 1917.1 2795.2 2.3844 4.0033 6.3877
2000 212.38 0.001177 0.099587 906.12 1693.0 2599.1 908.47 1889.8 2798.3 2.4467 3.8923 6.3390
2250 218.41 0.001187 0.088717 933.54 1667.3 2600.9 936.21 1864.3 2800.5 2.5029 3.7926 6.2954
2500 223.95 0.001197 0.079952 958.87 1643.2 2602.1 961.87 1840.1 2801.9 2.5542 3.7016 6.2558
3000 233.85 0.001217 0.066667 1004.6 1598.5 2603.2 1008.3 1794.9 2803.2 2.6454 3.5402 6.1856
3500 242.56 0.001235 0.057061 1045.4 1557.6 2603.0 1049.7 1753.0 2802.7 2.7253 3.3991 6.1244
4000 250.35 0.001252 0.049779 1082.4 1519.3 2601.7 1087.4 1713.5 2800.8 2.7966 3.2731 6.0696
5000 263.94 0.001286 0.039448 1148.1 1448.9 2597.0 1154.5 1639.7 2794.2 2.9207 3.0530 5.9737
6000 275.59 0.001319 0.032449 1205.8 1384.1 2589.9 1213.8 1570.9 2784.6 3.0275 2.8627 5.8902
7000 285.83 0.001352 0.027378 1258.0 1323.0 2581.0 1267.5 1505.2 2772.6 3.1220 2.6927 5.8148
8000 295.01 0.001384 0.023525 1306.0 1264.5 2570.5 1317.1 1441.6 2758.7 3.2077 2.5373 5.7450
9000 303.35 0.001418 0.020489 1350.9 1207.6 2558.5 1363.7 1379.3 2742.9 3.2866 2.3925 5.6791
10,000 311.00 0.001452 0.018028 1393.3 1151.8 2545.2 1407.8 1317.6 2725.5 3.3603 2.2556 5.6159
11,000 318.08 0.001488 0.015988 1433.9 1096.6 2530.4 1450.2 1256.1 2706.3 3.4299 2.1245 5.5544
12,000 324.68 0.001526 0.014264 1473.0 1041.3 2514.3 1491.3 1194.1 2685.4 3.4964 1.9975 5.4939
13,000 330.85 0.001566 0.012781 1511.0 985.5 2496.6 1531.4 1131.3 2662.7 3.5606 1.8730 5.4336
14,000 336.67 0.001610 0.Q11487 1548.4 928.7 2477.1 1571.0 1067.0 2637.9 3.6232 1.7497 5.3728
15,000 342.16 0.001657 0.010341 1585.5 870.3 2455.7 1610.3 1000.5 2610.8 3.6848 1.6261 5.3108
16,000 347.36 0.001710 0.009312 1622.6 809.4 2432.0 1649.9 931.1 2581.0 3.7461 1.5005 5.2466
17,000 352.29 0.001770 0.008374 1660.2 745.1 2405.4 1690.3 857.4 2547.7 3.8082 1.3709 5.1791
18,000 356.99 0.001840 0.007504 1699.1 675.9 2375.0 1732.2 777.8 2510.0 3.8720 1.2343 5.1064
19,000 361.47 0.001926 0.006677 1740.3 598.9 2339.2 1776.8 689.2 2466.0 3.9396 1.0860 5.0256
20,000 365.75 0.002038 0.005862 1785.8 509.0 2294.8 1826.6 585.5 2412.1 4.0146 0.9164 4.9310
21,000 369.83 0.002207 0.004994 1841.6 391.9 2233.5 1888.0 450.4 2338.4 4.1071 0.7005 4.8076
22,000 373.71 0.002703 0.003644 1951.7 140.8 2092.4 2011.1 161.5 2172.6 4.2942 0.2496 4.5439
22,064 373.95 0.003106 0.003106 2015.7 0 2015.7 2084.3 0 2084.3 4.4070 0 4.4070
TABLE A-6
Superheated water I
T lJ u h s lJ u h s lJ u h s
oc m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K
P = 0.01 MPa (45.81 C)* °
P = 0.05 MPa (81.32 C) °
P = 0.10 MPa (99.61° C)
Sat.t 14.670 2437.2 2583.9 8.1488 3.2403 2483.2 2645.2 7.5931 1.6941 2505.6 2675.0 7.3589
50 14.867 2443.3 2592.0 8.1741
100 17.196 2515.5 2687.5 8.4489 3.4187 2511.5 2682.4 7.6953 1.6959 2506.2 2675.8 7.3611
150 19.513 2587.9 2783.0 8.6893 3.8897 2585.7 2780.2 7.9413 1.9367 2582.9 2776.6 7.6148
200 21.826 2661.4 2879.6 8.9049 4.3562 2660.0 2877.8 8.1592 2.1724 2658.2 2875.5 7.8356
250 24.136 2736.1 2977.5 9.1015 4.8206 2735.1 2976.2 8.3568 2.4062 2733.9 2974.5 8.0346
300 26.446 2812.3 3076.7 9.2827 5.2841 2811.6 3075.8 8.5387 2.6389 2810.7 3074.5 8.2172
400 31.063 2969.3 3280.0 9.6094 6.2094 2968.9 3279.3 8.8659 3.1027 2968.3 3278.6 8.5452
500 35.680 3132.9 3489.7 9.8998 7.1338 3132.6 3489.3 9.1566 3.5655 3132.2 3488.7 8.8362
600 40.296 3303.3 3706.3 10.1631 8.0577 3303.1 3706.0 9.4201 4.0279 3302.8 3705.6 9.0999
700 44.911 3480.8 3929.9 10.4056 8.9813 3480.6 3929.7 9.6626 4.4900 3480.4 3929.4 9.3424
800 49.527 3665.4 4160.6 10.6312 9.9047 3665.2 4160.4 9.8883 4.9519 3665.0 4160.2 9.5682
900 54.143 3856.9 4398.3 10.8429 10.8280 3856.8 4398.2 10.1000 5.4137 3856.7 4398.0 9.7800
1000 58.758 4055.3 4642.8 11.0429 11.7513 4055.2 4642.7 10.3000 5.8755 4055.0 4642.6 9.9800
1100 63.373 4260.0 4893.8 11.2326 12.6745 4259.9 4893.7 10.4897 6.3372 4259.8 4893.6 10.1698
1200 67.989 4470.9 5150.8 11.4132 13.5977 4470.8 5150.7 10.6704 6.7988 4470.7 5150.6 10.3504
1300 72.604 4687.4 5413.4 11.5857 14.5209 4687.3 5413.3 10.8429 7.2605 4687.2 5413.3 10.5229
P = 0.20 MPa (120.21 °C) P = 0.30 MPa (133.52 °C) P = 0.40 MPa (143.61° C)
Sat. 0.88578 2529.1 2706.3 7.1270 0.60582 2543.2 2724.9 6.9917 0.46242 2553.1 2738.1 6.8955
150 0.95986 2577.1 2769.1 7.2810 0.63402 2571.0 2761.2 7.0792 0.47088 2564.4 2752.8 6.9306
200 1.08049 2654.6 2870.7 7.5081 0.71643 2651.0 2865.9 7.3132 0.53434 2647.2 2860.9 7.1723
250 1.19890 2731.4 2971.2 7.7100 0.79645 2728.9 2967.9 7.5180 0.59520 2726.4 2964.5 7.3804
300 1.31623 2808.8 3072.1 7.8941 0.87535 2807.0 3069.6 7.7037 0.65489 2805.1 3067.1 7.5677
400 1.54934 2967.2 3277.0 8.2236 1.03155 2966.0 3275.5 8.0347 0.77265 2964.9 3273.9 7.9003
500 1.78142 3131.4 3487.7 8.5153 1.18672 3130.6 3486.6 8.3271 0.88936 3129.8 3485.5 8.1933
600 2.01302 3302.2 3704.8 8.7793 1.34139 3301.6 3704.0 8.5915 1.00558 3301.0 3703.3 8.4580
700 2.24434 3479.9 3928.8 9.0221 1.49580 3479.5 3928.2 8.8345 1.12152 3479.0 3927.6 8.7012
800 2.47550 3664.7 4159.8 9.2479 1.65004 3664.3 4159.3 9.0605 1.23730 3663.9 4158.9 8.9274
900 2.70656 3856.3 4397.7 9.4598 1.80417 3856.0 4397.3 9.2725 1.35298 3855.7 4396.9 9.1394
1000 2.93755 4054.8 4642.3 9.6599 1.95824 4054.5 4642.0 9.4726 1.46859 4054.3 4641.7 9.3396
1100 3.16848 4259.6 4893.3 9.8497 2.11226 4259.4 4893.1 9.6624 1.58414 4259.2 4892.9 9.5295
1200 3.39938 4470.5 5150.4 10.0304 2.26624 4470.3 5150.2 9.8431 1.69966 4470.2 5150.0 9.7102
1300 3.63026 4687.1 5413.1 10.2029 2.42019 4686.9 5413.0 10.0157 1.81516 4686.7 5412.8 9.8828
P = 0.50 MPa (151.83°C) P = 0.60 MPa (158.83 ° C) P = 0.80 MPa (170.41° C)
Sat. 0.37483 2560.7 2748.1 6.8207 0.31560 2566.8 2756.2 6.7593 0.24035 2576.0 2768.3 6.6616
200 0.42503 2643.3 2855.8 7.0610 0.35212 2639.4 2850.6 6.9683 0.26088 2631.1 2839.8 6.8177
250 0.47443 2723.8 2961.0 7.2725 0.39390 2721.2 2957.6 7.1833 0.29321 2715.9 2950.4 7.0402
300 0.52261 2803.3 3064.6 7.4614 0.43442 2801.4 3062.0 7.3740 0.32416 2797.5 3056.9 7.2345
350 0.57015 2883.0 3168.1 7.6346 0.47428 2881.6 3166.1 7.5481 0.35442 2878.6 3162.2 7.4107
400 0.61731 2963.7 3272.4 7.7956 0.51374 2962.5 3270.8 7.7097 0.38429 2960.2 3267.7 7.5735
500 0.71095 3129.0 3484.5 8.0893 0.59200 3128.2 3483.4 8.0041 0.44332 3126.6 3481.3 7.8692
600 0.80409 3300.4 3702.5 8.3544 0.66976 3299.8 3701.7 8.2695 0.50186 3298.7 3700.1 8.1354
700 0.89696 3478.6 3927.0 8.5978 0.74725 3478.1 3926.4 8.5132 0.56011 3477.2 3925.3 8.3794
800 0.98966 3663.6 4158.4 8.8240 0.82457 3663.2 4157.9 8.7395 0.61820 3662.5 4157.0 8.6061
900 1.08227 3855.4 4396.6 9.0362 0.90179 3855.1 4396.2 8.9518 0.67619 3854.5 4395.5 8.8185
1000 1.17480 4054.0 4641.4 9.2364 0.97893 4053.8 4641.1 9.1521 0.73411 4053.3 4640.5 9.0189
1100 1.26728 4259.0 4892.6 9.4263 1.05603 4258.8 4892.4 9.3420 0.79197 4258.3 4891.9 9.2090
1200 1.35972 4470.0 5149.8 9.6071 1.13309 4469.8 5149.6 9.5229 0.84980 4469.4 5149.3 9.3898
1300 1.45214 4686.6 5412.6 9.7797 1.21012 4686.4 5412.5 9.6955 0.90761 4686.1 5412.2 9.5625
*The temperature in parentheses is the saturation temperature at the specified pressure.
tProperties of saturated vapor at the specified pressure.
TABLE A-6
Superheated water (Continued) I
P = l .00 MPa (179.88 C)
°
P = 1.20 MPa (187.96 C)
°
P = 1.40 MPa (195.04 °C)
Sat. 0.19437 2582.8 2777.1 6.5850 0.16326 2587.8 2783.8 6.5217 0.14078 2591.8 2788.9 6.4675
200 0.20602 2622.3 2828.3 6.6956 0.16934 2612.9 2816.1 6.5909 0.14303 2602.7 2803.0 6.4975
250 0.23275 2710.4 2943.1 6.9265 0.19241 2704.7 2935.6 6.8313 0.16356 2698.9 2927.9 6.7488
300 0.25799 2793.7 3051.6 7.1246 0.21386 2789.7 3046.3 7.0335 0.18233 2785.7 3040.9 6.9553
350 0.28250 2875.7 3158.2 7.3029 0.23455 2872.7 3154.2 7.2139 0.20029 2869.7 3150.1 7.1379
400 0.30661 2957.9 3264.5 7.4670 0.25482 2955.5 3261.3 7.3793 0.21782 2953.1 3258.1 7.3046
500 0.35411 3125.0 3479.1 7.7642 0.29464 3123.4 3477.0 7.6779 0.25216 3121.8 3474.8 7.6047
600 0.40111 3297.5 3698.6 8.0311 0.33395 3296.3 3697.0 7.9456 0.28597 3295.1 3695.5 7.8730
700 0.44783 3476.3 3924.1 8.2755 0.37297 3475.3 3922.9 8.1904 0.31951 3474.4 3921.7 8.1183
800 0.49438 3661.7 4156.1 8.5024 0.41184 3661.0 4155.2 8.4176 0.35288 3660.3 4154.3 8.3458
900 0.54083 3853.9 4394.8 8.7150 0.45059 3853.3 4394.0 8.6303 0.38614 3852.7 4393.3 8.5587
1000 0.58721 4052.7 4640.0 8.9155 0.48928 4052.2 4639.4 8.8310 0.41933 4051.7 4638.8 8.7595
1100 0.63354 4257.9 4891.4 9.1057 0.52792 4257.5 4891.0 9.0212 0.45247 4257.0 4890.5 8.9497
1200 0.67983 4469.0 5148.9 9.2866 0.56652 4468.7 5148.5 9.2022 0.48558 4468.3 5148.1 9.1308
1300 0.72610 4685.8 5411.9 9.4593 0.60509 4685.5 5411.6 9.3750 0.51866 4685.1 5411.3 9.3036
P = l .60 MPa (201.37 °C) P = l.80 MPa (207.11° C) P = 2.00 MPa (212.38 ° C)
Sat. 0.12374 2594.8 2792.8 6.4200 0.11037 2597.3 2795.9 6.3775 0.09959 2599.1 2798.3 6.3390
225 0.13293 2645.1 2857.8 6.5537 0.11678 2637.0 2847.2 6.4825 0.10381 2628.5 2836.1 6.4160
250 0.14190 2692.9 2919.9 6.6753 0.12502 2686.7 2911.7 6.6088 0.11150 2680.3 2903.3 6.5475
300 0.15866 2781.6 3035.4 6.8864 0.14025 2777.4 3029.9 6.8246 0.12551 2773.2 3024.2 6.7684
350 0.17459 2866.6 3146.0 7.0713 0.15460 2863.6 3141.9 7.0120 0.13860 2860.5 3137.7 6.9583
400 0.19007 2950.8 3254.9 7.2394 0.16849 2948.3 3251.6 7.1814 0.15122 2945.9 3248.4 7.1292
500 0.22029 3120.1 3472.6 7.5410 0.19551 3118.5 3470.4 7.4845 0.17568 3116.9 3468.3 7.4337
600 0.24999 3293.9 3693.9 7.8101 0.22200 3292.7 3692.3 7.7543 0.19962 3291.5 3690.7 7.7043
700 0.27941 3473.5 3920.5 8.0558 0.24822 3472.6 3919.4 8.0005 0.22326 3471.7 3918.2 7.9509
800 0.30865 3659.5 4153.4 8.2834 0.27426 3658.8 4152.4 8.2284 0.24674 3658.0 4151.5 8.1791
900 0.33780 3852.1 4392.6 8.4965 0.30020 3851.5 4391.9 8.4417 0.27012 3850.9 4391.1 8.3925
1000 0.36687 4051.2 4638.2 8.6974 0.32606 4050.7 4637.6 8.6427 0.29342 4050.2 4637.1 8.5936
1100 0.39589 4256.6 4890.0 8.8878 0.35188 4256.2 4889.6 8.8331 0.31667 4255.7 4889.1 8.7842
1200 0.42488 4467.9 5147.7 9.0689 0.37766 4467.6 5147.3 9.0143 0.33989 4467.2 5147.0 8.9654
1300 0.45383 4684.8 5410.9 9.2418 0.40341 4684.5 5410.6 9.1872 0.36308 4684.2 5410.3 9.1384
P = 2.50 MPa (223.95 °C) P = 3.00 MPa (233.85 °C) P = 3.50 MPa (242.56 °C)
Sat. 0.07995 2602.1 2801.9 6.2558 0.06667 2603.2 2803.2 6.1856 0.05706 2603.0 2802.7 6.1244
225 0.08026 2604.8 2805.5 6.2629
250 0.08705 2663.3 2880.9 6.4107 0.07063 2644.7 2856.5 6.2893 0.05876 2624.0 2829.7 6.1764
300 0.09894 2762.2 3009.6 6.6459 0.08118 2750.8 2994.3 6.5412 0.06845 2738.8 2978.4 6.4484
350 0.10979 2852.5 3127.0 6.8424 0.09056 2844.4 3116.1 6.7450 0.07680 2836.0 3104.9 6.6601
400 0.12012 2939.8 3240.1 7.0170 0.09938 2933.6 3231.7 6.9235 0.08456 2927.2 3223.2 6.8428
450 0.13015 3026.2 3351.6 7.1768 0.10789 3021.2 3344.9 7.0856 0.09198 3016.1 3338.1 7.0074
500 0.13999 3112.8 3462.8 7.3254 0.11620 3108.6 3457.2 7.2359 0.09919 3104.5 3451.7 7.1593
600 0.15931 3288.5 3686.8 7.5979 0.13245 3285.5 3682.8 7.5103 0.11325 3282.5 3678.9 7.4357
700 0.17835 3469.3 3915.2 7.8455 0.14841 3467.0 3912.2 7.7590 0.12702 3464.7 3909.3 7.6855
800 0.19722 3656.2 4149.2 8.0744 0.16420 3654.3 4146.9 7.9885 0.14061 3652.5 4144.6 7.9156
900 0.21597 3849.4 4389.3 8.2882 0.17988 3847.9 4387.5 8.2028 0.15410 3846.4 4385.7 8.1304
1000 0.23466 4049.0 4635.6 8.4897 0.19549 4047.7 4634.2 8.4045 0.16751 4046.4 4632.7 8.3324
1100 0.25330 4254.7 4887.9 8.6804 0.21105 4253.6 4886.7 8.5955 0.18087 4252.5 4885.6 8.5236
1200 0.27190 4466.3 5146.0 8.8618 0.22658 4465.3 5145.1 8.7771 0.19420 4464.4 5144.1 8.7053
1300 0.29048 4683.4 5409.5 9.0349 0.24207 4682.6 5408.8 8.9502 0.20750 4681.8 5408.0 8.8786
TABLE A-6
Superheated water (Continued)
P = 4.0 MPa (250.35 C)

°
P = 4.5 MPa (257.44 C) °
P = 5.0 MPa (263.94 C) °
Sat. 0.04978 2601.7 2800.8 6.0696 0.04406 2599.7 2798.0 6.0198 0.03945 2597.0 2794.2 5.9737
275 0.05461 2668.9 2887.3 6.2312 0.04733 2651.4 2864.4 6.1429 0.04144 2632.3 2839.5 6.0571
300 0.05887 2726.2 2961.7 6.3639 0.05138 2713.0 2944.2 6.2854 0.04535 2699.0 2925.7 6.2111
350 0.06647 2827.4 3093.3 6.5843 0.05842 2818.6 3081.5 6.5153 0.05197 2809.5 3069.3 6.4516
400 0.07343 2920.8 3214.5 6.7714 0.06477 2914.2 3205.7 6.7071 0.05784 2907.5 3196.7 6.6483
450 0.08004 3011.0 3331.2 6.9386 0.07076 3005.8 3324.2 6.8770 0.06332 3000.6 3317.2 6.8210
500 0.08644 3100.3 3446.0 7.0922 0.07652 3096.0 3440.4 7.0323 0.06858 3091.8 3434.7 6.9781
600 0.09886 3279.4 3674.9 7.3706 0.08766 3276.4 3670.9 7.3127 0.07870 3273.3 3666.9 7.2605
700 0.11098 3462.4 3906.3 7.6214 0.09850 3460.0 3903.3 7.5647 0.08852 3457.7 3900.3 7.5136
800 0.12292 3650.6 4142.3 7.8523 0.10916 3648.8 4140.0 7.7962 0.09816 3646.9 4137.7 7.7458
900 0.13476 3844.8 4383.9 8.0675 0.11972 3843.3 4382.1 8.0118 0.10769 3841.8 4380.2 7.9619
1000 0.14653 4045.1 4631.2 8.2698 0.13020 4043.9 4629.8 8.2144 0.11715 4042.6 4628.3 8.1648
1100 0.15824 4251.4 4884.4 8.4612 0.14064 4250.4 4883.2 8.4060 0.12655 4249.3 4882.1 8.3566
1200 0.16992 4463.5 5143.2 8.6430 0.15103 4462.6 5142.2 8.5880 0.13592 4461.6 5141.3 8.5388
1300 0.18157 4680.9 5407.2 8.8164 0.16140 4680.1 5406.5 8.7616 0.14527 4679.3 5405.7 8.7124
P = 6.0 MPa (275.59° C) P = 7.0 MPa (285.83° C) P = 8.0 MPa (295.01° C)
Sat. 0.03245 2589.9 2784.6 5.8902 0.027378 2581.0 2772.6 5.8148 0.023525 2570.5 2758.7 5.7450
300 0.03619 2668.4 2885.6 6.0703 0.029492 2633.5 2839.9 5.9337 0.024279 2592.3 2786.5 5.7937
350 0.04225 2790.4 3043.9 6.3357 0.035262 2770.1 3016.9 6.2305 0.029975 2748.3 2988.1 6.1321
400 0.04742 2893.7 3178.3 6.5432 0.039958 2879.5 3159.2 6.4502 0.034344 2864.6 3139.4 6.3658
450 0.05217 2989.9 3302.9 6.7219 0.044187 2979.0 3288.3 6.6353 0.038194 2967.8 3273.3 6.5579
500 0.05667 3083.1 3423.1 6.8826 0.048157 3074.3 3411.4 6.8000 0.041767 3065.4 3399.5 6.7266
550 0.06102 3175.2 3541.3 7.0308 0.051966 3167.9 3531.6 6.9507 0.045172 3160.5 3521.8 6.8800
600 0.06527 3267.2 3658.8 7.1693 0.055665 3261.0 3650.6 7.0910 0.048463 3254.7 3642.4 7.0221
700 0.07355 3453.0 3894.3 7.4247 0.062850 3448.3 3888.3 7.3487 0.054829 3443.6 3882.2 7.2822
800 0.08165 3643.2 4133.1 7.6582 0.069856 3639.5 4128.5 7.5836 0.061011 3635.7 4123.8 7.5185
900 0.08964 3838.8 4376.6 7.8751 0.076750 3835.7 4373.0 7.8014 0.067082 3832.7 4369.3 7.7372
1000 0.09756 4040.1 4625.4 8.0786 0.083571 4037.5 4622.5 8.0055 0.073079 4035.0 4619.6 7.9419
1100 0.10543 4247.1 4879.7 8.2709 0.090341 4245.0 4877.4 8.1982 0.079025 4242.8 4875.0 8.1350
1200 0.11326 4459.8 5139.4 8.4534 0.097075 4457.9 5137.4 8.3810 0.084934 4456.1 5135.5 8.3181
1300 0.12107 4677.7 5404.1 8.6273 0.103781 4676.1 5402.6 8.5551 0.090817 4674.5 5401.0 8.4925
P = 9.0 MPa (303.35 °C) P = 10.0 MPa (311.00 ° C) P = 12.5 MPa (327.81 ° C)
Sat. 0.020489 2558.5 2742.9 5.6791 0.018028 2545.2 2725.5 5.6159 0.013496 2505.6 2674.3 5.4638
325 0.023284 2647.6 2857.1 5.8738 0.019877 2611.6 2810.3 5.7596
350 0.025816 2725.0 2957.3 6.0380 0.022440 2699.6 2924.0 5.9460 0.016138 2624.9 2826.6 5.7130
400 0.029960 2849.2 3118.8 6.2876 0.026436 2833.1 3097.5 6.2141 0.020030 2789.6 3040.0 6.0433
450 0.033524 2956.3 3258.0 6.4872 0.029782 2944.5 3242.4 6.4219 0.023019 2913.7 3201.5 6.2749
500 0.036793 3056.3 3387.4 6.6603 0.032811 3047.0 3375.1 6.5995 0.025630 3023.2 3343.6 6.4651
550 0.039885 3153.0 3512.0 6.8164 0.035655 3145.4 3502.0 6.7585 0.028033 3126.1 3476.5 6.6317
600 0.042861 3248.4 3634.1 6.9605 0.038378 3242.0 3625.8 6.9045 0.030306 3225.8 3604.6 6.7828
650 0.045755 3343.4 3755.2 7.0954 0.041018 3338.0 3748.1 7.0408 0.032491 3324.1 3730.2 6.9227
700 0.048589 3438.8 3876.1 7.2229 0.043597 3434.0 3870.0 7.1693 0.034612 3422.0 3854.6 7.0540
800 0.054132 3632.0 4119.2 7.4606 0.048629 3628.2 4114.5 7.4085 0.038724 3618.8 4102.8 7.2967
900 0.059562 3829.6 4365.7 7.6802 0.053547 3826.5 4362.0 7.6290 0.042720 3818.9 4352.9 7.5195
1000 0.064919 4032.4 4616.7 7.8855 0.058391 4029.9 4613.8 7.8349 0.046641 4023.5 4606.5 7.7269
1100 0.070224 4240.7 4872.7 8.0791 0.063183 4238.5 4870.3 8.0289 0.050510 4233.1 4864.5 7.9220
1200 0.075492 4454.2 5133.6 8.2625 0.067938 4452.4 5131.7 8.2126 0.054342 4447.7 5127.0 8.1065
1300 0.080733 4672.9 5399.5 8.4371 0.072667 4671.3 5398.0 8.3874 0.058147 4667.3 5394.1 8.2819
TABLE A-6
Superheated water (Concluded) I
° ° °
P =15.0MPa (342.16 C) P =17.5MPa (354.67 C) P =20.0MPa (365.75 C)
Sat. 0.010341 2455.7 2610.8 5.3108 0.007932 2390.7 2529.5 5.1435 0.005862 2294.8 2412.1 4.9310
350 0.011481 2520.9 2693.1 5.4438
400 0.015671 2740.6 2975.7 5.8819 0.012463 2684.3 2902.4 5.7211 0.009950 2617.9 2816.9 5.5526
450 0.018477 2880.8 3157.9 6.1434 0.015204 2845.4 3111.4 6.0212 0.012721 2807.3 3061.7 5.9043
500 0.020828 2998.4 3310.8 6.3480 0.017385 2972.4 3276.7 6.2424 0.014793 2945.3 3241.2 6.1446
550 0.022945 3106.2 3450.4 6.5230 0.019305 3085.8 3423.6 6.4266 0.016571 3064.7 3396.2 6.3390
600 0.024921 3209.3 3583.1 6.6796 0.021073 3192.5 3561.3 6.5890 0.018185 3175.3 3539.0 6.5075
650 0.026804 3310.1 3712.1 6.8233 0.022742 3295.8 3693.8 6.7366 0.019695 3281.4 3675.3 6.6593
700 0.028621 3409.8 3839.1 6.9573 0.024342 3397.5 3823.5 6.8735 0.021134 3385.1 3807.8 6.7991
800 0.032121 3609.3 4091.1 7.2037 0.027405 3599.7 4079.3 7.1237 0.023870 3590.1 4067.5 7.0531
900 0.035503 3811.2 4343.7 7.4288 0.030348 3803.5 4334.6 7.3511 0.026484 3795.7 4325.4 7.2829
1000 0.038808 4017.1 4599.2 7.6378 0.033215 4010.7 4592.0 7.5616 0.029020 4004.3 4584.7 7.4950
1100 0.042062 4227.7 4858.6 7.8339 0.036029 4222.3 4852.8 7.7588 0.031504 4216.9 4847.0 7.6933
1200 0.045279 4443.1 5122.3 8.0192 0.038806 4438.5 5117.6 7.9449 0.033952 4433.8 5112.9 7.8802
1300 0.048469 4663.3 5390.3 8.1952 0.041556 4659.2 5386.5 8.1215 0.036371 4655.2 5382.7 8.0574
P=25.0MPa P=30.0MPa P=35.0MPa
375 0.001978 1799.9 1849.4 4.0345 0.001792 1738.1 1791.9 3.9313 0.001701 1702.8 1762.4 3.8724
400 0.006005 2428.5 2578.7 5.1400 0.002798 2068.9 2152.8 4.4758 0.002105 1914.9 1988.6 4.2144
425 0.007886 2607.8 2805.0 5.4708 0.005299 2452.9 2611.8 5.1473 0.003434 2253.3 2373.5 4.7751
450 0.009176 2721.2 2950.6 5.6759 0.006737 2618.9 2821.0 5.4422 0.004957 2497.5 2671.0 5.1946
500 0.Ql 1143 2887.3 3165.9 5.9643 0.008691 2824.0 3084.8 5.7956 0.006933 2755.3 2997.9 5.6331
550 0.012736 3020.8 3339.2 6.1816 0.010175 2974.5 3279.7 6.0403 0.008348 2925.8 3218.0 5.9093
600 0.014140 3140.0 3493.5 6.3637 0.011445 3103.4 3446.8 6.2373 0.009523 3065.6 3399.0 6.1229
650 0.015430 3251.9 3637.7 6.5243 0.012590 3221.7 3599.4 6.4074 0.010565 3190.9 3560.7 6.3030
700 0.016643 3359.9 3776.0 6.6702 0.013654 3334.3 3743.9 6.5599 0.011523 3308.3 3711.6 6.4623
800 0.018922 3570.7 4043.8 6.9322 0.015628 3551.2 4020.0 6.8301 0.013278 3531.6 3996.3 6.7409
900 0.021075 3780.2 4307.1 7.1668 0.017473 3764.6 4288.8 7.0695 0.014904 3749.0 4270.6 6.9853
1000 0.023150 3991.5 4570.2 7.3821 0.019240 3978.6 4555.8 7.2880 0.016450 3965.8 4541.5 7.2069
1100 0.025172 4206.1 4835.4 7.5825 0.020954 4195.2 4823.9 7.4906 0.017942 4184.4 4812.4 7.4118
1200 0.027157 4424.6 5103.5 7.7710 0.022630 4415.3 5094.2 7.6807 0.019398 4406.1 5085.0 7.6034
1300 0.029115 4647.2 5375.1 7.9494 0.024279 4639.2 5367.6 7.8602 0.020827 4631.2 5360.2 7.7841
P=40.0MPa P=50.0MPa P=60.0MPa
375 0.001641 1677.0 1742.6 3.8290 0.001560 1638.6 1716.6 3.7642 0.001503 1609.7 1699.9 3.7149
400 0.001911 1855.0 1931.4 4.1145 0.001731 1787.8 1874.4 4.0029 0.001633 1745.2 1843.2 3.9317
425 0.002538 2097.5 2199.0 4.5044 0.002009 1960.3 2060.7 4.2746 0.001816 1892.9 2001.8 4.1630
450 0.003692 2364.2 2511.8 4.9449 0.002487 2160.3 2284.7 4.5896 0.002086 2055.1 2180.2 4.4140
500 0.005623 2681.6 2906.5 5.4744 0.003890 2528.1 2722.6 5.1762 0.002952 2393.2 2570.3 4.9356
550 0.006985 2875.1 3154.4 5.7857 0.005118 2769.5 3025.4 5.5563 0.003955 2664.6 2901.9 5.3517
600 0.008089 3026.8 3350.4 6.0170 0.006108 2947.1 3252.6 5.8245 0.004833 2866.8 3156.8 5.6527
650 0.009053 3159.5 3521.6 6.2078 0.006957 3095.6 3443.5 6.0373 0.005591 3031.3 3366.8 5.8867
700 0.009930 3282.0 3679.2 6.3740 0.007717 3228.7 3614.6 6.2179 0.006265 3175.4 3551.3 6.0814
800 0.Q11521 3511.8 3972.6 6.6613 0.009073 3472.2 3925.8 6.5225 0.007456 3432.6 3880.0 6.4033
900 0.012980 3733.3 4252.5 6.9107 0.010296 3702.0 4216.8 6.7819 0.008519 3670.9 4182.1 6.6725
1000 0.014360 3952.9 4527.3 7.1355 0.011441 3927.4 4499.4 7.0131 0.009504 3902.0 4472.2 6.9099
1100 0.015686 4173.7 4801.1 7.3425 0.012534 4152.2 4778.9 7.2244 0.010439 4130.9 4757.3 7.1255
1200 0.016976 4396.9 5075.9 7.5357 0.013590 4378.6 5058.1 7.4207 0.011339 4360.5 5040.8 7.3248
1300 0.018239 4623.3 5352.8 7.7175 0.014620 4607.5 5338.5 7.6048 0.012213 4591.8 5324.5 7.5111
TABLE A-7
Compressed liquid water
oc m3 /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K
P = 5MPa (263.94 C)
°
P = 10MPa (311.00 C) °
P = 15MPa (342.16 C) °
Sat. 0.0012862 1148.1 1154.5 2.9207 0.0014522 1393.3 1407.9 3.3603 0.0016572 1585.5 1610.3 3.6848
0 0.0009977 0.04 5.03 0.0001 0.0009952 0.12 10.07 0.0003 0.0009928 0.18 15.07 0.0004
20 0.0009996 83.61 88.61 0.2954 0.0009973 83.31 93.28 0.2943 0.0009951 83.01 97.93 0.2932
40 0.0010057 166.92 171.95 0.5705 0.0010035 166.33 176.37 0.5685 0.0010013 165.75 180.77 0.5666
60 0.0010149 250.29 255.36 0.8287 0.0010127 249.43 259.55 0.8260 0.0010105 248.58 263.74 0.8234
80 0.0010267 333.82 338.96 1.0723 0.0010244 332.69 342.94 1.0691 0.0010221 331.59 346.92 1.0659
100 0.0010410 417.65 422.85 1.3034 0.0010385 416.23 426.62 1.2996 0.0010361 414.85 430.39 1.2958
120 0.0010576 501.91 507.19 1.5236 0.0010549 500.18 510.73 1.5191 0.0010522 498.50 514.28 1.5148
140 0.0010769 586.80 592.18 1.7344 0.0010738 584.72 595.45 1.7293 0.0010708 582.69 598.75 1.7243
160 0.0010988 672.55 678.04 1.9374 0.0010954 670.06 681.01 1.9316 0.0010920 667.63 684.01 1.9259
180 0.0011240 759.47 765.09 2.1338 0.0011200 756.48 767.68 2.1271 0.0011160 753.58 770.32 2.1206
200 0.0011531 847.92 853.68 2.3251 0.0011482 844.32 855.80 2.3174 0.0011435 840.84 858.00 2.3100
220 0.0011868 938.39 944.32 2.5127 0.0011809 934.01 945.82 2.5037 0.0011752 929.81 947.43 2.4951
240 0.0012268 1031.6 1037.7 2.6983 0.0012192 1026.2 1038.3 2.6876 0.0012121 1021.0 1039.2 2.6774
260 0.0012755 1128.5 1134.9 2.8841 0.0012653 1121.6 1134.3 2.8710 0.0012560 1115.1 1134.0 2.8586
280 0.0013226 1221.8 1235.0 3.0565 0.0013096 1213.4 1233.0 3.0410
300 0.0013980 1329.4 1343.3 3.2488 0.0013783 1317.6 1338.3 3.2279
320 0.0014733 1431.9 1454.0 3.4263
340 0.0016311 1567.9 1592.4 3.6555
P = 20 MPa (365.75 °C) P = 30MPa P = 50MPa
Sat. 0.0020378 1785.8 1826.6 4.0146
0 0.0009904 0.23 20.03 0.0005 0.0009857 0.29 29.86 0.0003 0.0009767 0.29 49.13 -0.0010
20 0.0009929 82.71 102.57 0.2921 0.0009886 82.11 111.77 0.2897 0.0009805 80.93 129.95 0.2845
40 0.0009992 165.17 185.16 0.5646 0.0009951 164.05 193.90 0.5607 0.0009872 161.90 211.25 0.5528
60 0.0010084 247.75 267.92 0.8208 0.0010042 246.14 276.26 0.8156 0.0009962 243.08 292.88 0.8055
80 0.0010199 330.50 350.90 1.0627 0.0010155 328.40 358.86 1.0564 0.0010072 324.42 374.78 1.0442
100 0.0010337 413.50 434.17 1.2920 0.0010290 410.87 441.74 1.2847 0.0010201 405.94 456.94 1.2705
120 0.0010496 496.85 517.84 1.5105 0.0010445 493.66 525.00 1.5020 0.0010349 487.69 539.43 1.4859
140 0.0010679 580.71 602.07 1.7194 0.0010623 576.90 608.76 1.7098 0.0010517 569.77 622.36 1.6916
160 0.0010886 665.28 687.05 1.9203 0.0010823 660.74 693.21 1.9094 0.0010704 652.33 705.85 1.8889
180 0.0011122 750.78 773.02 2.1143 0.0011049 745.40 778.55 2.1020 0.0010914 735.49 790.06 2.0790
200 0.0011390 837.49 860.27 2.3027 0.0011304 831.11 865.02 2.2888 0.0011149 819.45 875.19 2.2628
220 0.0011697 925.77 949.16 2.4867 0.0011595 918.15 952.93 2.4707 0.0011412 904.39 961.45 2.4414
240 0.0012053 1016.1 1040.2 2.6676 0.0011927 1006.9 1042.7 2.6491 0.0011708 990.55 1049.1 2.6156
260 0.0012472 1109.0 1134.0 2.8469 0.0012314 1097.8 1134.7 2.8250 0.0012044 1078.2 1138.4 2.7864
280 0.0012978 1205.6 1231.5 3.0265 0.0012770 1191.5 1229.8 3.0001 0.0012430 1167.7 1229.9 2.9547
300 0.0013611 1307.2 1334.4 3.2091 0.0013322 1288.9 1328.9 3.1761 0.0012879 1259.6 1324.0 3.1218
320 0.0014450 1416.6 1445.5 3.3996 0.0014014 1391.7 1433.7 3.3558 0.0013409 1354.3 1421.4 3.2888
340 0.0015693 1540.2 1571.6 3.6086 0.0014932 1502.4 1547.1 3.5438 0.0014049 1452.9 1523.1 3.4575
360 0.0018248 1703.6 1740.1 3.8787 0.0016276 1626.8 1675.6 3.7499 0.0014848 1556.5 1630.7 3.6301
380 0.0018729 1782.0 1838.2 4.0026 0.0015884 1667.1 1746.5 3.8102
TABLE A-11
Saturated refrigerant-134a-Temperature table
3
r 0e P,a,kPa VJ vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
-40 51.25 0.0007053 0.36064 -0.036 207.42 207.38 0.00 225.86 225.86 0.00000 0.96869 0.96869
-38 56.86 0.0007082 0.32718 2.472 206.06 208.53 2.512 224.62 227.13 0.01071 0.95516 0.96588
-36 62.95 0.0007111 0.29740 4.987 204.69 209.68 5.032 223.37 228.40 0.02137 0.94182 0.96319
-34 69.56 0.0007141 0.27082 7.509 203.32 210.83 7.559 222.10 229.66 0.03196 0.92867 0.96063
-32 76.71 0.0007171 0.24706 10.04 201.94 211.97 10.09 220.83 230.93 0.04249 0.91569 0.95819
-30 84.43 0.0007201 0.22577 12.58 200.55 213.12 12.64 219.55 232.19 0.05297 0.90289 0.95586
-28 92.76 0.0007232 0.20666 15.12 199.15 214.27 15.19 218.25 233.44 0.06339 0.89024 0.95364
-26 101.73 0.0007264 0.18947 17.67 197.75 215.42 17.75 216.95 234.70 0.07376 0.87776 0.95152
-24 111.37 0.0007296 0.17398 20.23 196.34 216.57 20.31 215.63 235.94 0.08408 0.86542 0.94950
-22 121.72 0.0007328 0.15999 22.80 194.92 217.71 22.89 214.30 237.19 0.09435 0.85323 0.94758
-20 132.82 0.0007361 0.14735 25.37 193.49 218.86 25.47 212.96 238.43 0.10456 0.84119 0.94575
-18 144.69 0.0007394 0.13589 27.96 192.05 220.00 28.07 211.60 239.67 0.11473 0.82927 0.94401
-16 157.38 0.0007428 0.12550 30.55 190.60 221.15 30.67 210.23 240.90 0.12486 0.81749 0.94234
-14 170.93 0.0007463 0.11605 33.15 189.14 222.29 33.28 208.84 242.12 0.13493 0.80583 0.94076
-12 185.37 0.0007498 0.10744 35.76 187.66 223.42 35.90 207.44 243.34 0.14497 0.79429 0.93925
-10 200.74 0.0007533 0.099600 38.38 186.18 224.56 38.53 206.02 244.55 0.15496 0.78286 0.93782
-8 217.08 0.0007570 0.092438 41.01 184.69 225.69 41.17 204.59 245.76 0.16491 0.77154 0.93645
-6 234.44 0.0007607 0.085888 43.64 183.18 226.82 43.82 203.14 246.95 0.17482 0.76033 0.93514
-4 252.85 0.0007644 0.079889 46.29 181.66 227.94 46.48 201.66 248.14 0.18469 0.74921 0.93390
-2 272.36 0.0007683 0.074388 48.94 180.12 229.07 49.15 200.17 249.33 0.19452 0.73819 0.93271
0 293.01 0.0007722 0.069335 51.61 178.58 230.18 51.83 198.67 250.50 0.20432 0.72726 0.93158
2 314.84 0.0007761 0.064690 54.28 177.01 231.30 54.53 197.14 251.66 0.21408 0.71641 0.93050
4 337.90 0.0007802 0.060412 56.97 175.44 232.40 57.23 195.58 252.82 0.22381 0.70565 0.92946
6 362.23 0.0007843 0.056469 59.66 173.84 233.51 59.95 194.01 253.96 0.23351 0.69496 0.92847
8 387.88 0.0007886 0.052829 62.37 172.23 234.60 62.68 192.42 255.09 0.24318 0.68435 0.92752
10 414.89 0.0007929 0.049466 65.09 170.61 235.69 65.42 190.80 256.22 0.25282 0.67380 0.92661
12 443.31 0.0007973 0.046354 67.82 168.96 236.78 68.17 189.16 257.33 0.26243 0.66331 0.92574
14 473.19 0.0008018 0.043471 70.56 167.30 237.86 70.94 187.49 258.43 0.27201 0.65289 0.92490
16 504.58 0.0008064 0.040798 73.31 165.62 238.93 73.72 185.80 259.51 0.28157 0.64252 0.92409
18 537.52 0.0008112 0.038317 76.07 163.92 239.99 76.51 184.08 260.59 0.29111 0.63219 0.92330
20 572.07 0.0008160 0.036012 78.85 162.19 241.04 79.32 182.33 261.64 0.30062 0.62192 0.92254
22 608.27 0.0008209 0.033867 81.64 160.45 242.09 82.14 180.55 262.69 0.31012 0.61168 0.92180
24 646.18 0.0008260 0.031869 84.44 158.68 243.13 84.98 178.74 263.72 0.31959 0.60148 0.92107
26 685.84 0.0008312 0.Q30008 87.26 156.89 244.15 87.83 176.90 264.73 0.32905 0.59131 0.92036
28 727.31 0.0008366 0.028271 90.09 155.08 245.17 90.70 175.03 265.73 0.33849 0.58117 0.91967
30 770.64 0.0008421 0.026648 92.93 153.24 246.17 93.58 173.13 266.71 0.34792 0.57105 0.91897
32 815.89 0.0008477 0.025131 95.79 151.37 247.17 96.49 171.19 267.67 0.35734 0.56095 0.91829
34 863.11 0.0008535 0.023712 98.67 149.48 248.15 99.41 169.21 268.61 0.36675 0.55086 0.91760
36 912.35 0.0008595 0.022383 101.56 147.55 249.11 102.34 167.19 269.53 0.37615 0.54077 0.91692
38 963.68 0.0008657 0.021137 104.47 145.60 250.07 105.30 165.13 270.44 0.38554 0.53068 0.91622
40 1017.1 0.0008720 0.019968 107.39 143.61 251.00 108.28 163.03 271.31 0.39493 0.52059 0.91552
42 1072.8 0.0008786 0.018870 110.34 141.59 251.92 111.28 160.89 272.17 0.40432 0.51048 0.91480
44 1130.7 0.0008854 0.Ql 7837 113.30 139.53 252.83 114.30 158.70 273.00 0.41371 0.50036 0.91407
TABLE A-11
Saturated refrigerant-134a-Temperature table (Concluded)
3
r 0e P,a,kPa VJ vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
46 1191.0 0.0008924 0.016866 116.28 137.43 253.71 117.34 156.46 273.80 0.42311 0.49020 0.91331
48 1253.6 0.0008997 0.015951 119.28 135.30 254.58 120.41 154.17 274.57 0.43251 0.48001 0.91252
52 1386.2 0.0009151 0.014276 125.35 130.89 256.24 126.62 149.41 276.03 0.45136 0.45948 0.91084
56 1529.1 0.0009317 0.012782 131.52 126.29 257.81 132.94 144.41 277.35 0.47028 0.43870 0.90898
60 1682.8 0.0009498 0.011434 137.79 121.45 259.23 139.38 139.09 278.47 0.48930 0.41746 0.90676
65 1891.0 0.0009751 0.009959 145.80 115.06 260.86 147.64 132.05 279.69 0.51330 0.39048 0.90379
70 2118.2 0.0010037 0.008650 154.03 108.17 262.20 156.15 124.37 280.52 0.53763 0.36239 0.90002
75 2365.8 0.0010373 0.007486 162.55 100.62 263.17 165.01 115.87 280.88 0.56252 0.33279 0.89531
80 2635.3 0.0010774 0.006439 171.43 92.22 263.66 174.27 106.35 280.63 0.58812 0.30113 0.88925
85 2928.2 0.0011273 0.005484 180.81 82.64 263.45 184.11 95.39 279.51 0.61487 0.26632 0.88120
90 3246.9 0.0011938 0.004591 190.94 71.19 262.13 194.82 82.22 277.04 0.64354 0.22638 0.86991
95 3594.1 0.0012945 0.003713 202.49 56.25 258.73 207.14 64.94 272.08 0.67605 0.17638 0.85243
100 3975.1 0.0015269 0.002657 218.73 29.72 248.46 224.80 34.22 259.02 0.72224 0.09169 0.81393
Source of Data: Tables A-11 through A-13 are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used
in calculations is the R l 34a, which is based on the fundamental equation of state developed by R. Tillner-Roth and H.D. Baehr, "An International Standard Formulation for the
Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for temperatures from 170 K to 455 Kand pressures up to 70 MPa," J. Phys. Chem, Ref Data, Vol. 23, No. 5,
1994. The enthalpy and entropy values of saturated liquid are set to zero at -40 °C (and -40 °F).
TABLE A-12
Saturated refrigerant-134a-Pressure table
Press., Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
P temp., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor,
kPa T,a, oc l)f l/8
uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
60 -36.95 0.0007097 0.31108 3.795 205.34 209.13 3.837 223.96 227.80 0.01633 0.94812 0.96445
70 -33.87 0.0007143 0.26921 7.672 203.23 210.90 7.722 222.02 229.74 0.03264 0.92783 0.96047
80 -31.13 0.0007184 0.23749 11.14 201.33 212.48 11.20 220.27 231.47 0.04707 0.91009 0.95716
90 -28.65 0.0007222 0.21261 14.30 199.60 213.90 14.36 218.67 233.04 0.06003 0.89431 0.95434
100 -26.37 0.0007258 0.19255 17.19 198.01 215.21 17.27 217.19 234.46 0.07182 0.88008 0.95191
120 -22.32 0.0007323 0.16216 22.38 195.15 217.53 22.47 214.52 236.99 0.09269 0.85520 0.94789
140 -18.77 0.0007381 0.14020 26.96 192.60 219.56 27.06 212.13 239.19 0.11080 0.83387 0.94467
160 -15.60 0.0007435 0.12355 31.06 190.31 221.37 31.18 209.96 241.14 0.12686 0.81517 0.94202
180 -12.73 0.0007485 0.11049 34.81 188.20 223.01 34.94 207.95 242.90 0.14131 0.79848 0.93979
200 -10.09 0.0007532 0.099951 38.26 186.25 224.51 38.41 206.09 244.50 0.15449 0.78339 0.93788
240 -5.38 0.0007618 0.083983 44.46 182.71 227.17 44.64 202.68 247.32 0.17786 0.75689 0.93475
280 -1.25 0.0007697 0.072434 49.95 179.54 229.49 50.16 199.61 249.77 0.19822 0.73406 0.93228
320 2.46 0.0007771 0.063681 54.90 176.65 231.55 55.14 196.78 251.93 0.21631 0.71395 0.93026
360 5.82 0.0007840 0.056809 59.42 173.99 233.41 59.70 194.15 253.86 0.23265 0.69591 0.92856
400 8.91 0.0007905 0.051266 63.61 171.49 235.10 63.92 191.68 255.61 0.24757 0.67954 0.92711
450 12.46 0.0007983 0.045677 68.44 168.58 237.03 68.80 188.78 257.58 0.26462 0.66093 0.92555
500 15.71 0.0008058 0.041168 72.92 165.86 238.77 73.32 186.04 259.36 0.28021 0.64399 0.92420
550 18.73 0.0008129 0.037452 77.09 163.29 240.38 77.54 183.44 260.98 0.29460 0.62842 0.92302
600 21.55 0.0008198 0.034335 81.01 160.84 241.86 81.50 180.95 262.46 0.30799 0.61398 0.92196
650 24.20 0.0008265 0.031680 84.72 158.51 243.23 85.26 178.56 263.82 0.32052 0.60048 0.92100
700 26.69 0.0008331 0.029392 88.24 156.27 244.51 88.82 176.26 265.08 0.33232 0.58780 0.92012
750 29.06 0.0008395 0.027398 91.59 154.11 245.70 92.22 174.03 266.25 0.34348 0.57582 0.91930
800 31.31 0.0008457 0.025645 94.80 152.02 246.82 95.48 171.86 267.34 0.35408 0.56445 0.91853
850 33.45 0.0008519 0.024091 97.88 150.00 247.88 98.61 169.75 268.36 0.36417 0.55362 0.91779
900 35.51 0.0008580 0.022703 100.84 148.03 248.88 101.62 167.69 269.31 0.37383 0.54326 0.91709
950 37.48 0.0008640 0.021456 103.70 146.11 249.82 104.52 165.68 270.20 0.38307 0.53333 0.91641
1000 39.37 0.0008700 0.020329 106.47 144.24 250.71 107.34 163.70 271.04 0.39196 0.52378 0.91574
1200 46.29 0.0008935 0.016728 116.72 137.12 253.84 117.79 156.12 273.92 0.42449 0.48870 0.91320
1400 52.40 0.0009167 0.014119 125.96 130.44 256.40 127.25 148.92 276.17 0.45325 0.45742 0.91067
1600 57.88 0.0009400 0.012134 134.45 124.05 258.50 135.96 141.96 277.92 0.47921 0.42881 0.90802
1800 62.87 0.0009639 0.010568 142.36 117.85 260.21 144.09 135.14 279.23 0.50304 0.40213 0.90517
2000 67.45 0.0009887 0.009297 149.81 111.75 261.56 151.78 128.36 280.15 0.52519 0.37684 0.90204
2500 77.54 0.0010567 0.006941 167.02 96.47 263.49 169.66 111.18 280.84 0.57542 0.31701 0.89243
3000 86.16 0.0011410 0.005272 183.09 80.17 263.26 186.51 92.57 279.08 0.62133 0.25759 0.87893
TABLE A-13
Superheated refrigerant-134a
P = 0.06 MPa (T,a, = -36.95 °C) P = 0.10 MPa (T,a, = -26.37 °C) P = 0.14 MPa (T,a, = -18.77 °C)
Sat. 0.31108 209.13 227.80 0.9645 0.19255 215.21 234.46 0.9519 0.14020 219.56 239.19 0.9447
-20 0.33608 220.62 240.78 1.0175 0.19841 219.68 239.52 0.9721
-10 0.35048 227.57 248.60 1.0478 0.20743 226.77 247.51 1.0031 0.14605 225.93 246.37 0.9724
0 0.36476 234.67 256.56 1.0775 0.21630 233.97 255.60 1.0333 0.15263 233.25 254.61 1.0032
10 0.37893 241.94 264.68 1.1067 0.22506 241.32 263.82 1.0628 0.15908 240.68 262.95 1.0331
20 0.39302 249.37 272.95 1.1354 0.23373 248.81 272.18 1.0919 0.16544 248.24 271.40 1.0625
30 0.40705 256.97 281.39 1.1637 0.24233 256.46 280.69 1.1204 0.17172 255.95 279.99 1.0913
40 0.42102 264.73 289.99 1.1916 0.25088 264.27 289.36 1.1485 0.17794 263.80 288.72 1.1196
50 0.43495 272.66 298.75 1.2192 0.25937 272.24 298.17 1.1762 0.18412 271.81 297.59 1.1475
60 0.44883 280.75 307.68 1.2464 0.26783 280.36 307.15 1.2036 0.19025 279.97 306.61 1.1750
70 0.46269 289.01 316.77 1.2732 0.27626 288.65 316.28 1.2306 0.19635 288.29 315.78 1.2021
80 0.47651 297.43 326.02 1.2998 0.28465 297.10 325.57 1.2573 0.20242 296.77 325.11 1.2289
90 0.49032 306.02 335.43 1.3261 0.29303 305.71 335.01 1.2836 0.20847 305.40 334.59 1.2554
100 0.50410 314.76 345.01 1.3521 0.30138 314.48 344.61 1.3097 0.21449 314.19 344.22 1.2815
P = 0.18 MPa (T,a, = -12.73 °C) P = 0.20 MPa (T,a, = -10.09 °C) P = 0.24 MPa (T, a, = -5.38 °C)
Sat. 0.11049 223.01 242.90 0.9398 0.09995 224.51 244.50 0.9379 0.08398 227.17 247.32 0.9348
-10 0.11189 225.04 245.18 0.9485 0.09991 224.57 244.56 0.9381
0 0.11722 232.49 253.59 0.9799 0.10481 232.11 253.07 0.9699 0.08617 231.30 251.98 0.9520
10 0.12240 240.02 262.05 1.0103 0.10955 239.69 261.60 1.0005 0.09026 239.00 260.66 0.9832
20 0.12748 247.66 270.60 1.0400 0.11418 247.36 270.20 1.0304 0.09423 246.76 269.38 1.0134
30 0.13248 255.43 279.27 1.0691 0.11874 255.16 278.91 1.0596 0.09812 254.63 278.17 1.0429
40 0.13741 263.33 288.07 1.0976 0.12322 263.09 287.74 1.0882 0.10193 262.61 287.07 1.0718
50 0.14230 271.38 297.00 1.1257 0.12766 271.16 296.70 1.1164 0.10570 270.73 296.09 1.1002
60 0.14715 279.58 306.07 1.1533 0.13206 279.38 305.79 1.1441 0.10942 278.98 305.24 1.1281
70 0.15196 287.93 315.28 1.1806 0.13641 287.75 315.03 1.1714 0.11310 287.38 314.53 1.1555
80 0.15673 296.43 324.65 1.2075 0.14074 296.27 324.41 1.1984 0.11675 295.93 323.95 1.1826
90 0.16149 305.09 334.16 1.2340 0.14504 304.93 333.94 1.2250 0.12038 304.62 333.51 1.2093
100 0.16622 313.90 343.82 1.2603 0.14933 313.75 343.62 1.2513 0.12398 313.46 343.22 1.2356
P = 0.28 MPa (Tsat = -1.25 °C) P = 0.32 MPa (Tsat = 2.46°C) P = 0.40 MPa (Tsat = 8.91°C)
Sat. 0.07243 229.49 249.77 0.9323 0.06368 231.55 251.93 0.9303 0.051266 235.10 255.61 0.9271
0 0.07282 230.46 250.85 0.9362
10 0.07646 238.29 259.70 0.9681 0.06609 237.56 258.70 0.9545 0.051506 235.99 256.59 0.9306
20 0.07997 246.15 268.54 0.9987 0.06925 245.51 267.67 0.9856 0.054213 244.19 265.88 0.9628
30 0.08338 254.08 277.42 1.0285 0.07231 253.52 276.66 1.0158 0.056796 252.37 275.09 0.9937
40 0.08672 262.12 286.40 1.0577 0.07530 261.62 285.72 1.0452 0.059292 260.60 284.32 1.0237
50 0.09000 270.28 295.48 1.0862 0.07823 269.83 294.87 1.0739 0.061724 268.92 293.61 1.0529
60 0.09324 278.58 304.69 1.1143 0.08111 278.17 304.12 1.1022 0.064104 277.34 302.98 1.0814
70 0.09644 287.01 314.01 1.1419 0.08395 286.64 313.50 1.1299 0.066443 285.88 312.45 1.1095
80 0.09961 295.59 323.48 1.1690 0.08675 295.24 323.00 1.1572 0.068747 294.54 322.04 1.1370
90 0.10275 304.30 333.07 1.1958 0.08953 303.99 332.64 1.1841 0.071023 303.34 331.75 1.1641
100 0.10587 313.17 342.81 1.2223 0.09229 312.87 342.41 1.2106 0.073274 312.28 341.59 1.1908
110 0.10897 322.18 352.69 1.2484 0.09503 321.91 352.31 1.2368 0.075504 321.35 351.55 1.2172
120 0.11205 331.34 362.72 1.2742 0.09775 331.08 362.36 1.2627 0.077717 330.56 361.65 1.2432
130 0.11512 340.65 372.88 1.2998 0.10045 340.41 372.55 1.2883 0.079913 339.92 371.89 1.2689
140 0.11818 350.11 383.20 1.3251 0.10314 349.88 382.89 1.3136 0.082096 349.42 382.26 1.2943
TABLE A-13
Superheated refrigerant-134a (Concluded)
P = 0.50 MPa (T,a, = 15.71 °C) P = 0.60 MPa (T,a, = 21.55 °C) P = 0.70 MPa (T,a, = 26.69 °C)
Sat. 0.041168 238.77 259.36 0.9242 0.034335 241.86 262.46 0.9220 0.029392 244.51 265.08 0.9201
20 0.042115 242.42 263.48 0.9384
30 0.044338 250.86 273.03 0.9704 0.035984 249.24 270.83 0.9500 0.029966 247.49 268.47 0.9314
40 0.046456 259.27 282.50 1.0011 0.037865 257.88 280.60 0.9817 0.031696 256.41 278.59 0.9642
50 0.048499 267.73 291.98 1.0309 0.039659 266.50 290.30 1.0122 0.033322 265.22 288.54 0.9955
60 0.050485 276.27 301.51 1.0600 0.041389 275.17 300.00 1.0417 0.034875 274.03 298.44 1.0257
70 0.052427 284.91 311.12 1.0884 0.043069 283.91 309.75 1.0706 0.036373 282.88 308.34 1.0550
80 0.054331 293.65 320.82 1.1163 0.044710 292.74 319.57 1.0988 0.037829 291.81 318.29 1.0835
90 0.056205 302.52 330.63 1.1436 0.046318 301.69 329.48 1.1265 0.039250 300.84 328.31 1.1115
100 0.058053 311.52 340.55 1.1706 0.047900 310.75 339.49 1.1536 0.040642 309.96 338.41 1.1389
110 0.059880 320.65 350.59 1.1971 0.049458 319.93 349.61 1.1804 0.042010 319.21 348.61 1.1659
120 0.061687 329.91 360.75 1.2233 0.050997 329.24 359.84 1.2068 0.043358 328.57 358.92 1.1925
130 0.063479 339.31 371.05 1.2492 0.052519 338.69 370.20 1.2328 0.044688 338.06 369.34 1.2186
140 0.065256 348.85 381.47 1.2747 0.054027 348.26 380.68 1.2585 0.046004 347.67 379.88 1.2445
150 0.067021 358.52 392.04 1.3000 0.055522 357.98 391.29 1.2838 0.047306 357.42 390.54 1.2700
160 0.068775 368.34 402.73 1.3250 0.057006 367.83 402.03 1.3089 0.048597 367.31 401.32 1.2952
P = 0.80 MPa (T,a, = 31.31°C) P = 0.90 MPa (T,a, = 35.51 °C) P = 1.00 MPa (T,a, = 39.37°C)
Sat. 0.025645 246.82 267.34 0.9185 0.022686 248.82 269.25 0.9169 0.020319 250.71 271.04 0.9157
40 0.027035 254.84 276.46 0.9481 0.023375 253.15 274.19 0.9328 0.020406 251.32 271.73 0.9180
50 0.028547 263.87 286.71 0.9803 0.024809 262.46 284.79 0.9661 0.021796 260.96 282.76 0.9526
60 0.029973 272.85 296.82 1.0111 0.026146 271.62 295.15 0.9977 0.023068 270.33 293.40 0.9851
70 0.031340 281.83 306.90 1.0409 0.027413 280.74 305.41 1.0280 0.024261 279.61 303.87 1.0160
80 0.032659 290.86 316.99 1.0699 0.028630 289.88 315.65 1.0574 0.025398 288.87 314.27 1.0459
90 0.033941 299.97 327.12 1.0982 0.029806 299.08 325.90 1.0861 0.026492 298.17 324.66 1.0749
100 0.035193 309.17 337.32 1.1259 0.030951 308.35 336.21 1.1141 0.027552 307.52 335.08 1.1032
110 0.036420 318.47 347.61 1.1531 0.032068 317.72 346.58 1.1415 0.028584 316.96 345.54 1.1309
120 0.037625 327.89 357.99 1.1798 0.033164 327.19 357.04 1.1684 0.029592 326.49 356.08 1.1580
130 0.038813 337.42 368.47 1.2062 0.034241 336.78 367.59 1.1949 0.030581 336.12 366.70 1.1847
140 0.039985 347.08 379.07 1.2321 0.035302 346.48 378.25 1.2211 0.031554 345.87 377.42 1.2110
150 0.041143 356.86 389.78 1.2577 0.036349 356.30 389.01 1.2468 0.032512 355.73 388.24 1.2369
160 0.042290 366.78 400.61 1.2830 0.037384 366.25 399.89 1.2722 0.033457 365.71 399.17 1.2624
170 0.043427 376.83 411.57 1.3081 0.038408 376.33 410.89 1.2973 0.034392 375.82 410.22 1.2876
180 0.044554 387.01 422.65 1.3328 0.039423 386.54 422.02 1.3221 0.035317 386.06 421.38 1.3125
P = 1.20 MPa (T,a, = 46.29 °C) P = 1.40 MPa (T,a, = 52.40 °C) P = l.60 MPa (T,a, = 57.88°C)
Sat. 0.016728 253.84 273.92 0.9132 0.014119 256.40 276.17 0.9107 0.012134 258.50 277.92 0.9080
50 0.017201 257.64 278.28 0.9268
60 0.018404 267.57 289.66 0.9615 0.015005 264.46 285.47 0.9389 0.012372 260.91 280.71 0.9164
70 0.019502 277.23 300.63 0.9939 0.016060 274.62 297.10 0.9733 0.013430 271.78 293.27 0.9536
80 0.020529 286.77 311.40 1.0249 0.017023 284.51 308.34 1.0056 0.014362 282.11 305.09 0.9875
90 0.021506 296.28 322.09 1.0547 0.017923 294.28 319.37 1.0364 0.015215 292.19 316.53 1.0195
100 0.022442 305.81 332.74 1.0836 0.018778 304.01 330.30 1.0661 0.016014 302.16 327.78 1.0501
110 0.023348 315.40 343.41 1.1119 0.019597 313.76 341.19 1.0949 0.016773 312.09 338.93 1.0795
120 0.024228 325.05 354.12 1.1395 0.020388 323.55 352.09 1.1230 0.017500 322.03 350.03 1.1081
130 0.025086 334.79 364.90 1.1665 0.021155 333.41 363.02 1.1504 0.018201 332.02 361.14 1.1360
140 0.025927 344.63 375.74 1.1931 0.021904 343.34 374.01 1.1773 0.018882 342.06 372.27 1.1633
150 0.026753 354.57 386.68 1.2192 0.022636 353.37 385.07 1.2038 0.019545 352.19 383.46 1.1901
160 0.027566 364.63 397.71 1.2450 0.023355 363.51 396.20 1.2298 0.020194 362.40 394.71 1.2164
170 0.028367 374.80 408.84 1.2704 0.024061 373.75 407.43 1.2554 0.020830 372.71 406.04 1.2422
180 0.029158 385.10 420.09 1.2955 0.024757 384.12 418.78 1.2808 0.021456 383.13 417.46 1.2677
TABLE A-22
Properties of air at 1 atm pressure
Specific Thermal Thermal Dynamic Kinematic Prandtl
Temp. Density heat conductivity diffusivity viscosity viscosity number
T, oc p,kglm3 cP'J/kg-K k,Wlm-K a,m2/s µ,kglm-s v,m2/s Pr
-150 2.866 983 0.Dl171 4.158 X 10-6 8.636 X 10-6 3.013 X 10-6 0.7246
-100 2.038 966 0.01582 8.036 X 10-6 1.189 X 10-5 5.837 X 10-6 0.7263
-50 1.582 999 0.01979 1.252 X 10-5 1.474 X 10-5 9.319 X 10-6 0.7440
-40 1.514 1002 0.02057 1.356 X 10-5 1.527 X 10-5 1.008 X 10-5 0.7436
-30 1.451 1004 0.02134 1.465 X 10-5 1.579 X 10-5 1.087 X 10-5 0.7425
-20 1.394 1005 0.02211 1.578 X 10-5 1.630 X 10-5 1.169 X 10-5 0.7408
-10 1.341 1006 0.02288 1.696 X 10-5 1.680 X 10-5 1.252 X 10-5 0.7387
0 1.292 1006 0.02364 1.818 X 10-5 1.729 X 10-5 1.338 X 10-5 0.7362
5 1.269 1006 0.02401 1.880 X 10-5 1.754 X 10-5 1.382 X 10-5 0.7350
10 1.246 1006 0.02439 1.944 X 10-5 1.778 X 10-5 1.426 X 10-5 0.7336
15 1.225 1007 0.02476 2.009 X 10-5 1.802 X 10-5 1.470 X 10-5 0.7323
20 1.204 1007 0.02514 2.074 X 10-5 1.825 X 10-5 1.516 X 10-5 0.7309
25 1.184 1007 0.02551 2.141 X 10-5 1.849 X 10-5 1.562 X 10-5 0.7296
30 1.164 1007 0.02588 2.208 X 10-5 1.872 X 10-5 1.608 X 10-5 0.7282
35 1.145 1007 0.02625 2.277 X 10-5 1.895 X 10-5 1.655 X 10-5 0.7268
40 1.127 1007 0.02662 2.346 X 10-5 1.918 X 10-5 1.702 X 10-5 0.7255
45 1.109 1007 0.02699 2.416 X 10-5 1.941 X 10-5 1.750 X 10-5 0.7241
50 1.092 1007 0.02735 2.487 X 10-5 1.963 X 10-5 1.798 X 10-5 0.7228
60 1.059 1007 0.02808 2.632 X 10-5 2.008 X 10-5 1.896 X 10-5 0.7202
70 1.028 1007 0.02881 2.780 X 10-5 2.052 X 10-5 1.995 X 10-5 0.7177
80 0.9994 1008 0.02953 2.931 X 10-5 2.096 X 10-5 2.097 X 10-5 0.7154
90 0.9718 1008 0.03024 3.086 X 10-5 2.139 X 10-5 2.201 X 10-5 0.7132
100 0.9458 1009 0.03095 3.243 X 10-5 2.181 X 10-5 2.306 X 10-5 0.7111
120 0.8977 1011 0.03235 3.565 X 10-5 2.264 X 10-5 2.522 X 10-5 0.7073
140 0.8542 1013 0.03374 3.898 X 10-5 2.345 X 10-5 2.745 X 10-5 0.7041
160 0.8148 1016 0.03511 4.241 X 10-5 2.420 X 10-5 2.975 X 10-5 0.7014
180 0.7788 1019 0.03646 4.593 X 10-5 2.504 X 10-5 3.212 X 10-5 0.6992
200 0.7459 1023 0.03779 4.954 X 10-5 2.577 X 10-5 3.455 X 10-5 0.6974
250 0.6746 1033 0.04104 5.890 X 10-5 2.760 X 10-5 4.091 X 10-5 0.6946
300 0.6158 1044 0.04418 6.871 X 10-5 2.934 X 10-5 4.765 X 10-5 0.6935
350 0.5664 1056 0.04721 7.892 X 10-5 3.101 X 10-5 5.475 X 10-5 0.6937
400 0.5243 1069 0.05015 8.951 X 10-5 3.261 X 10-5 6.219 X 10-5 0.6948
450 0.4880 1081 0.05298 1.004 X 10-4 3.415 X 10-5 6.997 X 10-5 0.6965
500 0.4565 1093 0.05572 1.117 X 10-4 3.563 X 10-5 7.806 X 10-5 0.6986
600 0.4042 1115 0.06093 1.352 X 10-4 3.846 X 10-5 9.515 X 10-5 0.7037
700 0.3627 1135 0.06581 1.598 X 10-4 4.111 X 10-5 1.133 X 10-4 0.7092
800 0.3289 1153 0.07037 1.855 X 10-4 4.362 X 10-5 1.326 X 10-4 0.7149
900 0.3008 1169 0.07465 2.122 X 10-4 4.600 X 10-5 1.529 X 10-4 0.7206
1000 0.2772 1184 0.07868 2.398 X 10-4 4.826 X 10-5 1.741 X 10-4 0.7260
1500 0.1990 1234 0.09599 3.908 X 10-4 5.817x10-5 2.922 X 10-4 0.7478
2000 0.1553 1264 0.11113 5.664 X 10-4 6.630 X 10-5 4.270 X 10-4 0.7539
Note: For ideal gases, the properties cP, k, µ, and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties p, v, and a at a pressure P (in atm) other than I atm are determined by multiplying the
values of Pat the given temperature by p and by dividing v and a by P
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Keenan, Chao, Keyes, Gas Tables, Wiley, 1984; and Thermophysical
Properties of Matter. Vol. 3: Thermal Conductivity, Y. S. Touloukian, P. E. Liley, S. C. Saxena, Vol. 11: Viscosity, Y. S. Touloukian, S. C. Saxena, and
P. Hestermans, IFI/Plenun, NY, 1970, ISBN 0-306067020-8.
TABLE A-23
Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure
T, oc p,kglm3 cP,J/kg-K k,Wlm-K a, m2 /s µ,kg/m-s v, m2 /s Pr
Carbon dioxide, CO2
-50 2.4035 746 0.01051 5.860 X 10-6 1.129 X 10- 5 4.699 X 10-6 0.8019
0 1.9635 811 0.01456 9.141 X 10-6 1.375 X 10- 5 7.003 X 10-6 0.7661
50 1.6597 866.6 0.01858 1.291 X 10- 5 1.612 X 10- 5 9.714 X 10-6 0.7520
100 1.4373 914.8 0.02257 1.716 X 10- 5 1.841 X 10- 5 1.281 X 10-5 0.7464
150 1.2675 957.4 0.02652 2.186 X 10- 5 2.063 X 10- 5 1.627 X 10-5 0.7445
200 1.1336 995.2 0.03044 2.698 X 10- 5 2.276 X 10- 5 2.008 X 10-5 0.7442
300 0.9358 1060 0.03814 3.847 X 10- 5 2.682 X 10- 5 2.866 X 10-5 0.7450
400 0.7968 1112 0.04565 5.151 X 10- 5 3.061 X 10- 5 3.842 X 10-5 0.7458
500 0.6937 1156 0.05293 6.600 X 10- 5 3.416 X 10- 5 4.924 X 10-5 0.7460
1000 0.4213 1292 0.08491 1.560 X 10-4 4.898 X 10- 5 1.162 X 10-4 0.7455
1500 0.3025 1356 0.10688 2.606 X 10-4 6.106 X 10- 5 2.019 X 10-4 0.7745
2000 0.2359 1387 0.11522 3.521 X 10-4 7.322 X 10- 5 3.103 X 10-4 0.8815
Carbon monoxide, CO
-50 1.5297 1081 0.01901 1.149 X 10- 5 1.378 X 10- 5 9.012 X 10-6 0.7840
0 1.2497 1048 0.02278 1.739 X 10- 5 1.629 X 10- 5 1.303 X 10-5 0.7499
50 1.0563 1039 0.02641 2.407 X 10- 5 1.863 X 10- 5 1.764 X 10-5 0.7328
100 0.9148 1041 0.02992 3.142 X 10- 5 2.080 X 10- 5 2.274 X 10-5 0.7239
150 0.8067 1049 0.03330 3.936 X 10- 5 2.283 X 10- 5 2.830 X 10-5 0.7191
200 0.7214 1060 0.03656 4.782 X 10- 5 2.472 X 10- 5 3.426 X 10-5 0.7164
300 0.5956 1085 0.04277 6.619 X 10- 5 2.812 X 10- 5 4.722 X 10-5 0.7134
400 0.5071 1111 0.04860 8.628 X 10- 5 3.111 X 10- 5 6.136 X 10-5 0.7111
500 0.4415 1135 0.05412 1.079 X 10-4 3.379 X 10- 5 7.653 X 10-5 0.7087
1000 0.2681 1226 0.07894 2.401 X 10-4 4.557 X 10- 5 1.700 X 10-4 0.7080
1500 0.1925 1279 0.10458 4.246 X 10-4 6.321 X 10- 5 3.284 X 10-4 0.7733
2000 0.1502 1309 0.13833 7.034 X 10-4 9.826 X 10- 5 6.543 X 10-4 0.9302
Methane, CH4
-50 0.8761 2243 0.02367 1.204 X 10- 5 8.564 X 10-6 9.774 X 10-6 0.8116
0 0.7158 2217 0.03042 1.917 X 10- 5 1.028 X 10- 5 1.436 X 10-5 0.7494
50 0.6050 2302 0.03766 2.704 X 10- 5 1.191 X 10- 5 1.969 X 10-5 0.7282
100 0.5240 2443 0.04534 3.543 X 10- 5 1.345 X 10- 5 2.567 X 10-5 0.7247
150 0.4620 2611 0.05344 4.431 X 10- 5 1.491 X 10- 5 3.227 X 10-5 0.7284
200 0.4132 2791 0.06194 5.370 X 10- 5 1.630 X 10- 5 3.944 X 10-5 0.7344
300 0.3411 3158 0.07996 7.422 X 10- 5 1.886 X 10- 5 5.529 X 10-5 0.7450
400 0.2904 3510 0.09918 9.727 X 10- 5 2.119 X 10- 5 7.297 X 10-5 0.7501
500 0.2529 3836 0.11933 1.230 X 10-4 2.334 X 10- 5 9.228 X 10-5 0.7502
1000 0.1536 5042 0.22562 2.914 X 10-4 3.281 X 10- 5 2.136 X 10-4 0.7331
1500 0.1103 5701 0.31857 5.068 X 10-4 4.434 X 10- 5 4.022 X 10-4 0.7936
2000 0.0860 6001 0.36750 7.120 X 10-4 6.360 X 10- 5 7.395 X 10-4 1.0386
Hydrogen, H2
-50 0.11010 12635 0.1404 1.009 X 10-4 7.293 X 10-6 6.624 X 10-5 0.6562
0 0.08995 13920 0.1652 1.319 X 10-4 8.391 X 10-6 9.329 X 10-5 0.7071
50 0.07603 14349 0.1881 1.724 X 10-4 9.427 X 10-6 1.240 X 10-4 0.7191
100 0.06584 14473 0.2095 2.199 X 10-4 1.041 X 10- 5 1.582 X 10-4 0.7196
150 0.05806 14492 0.2296 2.729 X 10-4 1.136 X 10- 5 1.957 X 10-4 0.7174
200 0.05193 14482 0.2486 3.306 X 10-4 1.228 X 10- 5 2.365 X 10-4 0.7155
TABLE A-23
Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure (Concluded)
T, oc p,kglm3 cP,J/kg-K k,Wlm-K a, m 2/s µ,kglm-s v, m 2/s Pr
300 0.04287 14481 0.2843 4.580 X 10-4 1.403 X 10-5 3.274 X 10-4 0.7149
400 0.03650 14540 0.3180 5.992 X 10-4 1.570 X 10-5 4.302 X 10-4 0.7179
500 0.03178 14653 0.3509 7.535 X 10-4 1.730 X 10-5 5.443 X 10-4 0.7224
1000 0.01930 15577 0.5206 1.732 X 10-3 2.455 X 10-5 1.272 X 10-3 0.7345
1500 0.01386 16553 0.6581 2.869 X 10-3 3.099 X 10-5 2.237 X 10-3 0.7795
2000 0.01081 17400 0.5480 2.914 X 10-3 3.690 X 10-5 3.414 X 10-3 1.1717
Nitrogen, N2
-50 1.5299 957.3 0.02001 1.366 X 10-5 1.390 X 10-5 9.091 X 10-6 0.6655
0 1.2498 1035 0.02384 1.843 X 10-5 1.640 X 10-5 1.312 X 10-5 0.7121
50 1.0564 1042 0.02746 2.494 X 10-5 1.874 X 10-5 1.774 X 10-5 0.7114
100 0.9149 1041 0.03090 3.244 X 10-5 2.094 X 10-5 2.289 X 10-5 0.7056
150 0.8068 1043 0.03416 4.058 X 10-5 2.300 X 10-5 2.851 X 10-5 0.7025
200 0.7215 1050 0.03727 4.921 X 10-5 2.494 X 10-5 3.457 X 10-5 0.7025
300 0.5956 1070 0.04309 6.758 X 10-5 2.849 X 10-5 4.783 X 10-5 0.7078
400 0.5072 1095 0.04848 8.727 X 10-5 3.166 X 10-5 6.242 X 10-5 0.7153
500 0.4416 1120 0.05358 1.083 X 10-4 3.451 X 10-5 7.816 X 10-5 0.7215
1000 0.2681 1213 0.07938 2.440 X 10-4 4.594 X 10-5 1.713 X 10-4 0.7022
1500 0.1925 1266 0.11793 4.839 X 10-4 5.562 X 10-5 2.889 X 10-4 0.5969
2000 0.1502 1297 0.18590 9.543 X 10-4 6.426 X 10-5 4.278 X 10-4 0.4483
Oxygen, 02
-50 1.7475 984.4 0.02067 1.201 X 10-5 1.616 X 10-5 9.246 X 10-6 0.7694
0 1.4277 928.7 0.02472 1.865 X 10-5 1.916 X 10-5 1.342 X 10-5 0.7198
50 1.2068 921.7 0.02867 2.577 X 10-5 2.194 X 10-5 1.818 X 10-5 0.7053
100 1.0451 931.8 0.03254 3.342 X 10-5 2.451 X 10-5 2.346 X 10-5 0.7019
150 0.9216 947.6 0.03637 4.164 X 10-5 2.694 X 10-5 2.923 X 10-5 0.7019
200 0.8242 964.7 0.04014 5.048 X 10-5 2.923 X 10-5 3.546 X 10-5 0.7025
300 0.6804 997.1 0.04751 7.003 X 10-5 3.350 X 10-5 4.923 X 10-5 0.7030
400 0.5793 1025 0.05463 9.204 X 10-5 3.744 X 10-5 6.463 X 10-5 0.7023
500 0.5044 1048 0.06148 1.163 X 10-4 4.114x 10-5 8.156 X 10-5 0.7010
1000 0.3063 1121 0.09198 2.678 X 10-4 5.732 X 10-5 1.871 X 10-4 0.6986
1500 0.2199 1165 0.11901 4.643 X 10-4 7.133 X 10-5 3.243 X 10-4 0.6985
2000 0.1716 1201 0.14705 7.139 X 10-4 8.417 X 10-5 4.907 X 10-4 0.6873
Water vapor, H2O
-50 0.9839 1892 0.01353 7.271 X 10-6 7.187 X 10-6 7.305 X 10-6 1.0047
0 0.8038 1874 0.01673 1.110 X 10-5 8.956 X 10-6 1.114 X 10-5 1.0033
50 0.6794 1874 0.02032 1.596 X 10-5 1.078 X 10-5 1.587 X 10-5 0.9944
100 0.5884 1887 0.02429 2.187 X 10-5 1.265 X 10-5 2.150 X 10-5 0.9830
150 0.5189 1908 0.02861 2.890 X 10-5 1.456 X 10-5 2.806 X 10-5 0.9712
200 0.4640 1935 0.03326 3.705 X 10-5 1.650 X 10-5 3.556 X 10-5 0.9599
300 0.3831 1997 0.04345 5.680 X 10-5 2.045 X 10-5 5.340 X 10-5 0.9401
400 0.3262 2066 0.05467 8.114 X 10-5 2.446 X 10-5 7.498 X 10-5 0.9240
500 0.2840 2137 0.06677 1.l00x 10-4 2.847 X 10-5 1.002 X 10-4 0.9108
1000 0.1725 2471 0.13623 3.196 X 10-4 4.762 X 10-5 2.761 X 10-4 0.8639
1500 0.1238 2736 0.21301 6.288 X 10-4 6.411 X 10-5 5.177 X 10-4 0.8233
2000 0.0966 2928 0.29183 1.032 X 10-3 7.808 X 10-5 8.084 X 10-4 0.7833
Note: For ideal gases, the properties cP,k, µ, and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties p, v, and a at a pressure P (in atm) other than I atm are determined by
multiplying the values of P at the given temperature by p and by dividing v and a by P
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.
TABLE A-24
Properties of solid metals
Properties at various temperatures (K),
Properties at 300 K k(W/m-K)/cp(J/kg-K)
Melting
point, p cP k a X 106
Composition K kg/m 3 J/kg-K W/m-K m2/s 100 200 400 600 800 1000
Aluminum:
Pure 933 2702 903 237 97.1 302 237 240 231 218
482 798 949 1033 1146
Alloy 2024-T6 775 2770 875 177 73.0 65 163 186 186
(4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg,
0.6% Mn) 473 787 925 1042
Alloy 195, Cast
(4.5% Cu) 2790 883 168 68.2 174 185
Beryllium 1550 1850 1825 200 59.2 990 301 161 126 106 90.8
203 1114 2191 2604 2823 3018
Bismuth 545 9780 122 7.86 6.59 16.5 9.69 7.04
112 120 127
Boron 2573 2500 1107 27.0 9.76 190 55.5 16.8 10.6 9.60 9.85
128 600 1463 1892 2160 2338
Cadmium 594 8650 231 96.8 48.4 203 99.3 94.7
198 222 242
Chromium 2118 7160 449 93.7 29.1 159 111 90.9 80.7 71.3 65.4
192 384 484 542 581 616
Cobalt 1769 8862 421 99.2 26.6 167 122 85.4 67.4 58.2 52.1
236 379 450 503 550 628
Copper:
Pure 1358 8933 385 401 117 482 413 393 379 366 352
252 356 397 417 433 451
Commercial bronze 1293 8800 420 52 14 42 52 59
(90% Cu, 10% Al) 785 160 545
Phosphor gear bronze 1104 8780 355 54 17 41 65 74
(89% Cu, 11% Sn)
Cartridge brass 1188 8530 380 110 33.9 75 95 137 149
(70% Cu, 30% Zn) 360 395 425
Constantan 1493 8920 384 23 6.71 17 19
(55% Cu, 45% Ni) 237 362
Germanium 1211 5360 322 59.9 34.7 232 96.8 43.2 27.3 19.8 17.4
190 290 337 348 357 375
Gold 1336 19,300 129 317 127 327 323 311 298 284 270
109 124 131 135 140 145
Iridium 2720 22,500 130 147 50.3 172 153 144 138 132 126
90 122 133 138 144 153
Iron:
Pure 1810 7870 447 80.2 23.1 134 94.0 69.5 54.7 43.3 32.8
216 384 490 574 680 975
Armco (99.75% pure) 7870 447 72.7 20.7 95.6 80.6 65.7 53.1 42.2 32.3
215 384 490 574 680 975
Carbon steels:
Plain carbon (Mn<1% 7854 434 60.5 17.7 56.7 48.0 39.2 30.0
Si<0.1%) 487 559 685 1169
AISI 1010 7832 434 63.9 18.8 58.7 48.8 39.2 31.3
487 559 685 1168
Carbon-silicon (Mn<1% 7817 446 51.9 14.9 49.8 44.0 37.4 29.3
0.1% <Si< 0.6%) 501 582 699 971
TABLE A-24
Properties of solid metals (Continued)

Melting
point, p cP
k a X 106
Composition K kg/m3 J/kg-K W/m-K m2/s 100 200 400 600 800 1000
Carbon-manganese-silicon 8131 434 41.0 11.6 42.2 39.7 35.0 27.6
(1%<Mn<1.65% 487 559 685 1090
0.1%<Si<0.6%)
Chromium (low) steels:
½er-¼ Mo-Si (0.18% C, 7822 444 37.7 10.9 38.2 36.7 33.3 26.9
0.65% Cr, 0.23% Mo,
0.6% Si) 492 575 688 969
1 Cr-½ Mo
(0.16% C, 1% Cr, 7858 442 42.3 12.2 42.0 39.1 34.5 27.4
0.54% Mo, 492 575 688 969
0.39% Si) 7836 443 48.9 14.1 46.8 42.1 36.3 28.2
1 Cr-V
(0.2% C, 1.02% Cr,
0.15% V) 492 575 688 969
Stainless steels:
AISI 302 8055 480 15.1 3.91 17.3 20.0 22.8 25.4
512 559 585 606
AISI 304 1670 7900 477 14.9 3.95 9.2 12.6 16.6 19.8 22.6 25.4
272 402 515 557 582 611
AISI 316 8238 468 13.4 3.48 15.2 18.3 21.3 24.2
504 550 576 602
AISI 347 7978 480 14.2 3.71 15.8 18.9 21.9 24.7
513 559 585 606
Lead 601 11,340 129 35.3 24.1 39.7 36.7 34.0 31.4
118 125 132 142
Magnesium 923 1740 1024 156 87.6 169 159 153 149 146
649 934 1074 1170 1267
Molybdenum 2894 10,240 251 138 53.7 179 143 134 126 118 112
141 224 261 275 285 295
Nickel:
Pure 1728 8900 444 90.7 23.0 164 107 80.2 65.6 67.6 71.8
232 383 485 592 530 562
Nichrome 1672 8400 420 12 3.4 14 16 21
(80% Ni, 20% Cr) 480 525 545
Inconel X-750 1665 8510 439 11.7 3.1 8.7 10.3 13.5 17.0 20.5 24.0
(73% Ni, 15% Cr,
6.7% Fe) 372 473 510 546 626
Niobium 2741 8570 265 53.7 23.6 55.2 52.6 55.2 58.2 61.3 64.4
188 249 274 283 292 301
Palladium 1827 12,020 244 71.8 24.5 76.5 71.6 73.6 79.7 86.9 94.2
168 227 251 261 271 281
Platinum: Pure 2045 21,450 133 71.6 25.1 77.5 72.6 71.8 73.2 75.6 78.7
100 125 136 141 146 152
Alloy 60Pt-40Rh 1800 16,630 162 47 17.4 52 59 65 69
(60% Pt, 40% Rh)
Rhenium 3453 21,100 136 47.9 16.7 58.9 51.0 46.1 44.2 44.1 44.6
97 127 139 145 151 156
Rhodium 2236 12,450 243 150 49.6 186 154 146 136 127 121
147 220 253 274 293 311
TABLE A-24
Properties of solid metals (Concluded)
Properties at various temperatures

Properties at 300 K (K), k(W/m · K)/cp (J/kg-K)
Melting
point, p cP k a X 106
Composition K kg/m3 J/kg-K W/m-K m2/s 100 200 400 600 800 1000
Silicon 1685 2330 712 148 89.2 884 264 98.9 61.9 42.4 31.2
259 556 790 867 913 946
Silver 1235 10,500 235 429 174 444 430 425 412 396 379
187 225 239 250 262 277
Tantalum 3269 16,600 140 57.5 24.7 59.2 57.5 57.8 58.6 59.4 60.2
110 133 144 146 149 152
Thorium 2023 11,700 118 54.0 39.1 59.8 54.6 54.5 55.8 56.9 56.9
99 112 124 134 145 156
Tin 505 7310 227 66.6 40.1 85.2 73.3 62.2
188 215 243
Titanium 1953 4500 522 21.9 9.32 30.5 24.5 20.4 19.4 19.7 20.7
300 465 551 591 633 675
Tungsten 3660 19,300 132 174 68.3 208 186 159 137 125 118
87 122 137 142 146 148
Uranium 1406 19,070 116 27.6 12.5 21.7 25.1 29.6 34.0 38.8 43.9
94 108 125 146 176 180
Vanadium 2192 6100 489 30.7 10.3 35.8 31.3 31.3 33.3 35.7 38.2
258 430 515 540 563 597
Zinc 693 7140 389 116 41.8 117 118 111 103
297 367 402 436
Zirconium 2125 6570 278 22.7 12.4 33.2 25.2 21.6 20.7 21.6 23.7
205 264 300 332 342 362
Source: Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed., 1990.
TABLE A-25
Properties of solid nonmetals
Melting p cP k a X 106
Composition point, K kg/m3 J/kg-K W/m-K m2 /s 100 200 400 600 800 1000
Aluminum oxide, 2323 3970 765 46 15.1 450 82 32.4 18.9 13.0 10.5
sapphire 940 1110 1180 1225
Aluminum oxide, 2323 3970 765 36.0 11.9 133 55 26.4 15.8 10.4 7.85
polycrystalline 940 1110 1180 1225
Beryllium oxide 2725 3000 1030 272 88.0 196 111 70 47
1350 1690 1865 1975
Boron 2573 2500 1105 27.6 9.99 190 52.5 18.7 11.3 8.1 6.3
1490 1880 2135 2350
Boron fiber epoxy 590 2080
(30% vol.) composite
k, II to fibers 2.29 2.10 2.23 2.28
k, .L to fibers 0.59 0.37 0.49 0.60
cP 1122 364 757 1431
Carbon,
amorphous 1500 1950 1.60 0.67 1.18 1.89 21.9 2.37 2.53
Diamond, 3500 509 2300 10,000 4000 1540

type Ila 21 194 853
insulator
Graphite, pyrolytic 2273 2210
k, II to layers 1950 4970 3230 1390 892 667 534
k, .L to layers 5.70 16.8 9.23 4.09 2.68 2.01 1.60
cP 709 136 411 992 1406 1650 1793
Graphite fiber 450 1400
epoxy (25%
vol.) composite
k, heat flow II to fibers 11.1 5.7 8.7 13.0
k, heat flow .L to fibers 0.87 0.46 0.68 1.1
cP 935 337 642 1216
Pyroceram, 1623 2600 808 3.98 1.89 5.25 4.78 3.64 3.28 3.08 2.96
Corning 9606 908 1038 1122 1197
Silicon carbide 3100 3160 675 490 230 87
880 1050 1135 1195
Silicon dioxide, 1883 2650
crystalline (quartz)
k, II to c-axis 10.4 39 16.4 7.6 5.0 4.2
k, .L to c-axis 6.21 20.8 9.5 4.70 3.4 3.1
cP 745 885 1075 1250
Silicon dioxide,
polycrystalline 1883 2220 745 1.38 0.834 0.69 1.14 1.51 1.75 2.17 2.87
(fused silica) 905 1040 1105 1155
Silicon nitride 2173 2400 691 16.0 9.65 13.9 11.3 9.88 8.76
578 778 937 1063 1155
Sulfur 392 2070 708 0.206 0.141 0.165 0.185
403 606
Thorium dioxide 3573 9110 235 13 6.1 10.2 6.6 4.7 3.68
255 274 285 295
Titanium dioxide, 2133 4157 710 8.4 2.8 7.01 5.02 8.94 3.46
polycrystalline 805 880 910 930
TABLE A-26
Emissivities of surfaces
(a) Metals
Material Temperature, K Emissivity, e Material Temperature, K Emissivity, e
Aluminum Magnesium, polished 300-500 0.07-0.13
Polished 300-900 0.04-0.06 Mercury 300-400 0.09-0.12
Commercial sheet 400 0.09 Molybdenum
Heavily oxidized 400-800 0.20-0.33 Polished 300-2000 0.05-0.21
Anodized 300 0.8 Oxidized 600-800 0.80-0.82
Bismuth, 350 0.34 Nickel
bright Brass Polished 500-1200 0.07-0.17
Highly polished 500--650 0.03-0.04 Oxidized 450-1000 0.37-0.57
Polished 350 0.09 Platinum, polished 500-1500 0.06-0.18
Dull plate 300--600 0.22 Silver, polished 300-1000 0.02-0.07
Oxidized 450-800 0.6 Stainless steel
Chromium, polished 300-1400 0.08-0.40 Polished 300-1000 0.17-0.30
Copper Lightly oxidized 600-1000 0.30-0.40
Highly polished 300 0.02 Highly oxidized 600-1000 0.70-0.80
Polished 300-500 0.04-0.05 Steel
Commercial sheet 300 0.15 Polished sheet 300-500 0.08-0.14
Oxidized 600-1000 0.5-0.8 Commercial sheet 500-1200 0.20-0.32
Black oxidized 300 0.78 Heavily oxidized 300 0.81
Gold Tin, polished 300 0.05
Highly polished 300-1000 0.03-0.06 Tungsten
Bright foil 300 0.07 Polished 300-2500 0.03-0.29
Iron Filament 3500 0.39
Highly polished 300-500 0.05-0.07 Zinc
Case iron 300 0.44 Polished 300-800 0.02-0.05
Wrought iron 300-500 0.28 Oxidized 300 0.25
Rusted 300 0.61
Oxidized 500-900 0.64-0.78
Lead
Polished 300-500 0.06-0.08
Unoxidized, rough 300 0.43
Oxidized 300 0.63
TABLE A-26
Emissivities of surfaces
(b) Nonmetals (Concluded)
Material Temperature, K Emissivity, e Material Temperature, K Emissivity, e

Alumina 800-1400 0.65-0.45 Paper, white 300 0.90
Aluminum oxide 600-1500 0.69-0.41 Plaster, white 300 0.93
Asbestos 300 0.96 Porcelain, glazed 300 0.92
Asphalt pavement 300 0.85-0.93 Quartz, rough, fused 300 0.93
Brick Rubber
Common 300 0.93-0.96 Hard 300 0.93
Fireclay 1200 0.75 Soft 300 0.86
Carbon filament 2000 0.53 Sand 300 0.90
Cloth 300 0.75-0.90 Silicon carbide 600-1500 0.87-0.85
Concrete Glass 300 0.88-0.94 Skin, human 300 0.95
Snow 273 0.80-0.90
Window 300 0.90--0.95 Soil, earth 300 0.93-0.96
Pyrex 300-1200 0.82-0.62 Soot 300-500 0.95
Pyroceram 300-1500 0.85-0.57 Teflon 300-500 0.85-0.92
Ice 273 0.95-0.99 Water, deep 273-373 0.95-0.96
Magnesium oxide 400-800 0.69-0.55 Wood
Masonry 300 0.80 Beech 300 0.94
Paints Oak 300 0.90
Aluminum 300 0.40--0.50
Black, lacquer, shiny 300 0.88
Oils, all colors 300 0.92-0.96
Red primer 300 0.93
White acrylic 300 0.90
White enamel 300 0.90
Convection heat transfer correlations
Additional forced convection heat transfer correlations for internal flow in smooth
circular tubes.
Footnotes a, b and c of Table 17.5 above apply to all correlations in this table.
Conditions Correlation Restrictions on Applicability
Laminar , thermal entry 0.0668( D / L) Re D Pr

Nu
= D 3.66 +
1 + 0.04 [ ( D / L) Re D Pr ]
2/3
Pr  1 or an unheated starting length, uniform Ts
length
1/ 3 0.14 13
 Re D Pr ( L D )  (µ µs ) ≥ 2, uniform Ts ,
0.14
Laminar , combined entry  Re Pr   µ 
Nu D = 1.86  D   
length  L D   µs  0.48 < Pr < 16, 700 , 0.0044 < ( µ µ s ) < 9.75
Nu D =
( f 8)( Re D − 1000 ) Pr
Turbulent, fully developed 1 + 12.7 ( f 8 )
12
( Pr 23
− 1) 0.5 < Pr < 2000 , 3000 < Re D < 5 ×106 , L D > 10
Turbulent, fully developed f = 0.316 Re −D1/ 4 Re D < 2 ×104
Turbulent, fully developed f = 0.184 Re −D1/ 5 Re D > 2 ×104
Nu D 6
= 1+ 10 < L D < 60
Turbulent, entry length Nu D , fd L D
Turbulent, fully developed, Uniform q′′s , 3600 < Re D < 9.05 ×105 ,
4.82 + 0.0185 ( Re D Pr )
0.827
Nu
= D
liquid metals 102 < Re D Pr < 104
Turbulent, fully developed,

5.0 + 0.025 ( Re D Pr )
0.8
Nu=
D Uniform Ts , Re D Pr > 100
liquid metals
For ideal gas, β = 1/T
Correlations for free convection heat transfer in rectangular cavities
Correlation Notes and restrictions on Applicability
 1708 
•  1708 ( sin (1.8τ ) )1.6
  Ra cos τ 13

•
H L ≥ 12, 0 ≤ τ ≤ τ∗
1 + 1.44 1 −
Nu L =  1 −  +  L 
 − 1
 Ra L cos τ   RaL cos τ   5830   The notation [ ]• implies that if the quantity in
 
brackets is negative, it must be set to zero.
L (τ 90 ) ( sin τ )
Nu L Nu
= =
14
τ∗ ≤ τ ≤ 90
1 +  Nu L (τ =
Nu L = 90 ) − 1 sin τ 90 ≤ τ ≤ 180
Critical angle τ*
H L 1 3 6 12 >12
τ∗ 25° 53° 60° 67° 70°
ε-NTU charts for heat exchangers
ε-NTU charts for heat exchangers (concluded)
In the above charts, c = Cmin / Cmax
TABLE 21-2
Blackbody radiation functions h
J.,T, µm-K f). J.,T, µm-K h

200 0.000000 6200 0.754140
400 0.000000 6400 0.769234
600 0.000000 6600 0.783199
800 0.000016 6800 0.796129
1000 0.000321 7000 0.808109
1200 0.002134 7200 0.819217
1400 0.007790 7400 0.829527
1600 0.019718 7600 0.839102
1800 0.039341 7800 0.848005
2000 0.066728 8000 0.856288
2200 0.100888 8500 0.874608
2400 0.140256 9000 0.890029
2600 0.183120 9500 0.903085
2800 0.227897 10,000 0.914199
3000 0.273232 10,500 0.923710
3200 0.318102 11,000 0.931890
3400 0.361735 11,500 0.939959
3600 0.403607 12,000 0.945098
3800 0.443382 13,000 0.955139
4000 0.480877 14,000 0.962898
4200 0.516014 15,000 0.969981
4400 0.548796 16,000 0.973814
4600 0.579280 18,000 0.980860
4800 0.607559 20,000 0.985602
5000 0.633747 25,000 0.992215
5200 0.658970 30,000 0.995340
5400 0.680360 40,000 0.997967
5600 0.701046 50,000 0.998953
5800 0.720158 75,000 0.999713
6000 0.737818 100,000 0.999905

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Equations, Tables and Charts for

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer (ME322)

Small-stage (polytropic) efficiency

Transient heat transfer

Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy,

P = 4.0 MPa (250.35 C)

Properties at various temperatures (K),

Properties at various temperatures

Diamond, 3500 509 2300 10,000 4000 1540

Material Temperature, K Emissivity, e Material Temperature, K Emissivity, e

Conditions Correlation Restrictions on Applicability

Laminar , thermal entry 0.0668( D / L) Re D Pr

Turbulent, fully developed f = 0.316 Re −D1/ 4 Re D < 2 ×104

Turbulent, fully developed f = 0.184 Re −D1/ 5 Re D > 2 ×104

Turbulent, fully developed,

Correlation Notes and restrictions on Applicability

τ∗ 25° 53° 60° 67° 70°

In the above charts, c = Cmin / Cmax

J.,T, µm-K f). J.,T, µm-K h

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