Virtual Lab and Quiz

Circuit Theory
Assignment -1
Superposition Theorem and Norton’s theorem- DC Source

Submitted by
Name:yuthiswar
Reg. No:
Department:EEE
Year/SEM: IInd year/IIIrd SEM
Theory
Objective: To Verify Thevenin's Theorem.

Its provides a mathematical technique for replacing a given network, as viewed

from two terminals, by a single voltage source with a series resistance. It makes
the solution of complicated networks quite quick and easy. The application of
this extremly useful theorem will be explained with the help of following simple
example.
[Fig 1: Circuit with source \(E\) and Load \(R_L\)]

Suppose, it is required to find current flowing through load resistance R L, as

shown in figure 1.

This expression proceed as under:

1) Remove RL from the circuit terminals A and B and redraw the circuit as shown
in figure 2. Obviously, the terminal have become open circuited.

[Fig 2: Circuit with $R_L$ removed.]

2) Calculate the open circuit Voltages VO.C. which appears across terminals A and
B when they are open .ie. when RL is removed.

As seen, V.O.C.= drop across R2= IR2 where I is the circuit current when A and B is
open.
\begin{align} I & = \frac{E}{r + R_1+R_2} \\ \\ V_{o.c.} & = I*R_1 \\ \\ V_{o.c.}
& = \frac{E*R_2}{r + R_1+R_2} \end{align}
It is also called Thevenin voltage(Vth).

3) Now, imagine the battery to be removed from the circuit, leaving its internal
resistance r behind and redraw the circuit as shown in figure 3.
[Fig 3: Circuit with \(R_L\) and $E$ removed]

When viewed inwards from the terminals A and B, the circuit consists of two
parallel paths: one containing R2 and another containing (R1+r). The equivalent
resistance of the network as viewed from these terminals is given as,
\begin{align} R_{th} & = \frac{(R_1+r)*R_2}{R_1+r+R_2} \end{align
The resistance "Rth" is also called Thevenin equivalent resistance.

Consequently , as viewed from terminals A and B, the whole network (excluding

R1) can be reduced to single source (called thevenin's source) whose e.m.f equal
to VO.C. and whose internal reistance equal to Rth as shown in figure 4.

4) RL is now connected back across terminals A and B from where it was

temporaily removed earlier. Current flowing through R L is given by,
\begin{align} I_{1} & = \frac{V_{th}}{R_{th}+R_L} \end{align}

[Fig 4: Thevenin's equivalent circuit]

Procedure

[Fig 1: Circuit diagram for Experimental set-up for verification of Thevenin's theorem]

1) Keep all the resistance close to their maximum respective values.

2) Close the switch S1 to "aa" and S2 to "cc" positions. Observe the load current (IL) and voltage (VL)
readings. The load resistance

\begin{align} R_{L} & = \frac{V_L}{I_L} \end{align}

3) Remove the load by opening the switch S2 and read the open circuit voltage (or Thevenin equivalent
voltage) Vth.

4) Next, compute the resistance (RTH) of the network as seen from the load terminals,

a) Replace the 220 V source by a short by closing S1 to "bb".

b) Apply 110 V at the output terminals by closing S2 to "dd". Read the voltmeter (V) and ammeter (\
begin{align} R_{th} & = \frac{V}{I} \end{align}

5) Now compute the load current. Applying Thevenin theorem\begin{align} I_{L} & = \frac{V_{th}}{R_{th}
+R_{L}} \end{align}

6) Compare the above computed load current with its observed value in step (2) and verify the theorem.
Test Your Knowledge!!
1. Find I1 and V2 , with (a) the source values as shown , (b) the source
values divided by 2, and (c) the source values multiplied by -2 . Note
the principle of proportionality applies in (b) and (c).

o (a)3A,36V; (b)1A,18V; (c)-4A,-72V

o (a)2A,36V; (b)1A,18V; (c)-4A,-72V
o (a)5A,36V; (b)1A,20V; (c)-4A,-72V
o (a)3A,36V; (b)2A,18V; (c)-4A,-72V
2. Find V and I in the circuit given below.

o 8V, 3A
o 7V, 1A
o 9V, 2.5A
 o 12, 3A
3. In the circuit the current through 5Ω resistor using the principle of
superposition is

o 3A
o 2.5A
o 4A
o 2A
4. Find I in the circuit in figure below

o 1.2A
o 0A
o 2.2A
o 3.2A
5. In the circuit the current through 5Ω resistor using the principle of
superposition
 o 3A
o 5A
o 2A
o 6.5A
6. Find the current through j3Ω inductive reactance using the principle
of Superposition theorem

o 3.896∠19.44° A
o 3.996∠19.44° A
o 4.896∠19.44° A
o 5.897∠19.44° A
7. A resistance of 10 Ω. is connected in series with two resistances
each of 15 Ω. arranged in parallel. What resistance must be shunted
across this parallel combination so that the total current shall be 1.5A
with 20V applied?
o 10.5 Ω
o 13.5 Ω
o 12 Ω
 o 6Ω
8. A voltage of 200V is applied to a tapped resistor of 500 Ω. Find the
resistance between two tapping points connected to a circuit needing
0.1A at 25V. Calculate the total power consumed.
o 89 Ω , 93.5W
o 39 Ω , 63.5W
o 79 Ω , 83.5W
o 49 Ω , 83.5W
9. A current of 20 A flows through two ammeters A and B joined in
series. Across A the P.d. is 0.2 V and across B it is 0.3 V. Find how the
same current will divide between A and B when they are joined in
parallel.
o 12A , 8A
o 13A , 7A
o 15A , 5A
o 8A , 12A
Quiz
Test Your Knowledge!!

1. If I=33∠-13º , find the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit to the left of

terminal x-y in the network of Fig in below.

o 4.545∠58º Ω, 150∠45º V
o 4.545∠48º Ω, 15∠45º V
o 4.75∠58º Ω, 75∠45º V
o 9.545∠58º Ω, 150∠45º V
 2. Find the current in 10 Ω resistor using Thevnin’s Theorem
.

o 9.35∠28.3º A
o 9.35∠58.3º A
o 7.35∠28.3º A
o 7.35∠58.3º A
 3. Find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit of the network.

o Vo.c=(6.5 - sin wt ) V and Rth= 20Ω

o Vo.c=(6.5 - sin wt ) V and Rth= 10Ω
o Vo.c=(8.5 - sin wt ) V and Rth= 15Ω
o Vo.c=(6.5 - cos wt ) V and Rth= 15Ω
 4. Find the Thevenin’s equivalent network. The voltage
source 10∠30º has internal resistance of 1Ω.

o Vo.c=(-18.68-j3.22)V; Zint=2.08∠-180ºΩ
o Vo.c=(-12.37-j7.14)V; Zint=2.08∠-180ºΩ
o Vo.c=(-12.37-j7.14)V; Zint=1.43∠-180ºΩ
 o Vo.c=(-18.68-j3.22)V; Zint=1.43∠-180ºΩ
 5. In the network find the current through the 10Ω resistor
utilizing Thevenin’s Theorem.

o 1.44A
o 3.75A
o 8.3A
o 1.26A
 6. Determine the current through the 5Ω resistor in the
circuit.

o 1A
o 2A
o 4A
o 5A
 7. What is the current in the 10Ω resistor? Use Thevenin’s
Theorem.

o 0.625A
o 2.5A
o 0.315A
o 1.25A