Excavators

Excavators
Definition
• Excavators are capable of digging dipper and more
efficiently than other earth moving equipment.
• They are primarily used to dig below and above the
grade.
• They can also used to trench, lay pipe, and load material.
• With the proper attachment they can also compact soil or
breakup concrete and rock.
Definition
• Excavators are large backhoes used for heavier
construction works.
• They are equipped with a hoe, a boom, dipper arm
(stick) and bucket.
• The operator cab, and engine compartment make up the
upper structure of the excavator. The upper structure is
most often referred to as the revolving unit because it
rests and rotates on a turntable supported by
undercarriage with wheels or tracks.
• The turntable is capable of rotating
360o allowing the operators to dig
facing in one direction and quickly
rotate in any direction to load on
dump truck.
Types of excavators
• Excavators come in a wide variety of size and
capacities ranging from small.
• They are also available in various
configurations including
wheel,
track and
truck mounted equipped with standard straight
hydraulic or telescopic boom
• Depending on control system type
Cable type and
Hydraulic type
Cable controlled type
The movement of shovel is controlled by cable.
Hydraulic type excavator
• For hydraulic type excavator the movement of
hoe and bucket is controlled by hydraulic
pressure.
Advantages of hydraulic excavators include:
• Faster cycle time,
• Higher bucket penetrating force,
• More precise digging, and easier operator

control.
• Many attachments can be made to increase

the versatility of the equipment.
Wheel mounted excavator
• The undercarriage on the wheel mounted excavator can
have two or more wheel axles.
• The tire on the axle provide a great mobility and allow

the excavators to be driven a long distance to and from
job sites on paved roads.
• The wheel mounted excavator can load and unload

hauling trucks, as well as move loads around the job site.
……wheel mounted …
• Wheel mounted excavator can also have a push back blade
attached to the rear of the under carriage. When the blade is
lowered firmly on the ground it provides greater stability.
Track mounted excavator
• Compared to wheels, the track on track
mounted excavator provides greater floatation
and traction in unfavorable condition.
• The tracks provide sufficient stability that
stabilizers and a push back blades are not
needed.
• Unlike the wheel mounted excavators, the
track mounted cannot be driven on paved
roads instead must be transported with trailers
Track mounted………
TYPES OF EARTH EXCAVATION
EQUIPMENTS
1. POWER SHOVEL
2. BACK HOE
3. DRAG LINE
4. CLAM SHELL
Power shovel…..
POWER SHOVEL
• Long-lasting. Basic Parts:
• Excavate all types of  Track System
earth except very hard  Cabin
rock
 Cables
 Rack & Stick
Types:
 Boom Foot Pin
• Wheel mounted (high
speed - firm ground)  Saddle Block
• Crawler mounted (low  Boom Point Sheave
speed - unstable soil)  Bucket
( Size = .375m3 to 5 m3)
Power shovel…..
Power shovel……
OPERATION: Factors Controlling
• Cable controlled & it Output:
makes outward strokes
class of material
while digging.
depth of cutting
Applications: angle of swing
• Close range of work. skill of operator
• Hard materials and rocks. size of hauling units
• Digging in gravel banks, job condition
clay pits, cuts in road
works Etc.
Power shovel…..
BACK HOE
 Also termed as hoe, back shovel and pull shovel.
 Used to excavate below the surface of equipment -
it caves into the ground.
Operation:
 Similar to shovel except it makes inward strokes
while digging.
Application:
 Digging below machine level like trenches,
footings, basements.
 To trim the surface (dressing).
Back hoe…..
Back hoe…..
Back hoe….
Drag line……
Drag line
• Unlike the shovel, it has a long light crane
boom and the bucket is loosely attached to the
boom through cables.
• Because of this construction, a dragline can dig
and dump over larger distances than a shovel
can do.
• Drag lines are useful for digging below its
track level and handling softer materials.
Drag line…..
BASIC PARTS:
* Boom * Hoist cable
* Drag cable * Hoist chain
* Drag chain * Bucket
Drag line …….
APPLICATIONS:
• Dragging softer material and below its track level
• It is very useful for excavating trenches when the

sides are permitted to establish their angle of repose.
• It has long reaches.
• Excavation for canals and depositing on the

embankment without hauling units.
Drag line…..
FACTORS CONTROLLING OUTPUT:
 Type of material
 Depth of cutting
 Size and type of buckets
 Skill of operator
 Size of hauling units & method
 Angle of swing
 Length of crane boom
 Job condition
Drag line….
Clam shell
CLAM SHELL
• This is so named due to resemblance of its bucket to a
clam which is like a shell-fish with hinged double
shell.
• The front end is essentially a crane boom with a
specially designed two bucket loosely attached at the
end through cables as in a drag line.
• The capacity of a clam shell bucket is usually given
in cubic meters.
• The basic parts of clam shell bucket are the closing
line, hoist line, sheaves, brackets, tagline, shell and
hinge.
Clam shell…….
Application:
• Used for handling loose material such as crushed stone,
sand, gravel, coal etc.
• Main feature is vertical lifting of material from one
location to another .
• Mainly used for removing material from coffer dam,
sewer main holes, well foundations etc.
Clam shell….
Clam shell…..
COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF
EQUIPMENT
Major components
The construction of a hydraulic excavator
• A hydraulic excavator comprises several actuators,

such as the cylinders that actuate the boom, arm
and bucket, and motors that are used for
swinging and traveling.
• These actuators are driven by a hydraulic pump to
perform tasks such as digging, trenching, loading,
excavating, etc.
• the hydraulic pump in a conventional hydraulic
excavator supplies the power required for the
maximum load all the time, even when the power
consumed by the actuators is low.
Block diagram of hydraulic excavator
Swing mechanism
• The swing mechanism uses an axial piston
motor, driving a 2-stage planetary reduction
gear bathed in oil for maximum torque.
– Swing bearing: single-row, shear type ball bearing
with induction hardened internal gear
– Internal gear and pinion immersed in lubricant

Track Drive
• Each track is driven by an independent, high-
torque axial piston motor through a planetary
reduction gearbox.
• Two levers / foot pedals guarantee smooth travel
with counter-rotation on demand.
• The track frame protects the travel motor, brake
and planetary gears. The multi-disc track brakes
are spring-applied and hydraulic released.
Operators cab
• The operator cab is the front half of the revolving
unit.
• It is the location of controls, gauges, and monitor
panels.
• Some excavators may have fixed or removable
front and side windows and a roof window that is
helpful in watching out for avoiding wires and
tree branches
Hoe
• The hoe is made of three structural member: the boom,
the dipper arm and the bucket.
• These structural members are hinged to each other, and
the boom is hinged to the revolving unit.
• Movement at each hinge is controlled by hydraulic
cylinder.
• Bucket penetration (break out force) is developed by
the hydraulic cylinders of the boom, stick and bucket.
Boom
• The boom is normally concave towards the ground. A
design that allows space to pull the bucket closer to the
excavators, permits dipper digging with out
interference from the under carriage.
Dipper arm
• The dipper arm is usually one piece, but some models
may hydraulically extend and retract by a telescopic
boom.
• The dipper arm hydraulic crowd cylinder is connected
either on the top or on the bottom of the dipper and
bucket
Bucket
• The bucket can be attached to the bucket mounting in a
varieties of ways.
Controls
• The typical excavators have varieties of travel
pedals, levers and joysticks used to steer,
move the dipper arm in and out, raise and
lower the boom, and load and dump the
bucket
Travel pedals and levers
Contd.
Control joystick
Attachments
• In addition to the standard excavating bucket,

many other types of attachments are used with
excavator.
• These attachments include the hydraulic
breaker and compactor which serves different
purposes.
Hydraulic breaker (jack hammer)
• Hydraulic breaker also called hydraulic
hammer.
• It is used like jack hammer during demolition
or for breaking rocks and thick slabs of
concrete.
Compactor
• After trenches or excavated areas are
backfilled, the compactor attachment is used
to compact the soil to the specified finishing
standards.
Common attachments
Some common attachments include:
• Augers: Drills holes for poles, posts, soil
sampling, and ground improvement
• Jack Hammer: vibratory hammer used to
break up concrete and rock.
• Bucket Ripper: The bucket sides and bottom
are lined with ripper teeth to break up hard soil
or soft rock.
• Thumb Bucket: attached to bucket to provide
a hook capacity .
Specifications
• physical dimensions and weight;
• engine specification;
• chassis, i.e. wheeled or tracked;
• Fuel consumption and running costs.
• Grade-ability
• Maximum and minimum travel speed
• Transmission type
Operating dimensions
– Maximum reach
– Maximum digging depth
– Maximum cutting height
– Minimum swing radius
Thank you!

Excavators

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Excavators

• Higher bucket penetrating force,

• More precise digging, and easier operator

• Many attachments can be made to increase

• The tire on the axle provide a great mobility and allow

• The wheel mounted excavator can load and unload

• Dragging softer material and below its track level

• It is very useful for excavating trenches when the

• It has long reaches.

• Excavation for canals and depositing on the

• A hydraulic excavator comprises several actuators,

– Internal gear and pinion immersed in lubricant

• In addition to the standard excavating bucket,

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