Python for Problem Solving

Python Programming Syllabus

1. Getting Started with Python Programming

• Introduction to Python
o What is Python?
o History of Python
o Key Features of Python
▪ Python is Easy to Learn and Use
▪ High Level Language
▪ Python is Interpreted
▪ Dynamic Typed
▪ Object Oriented
▪ Extensive Library are Available
▪ Open-Source with Huge community Support
▪ Cross Platform
▪ Good Career Opportunities
o What can you do with Python?
o Why Learn Python?
o Limitation of Python
▪ Performance Limitations
▪ Not preferred for Mobile Apps and Front End
▪ Memory Expensive
▪ Lack of Strong Typing
▪ Not Suitable for Game development
o Python Versions
• Syntax
o Indentation in Python
o Python Variables
o Python Identifiers
▪ Rules
o Python keywords
o Comments in Python
o Multiple Line Statements
o Continuation of Statements in Python
o Taking Input from User in Python
• Comments
o Single-Line Comments
o Multi-Line Comments
▪ Using String Literals as Comment
o Best Practice to Write Comments
• Variables
o Declaration and Initialization of Variables
o Redeclaring variables in Python
o Python Assign Values to Multiple Variables
o Assigning different values to multiple variables
o Can We Use the Same Name for Different Types?
 o How does + operator work with variables?
o Can we use + for different Datatypes also?
o Global and Local Python Variables
o Global keyword in Python
▪ Rules of global keyword
o Variable Types in Python
o Object Reference in Python
• Keywords
o List of Keywords in Python
o Getting List of all Python keywords
o Value Keywords: True, False, None Keyword, del
o Operator Keywords: and, or, not, in, is
o Conditional keywords in Python: if, else, elif
o Iteration Keywords: for, while, break, continue, pass in Python
o Exception Handling Keywords
o del Keyword in Python
o Structure Keywords: def, class, return, lambda
o Return Keywords – Return, Yield
o Lambda Keyword in Python
o Context Keywords: With, as Keyword in Python
o as Keyword In Python
o Import and Module: Import, From in Python
o Global and nonlocal keyword uses in Python
o Async Programming: async, await
• Indentation and why is it important
o Why it is and with errors
2. Input/OutputPrint output using print() function

• Python – Print Output using print() function

▪ print() Function Syntax
▪ How print() works in Python?
o Python String Literals
▪ Print Concatenated Strings with +
▪ “end” parameter in print()
▪ “sep” parameter in print()
▪ print() Function with file parameter
o How to Format Output with print() in Python?
▪ Using the format() method
▪ Using f-strings (Python 3.6+)
▪ Using the % operator
• Print without a new line
o Python end parameter in print()
▪ Using sep and end parameter together
• sep parameter in print()
o Python | sep parameter in print()
• Output Formatting
o Output Formatting in Python
▪ Formatting Output using String Modulo Operator(%)
▪ Formatting Output using The Format Method
 ▪ Formatting Output using The String Method
o Python’s Format Conversion Rule
• Taking Input in Python
o input ( prompt )
▪ How the input function works in Python
o raw_input ( prompt )
• Taking Multiple Inputs from Users
o Using input() and split()
o Using List Comprehension (Multiple Inputs in One Line)
o Using map() for Multiple Integer Inputs
o Taking Multiple Inputs in a Loop

3. Python Data Types

• Data Types
o Strings
▪ Creating a String
• Multi-line Strings
• Accessing characters in Python String
o Access string with Negative Indexing
o String Slicing
▪ String Immutability
▪ Deleting a String
▪ Updating a String
▪ Common String Methods
• len()
• upper() and lower()
• strip() and replace()
▪ Concatenating and Repeating Strings
▪ Formatting Strings
• Using f-strings
• Using format()
▪ Using in for String Membership Testing
o Numbers
▪ Python Integer
▪ Python Float
▪ Python Complex
▪ Type Conversion in Python
▪ Random Numbers
▪ Special Numbers in Python
• NaN (Not a Number)
• Infinity and -Infinity
o Boolean
▪ Python Boolean Type
▪ Evaluate Variables and Expressions
• Python bool() Function
 • Integers and Floats as Boolean
▪ Boolean Operators
• Boolean OR Operator
• Boolean And Operator
• Boolean Not Operator
• Python Boolean == (equivalent) and != (not equivalent) Operator
• Python is Operator
• Python in Operator
o Python List
▪ Creating a List
• Using Square Brackets
• Using the list() Constructor
▪ Creating a List with Repeated Elements
▪ Accessing List Elements
▪ Modifying Lists
▪ Adding Elements into List
• append()
• extend()
• insert()
▪ Updating Elements into List
▪ Removing Elements from List
• remove()
• pop()
• del statement
▪ Iterating Over Lists
• Using for Loop
• Using For-Loop and Range() Method
• Using While-Loop
• Using Enumerate()
• Using List Comprehension
• Using Iter and Next Functions
▪ Nested Lists and Multidimensional Lists
o Python Tuples
▪ Creating a Tuple
• Creating a Tuple with Mixed Datatypes.
▪ Python Tuple Operations
• Accessing of Python Tuples
• Concatenation of Tuples
• Slicing of Tuple
• Deleting a Tuple
▪ Built-In Methods
▪ Tuples VS Lists
o Python Sets
▪ Creating a Set in Python
• Creating a Python Set with Another Method
 ▪ Adding Elements to a Set in Python
• Using add() Method
• Using update() Method
▪ Accessing a Set in Python
▪ Removing Elements from the Set in Python
• Using remove() Method or discard() Method
• Using pop() Method
• Using clear() Method
▪ Frozen Sets in Python
▪ Typecasting Objects into Sets
▪ Advantages of Set in Python
• Unique Elements
• Fast Membership Testing
• Mathematical Set Operations
• Mutable
▪ Disadvantages of Sets in Python
• Unordered
• Limited Functionality
• Memory Usage
• Less Commonly Used
▪ Set Methods in Python
o Python Dictionary
▪ How to Create a Dictionary
▪ Accessing Dictionary Items
▪ Adding and Updating Dictionary Items
▪ Removing Dictionary Items
• del
• pop()
• clear()
• popitem()
▪ Iterating Through a Dictionary
• How to Loop Through a Dictionary in Python
o Iterate through Value
o Iterate through keys
o Iterate through both keys and values
o Iterating Python Dictionary Using map() and dict.get
o Iterate Python Dictionary using zip() Function
o Dictionary iteration in Python by unpacking the dictionary
▪ Nested Dictionaries
o Python Arrays
▪ Create an Array in Python
▪ Adding Elements to an Array
▪ Accessing Elements from Array
▪ Removing Elements from Array
▪ Slicing of an Array
▪ Searching Element in an Array
▪ Updating Elements in an Array
 ▪ Different Operations on Python Arrays
• Counting Elements in an Array
• Reversing Elements in an Array
• Extend Element from Array
• Type Casting
o There can be two types of Type Casting in Python
▪ Python Implicit Type Conversion
▪ Python Explicit Type Conversion
• Python Convert Int to Float
• Python Convert Float to Int
• Python Convert int to String
• Python Convert String to float
• Python Convert string to int

4. Python Operators

• Arithmetic Operators
o Addition Operator
o Subtraction Operator
o Multiplication Operator
o Division Operator
o Floor Division Operator
o Modulus Operator
o Exponentiation Operator
o Precedence of Arithmetic Operators in Python
o
• Comparison Operators
o Python Equality Operators a == b
o Inequality Operators a != b
o Greater than Sign a > b
o Less than Sign a < b
o Greater than or Equal to Sign x >= y
o Less than or Equal to Sign x <= y
o Chaining Comparison Operators
• Logical Operators
o Logical Operators in Python
▪ AND, Logical OR, and Logical NOT
▪ Order of Precedence of Logical Operators
▪ How do logical operators differ from bitwise operators in Python?
▪ Can logical operators be used with non-boolean values in Python?
• Bitwise Operators
o Bitwise AND Operator
o Bitwise OR Operator
o Bitwise XOR Operator
o Bitwise NOT Operator
o Bitwise Shift
▪ Bitwise Right Shift
▪ Bitwise Left Shift
 o Bitwise Operator Overloading
o
• Assignment Operators
o Addition Assignment Operator
o Subtraction Assignment Operator
o Multiplication Assignment Operator
o Division Assignment Operator
o Modulus Assignment Operator
o Floor Division Assignment Operator
o Exponentiation Assignment Operator
o Bitwise AND Assignment Operator
o Bitwise OR Assignment Operator
o Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator
o Bitwise Right Shift Assignment Operator
o Bitwise Left Shift Assignment Operator
o Walrus Operator
• Membership & Identity Operators (in, is)
o Python Membership Operators
▪ Python IN Operator
▪ Python NOT IN Operator
o Python Identity Operators
▪ Python IS Operator
▪ Python IS NOT Operator
o Difference between ‘==’ and ‘is’ Operator

5. Python Conditional Statements

• if-else
o if Statement
o if….else Statement
• Nested if Statements
o if…elif…else Statement
• if-elif-else Ladder
o
• if-else on One Line
o Python Shorthandf If Else
o One Liner if elif else Statements
• Ternary Condition
o Python Ternary If Else
o Ternary Operator in Nested If else
o Ternary Operator using Python Tuple
o Ternary Operator using Python Dictionary
o Ternary Operator using Python Lambda
o Ternary Operator with Print Function
o Limitations of Python Ternary Operator
▪ Readability
▪ Potential for Error
▪ Debugging
 ▪ Maintenance and Extensibility
▪ Can’t use assignment statements
• Match Case Statement
o Python Match Case Statement Syntax
o Simple Match Case Statement
o Match Case Statement with OR Operator
o Match Case Statement with Python If Condition
o Match Case with the Sequence Pattern
o Match Case Statement with Python Dictionary
o Match Case Statement with Python Class

6. Python Loops

• for Loop
o How to use the for loop in Python
▪ Python For Loop with String
▪ Python for loop with Range
▪ Python for loop Enumerate
▪ Nested For Loops in Python
▪ Python For Loop Over List
▪ Python For Loop with Dictionary
▪ Python For Loop with Tuple
▪ Python For Loop with Zip()
o Control Statements that can be used with For Loop in Python
▪ Continue in Python For Loop
▪ Break in Python For Loop
▪ For Loop in Python with Pass Statement
▪ For Loops in Python with Else Statement
▪
• while Loop
o Syntax of while loop in Python
o Python While Loop
o Infinite while Loop in Python
o Control Statements in Python with Examples
▪ Python while loop with continue statement
▪ Python while loop with a break statement
▪ Python while loop with a pass statement
▪ While loop with else
▪ Sentinel Controlled Statement
▪ Python while loop with user input
▪ While loop with Boolean values
▪ Python while loop with Python list
▪ Single statement while block
• Loop Control Statements (break, continue, pass)
o Break statement
▪ Syntax of Break Statement
 ▪ Working on Python Break Statement
o Continue statement
▪ Syntax of Continue Statement
▪ Working of Python Continue Statement
o Pass statement
▪ Syntax of Pass Statement
• List Comprehension
o Syntax of list comprehension
o for loop vs. list comprehension
o Conditional statements in list comprehension
• Dictionary Comprehension

7. Python Functions

• Global and Local Scope Variables

o Python Local Variables
▪ Creating local variables in Python
▪ Can a local variable be used outside a function?
o Python Global Variables
▪ Create a global variable in Python
o Why do we use Local and Global variables in Python?
o The global Keyword
o Difference b/w Local Variable Vs. Global Variables
• Use of pass Statement in Functions
o How to write an empty function in Python – pass statement?
• Return Statement
o Returning Multiple Values
▪ Using Tuple
▪ Using a list
▪ Using a Dictionary
o Function returning another function
o What will type() return in Python?
o
• range() Function
o Syntax of Python range() function
o What is the use of the range function in Python
▪ range (stop) takes one argument.
▪ range (start, stop) takes two arguments.
▪ range (start, stop, step) takes three arguments
o Incrementing the Range using a Positive Step
o Python range() using Negative Step
o Python range() with Float Values
• *args and **kwargs
o Special Symbols Used for passing arguments in Python:
▪ *args (Non-Keyword Arguments)
▪ **kwargs (Keyword Arguments)
o Using both *args and **kwargs in Python to call a function
 o Using *args and **kwargs in Python to set values of object
▪ *args receives arguments as a tuple
▪ **kwargs receives arguments as a dictionary
• Python Closures
o Nested functions in Python
▪ What are Python Closures
▪ When and Why to Use Closures
• self as Default Argument
o Why Python Uses 'Self' as Default Argument
o Advantages
▪ Instance Clarity
▪ Attribute Access
▪ Encapsulation Aid
▪ Pythonic Convention
o Example of Using 'Self' As A Default Argument in Python
▪ Example 1: Object Initialization & Method Invocation
▪ Example 2: Circle Class for Area Calculation Example
• Decorators
o First Class Objects
o Properties of first-class functions
▪ Example 1: Treating the functions as objects.
▪ Example 2: Passing the function as an argument
▪ Example 3: Returning functions from another function.
o Decorators
▪ Syntax for Decorator
o What if a function returns something or an argument is passed to the function?
o Chaining Decorators
• map()
o Syntax of the map() function
o Converting map object to a list
o map() with lambda
o Using map() with multiple iterables
o Examples of map() function
o Converting to uppercase
o Extracting first character from strings
o Removing whitespaces from strings
o Calculate fahrenheit from celsius
• filter()
o Filter Function in Python with Lambda
▪ Python filter() Syntax
▪ Python Filter Function with a Custom Function
• reduce() Functions
o Using Operator Functions
▪ reduce() vs accumulate()
• Lambda Functions
o Python Lambda Function Syntax
o Use of Lambda Function in Python
▪ Condition Checking Using Python lambda function
 ▪ Difference Between Lambda functions and def defined function
o Practical Uses of Python lambda function
▪ Python Lambda Function with List Comprehension
▪ Python Lambda Function with if-else
▪ Python Lambda with Multiple Statements
o Using lambda() Function with filter()
▪ Filter out all odd numbers using filter() and lambda function
▪ Filter all people having age more than 18, using lambda and filter() function
o Using lambda() Function with map
▪ Multiply all elements of a list by 2 using lambda and map() function
▪ Transform all elements of a list to upper case using lambda and map() function
o Using lambda() Function with reduce()
▪ A sum of all elements in a list using lambda and reduce() function
▪ Find the maximum element in a list using lambda and reduce() function

8. Access Modifiers in Python : Public, Private and Protected

• Underscore (_) in Python
o Single Underscore
▪ Single Underscore in Interpreter
▪ Single Underscore for ignoring values
▪ Single Underscore after a name
▪ Single Underscore before a name
▪ Single underscore in numeric literals
o Double Underscore
▪ Double underscore before a name
▪ Double underscore before and after a name

8. Python OOPs Concepts

• Python Classes and Objects

o Creating a Python Class
o Object of Python Class
o Declaring Class Objects (Also called instantiating a class)
▪ Self Parameter
▪ Pass Statement
▪ __init__() method
▪ __str__() method
o Class and Instance Variables
▪ Defining instance variables using a constructor
▪ Defining instance variables using the normal method
• Polymorphism
o What is Polymorphism
o Polymorphism with class methods
o Polymorphism with Inheritance
o Polymorphism with a Function and objects
• Inheritance
o Benefits of inheritance are
o Python Inheritance Syntax
 ▪ Creating a Parent Class
▪ Creating a Child Class
o Example of Inheritance in Python
o What is an object class in Python?
▪ Using Object Class Methods
• toString() method
• hashCode() method
• equals(Object obj) method
• finalize() method
• getClass() method
• clone() method
• wait(), notify() notifyAll() methods
▪ Subclassing (Calling constructor of parent class)
▪ The super() Function
▪ Adding Properties
▪ Different types of Python Inheritance
• Single inheritance
• Multiple inheritances
• Multilevel inheritance
• Hierarchical inheritance
• Hybrid inheritance
▪ Private members of the parent class
• Abstract Classes
o Abstract Base Classes in Python
o Working on Python Abstract classes
▪ Implementation of Abstract through Subclass
▪ Concrete Methods in Abstract Base Classes
▪ Abstract Properties in Python
▪ Abstract Class Instantiation
• Encapsulation
o Protected members
o Private members
• Iterators
o __iter__()
o __next__()
o Iterating over built-in iterable using iter() method
▪ Iterable vs Iterator
▪ Iterating on an Iterable
o Getting StopIteration Error while using iterator

9. Python Exception Handling

• Python File Handling

o Advantages of File Handling in Python
▪ Versatility
▪ Flexibility
▪ User – friendly
▪ Cross-platform
 o Disadvantages of File Handling in Python
▪ Error-prone
▪ Security risks
▪ Complexity
▪ Performance
• Working in Read mode
o Reading Files
o Writing/Creating Files
▪ Access Mode
▪ Opening a File
▪ Closing a file
▪ Writing to file
▪ Appending to a file
▪ With statement
• Exception Handling
o Different types of exceptions in python
▪ SyntaxError
▪ TypeError
▪ NameError
▪ IndexError
▪ IndexError
▪ KeyError
▪ ValueError
▪ AttributeError
▪ IOError
▪ ZeroDivisionError
▪ ImportError
o Difference between Syntax Error and Exceptions
o Try and Except Statement – Catching Exceptions
o Catching Specific Exception
o Try with Else Clause
o Finally Keyword in Python
o Raising Exception
o Advantages of Exception Handling
▪ Improved program reliability
▪ Simplified error handling
▪ Cleaner code
▪ Easier debugging
o Disadvantages of Exception Handling
▪ Performance overhead
▪ Increased code complexity
▪ Possible security risks
▪
• User-Defined Exceptions
o Customizing Exception Classes
▪ Example 1: User-Defined class with Multiple Inheritance
▪ Example 2: Deriving Error from Super Class Exception
o How to use standard Exceptions as a base class?
• Built-In Exceptions
 o Base Classes
▪ exception BaseException
▪ exception Exception
▪ exception ArithmeticError
• OverflowError
• ZeroDivisionError
• FloatingPointError
▪ exception BufferError
▪ exception LookupError
• KeyError
• IndexError
▪ Concrete exceptions
• exception AssertionError
• exception AttributeError
• exception EOFError
• exception FloatingPointError
• exception GeneratorExit
• exception ImportError
• exception ModuleNotFoundError
• exception IndexError
• exception KeyError
• exception KeyboardInterrupt
• exception MemoryError
• exception NameError
• exception NotImplementedError
• exception OSError([arg])
• exception OverflowError
• exception RecursionError
• exception ReferenceError
• exception RuntimeError
• exception StopIteration
• exception SyntaxError
• exception SystemExit
• exception TypeError
• exception UnboundLocalError
• exception UnicodeError
• exception ValueError
• exception ZeroDivisionError
• try and except Blocks
o Some of the common Exception Errors are :
o Try Except in Python
o How try() works?
o Else Clause
o Finally Keyword in Python
10. Python Packages or Libraries

• Built-in Modules
• Python DSA Libraries
• Machine Learning Libraries
• Python GUI Libraries
• Web Scraping Packages
• Game Development Packages
• Web Frameworks (Django, Flask)
• Image Processing Libraries (OpenCV, Pillow)

11. Python Collections

• Counters
• Heapq
• Deque
• OrderedDict
• Defaultdict