MODULE 14

SPECIFIC TOPIC IN STS: CLIMATE CHANGE

Suggested Time Allotment: 3 hours
WRITER: CYRA MAE R. SOREDA
OVERVIEW
In this module, students are introduced to the causes and impacts of climate change.
Students then explore these ideas in more depth through a climate change activities, where
students will be examining how climate change impacts their own lives and their communities.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Explain various causes of climate change.
2. Identify local and global impacts of climate change
3. Provide solutions in mitigating the hazards caused by climate change.

VOCABULARY LIST
Climate: The average weather (usually taken over a 30-year time period) for a particular region
and time period; the average pattern of weather for a particular region; climatic elements include
precipitation, temperature, humidity, sunshine, wind velocity, and phenomena, such as fog, frost
and hail storms.
Climate Change: The change in long-term weather patterns; changes can cause warmer or
colder temperatures; annual amounts of rainfall or snowfall can increase or decrease.
Global Warming: Refers to an average increase in the Earth's temperature, which in turn
causes changes in climate; a warmer Earth may lead to changes in rainfall patterns, a rise in
sea level, and a wide range of impacts on plants, wildlife, and humans.
Greenhouse Effect: The effect produced as greenhouse gases allow energy from the sun to
pass through the Earth's atmosphere, but prevent most of the outgoing heat from the surface
and lower atmosphere from escaping into outer space.
Greenhouse Gas: Any gas that absorbs the sun's heat in the atmosphere, including water
vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), halogenated fluorocarbons
(HCFCs), ozone (O3), perfluorinated carbons (PFCs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
LEARNING PLAN

Materials and Media To do for OL/B/FLEX Expected Output

 Course Packet  Problem-based 
Module activities
Completed outputs on
-Pretest, Lesson  Critique Paper 
Activity with the learning activities
questions, Reading  Research Work
Materials, Posttest
-Video Clips (optional) (quiz/formative
 Video watching
-Posttest/Quiz assessment)
- Assignment  Assessment Question

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Answer the Pretest. Submit your answer sheet to your instructor for checking.

If you got a high score, good job! It means that you have already know much about the
topics to be discuss in this module.

If you got low score, take it as a challenge! This means that you will learn more on this
module.

2. This module in Climate Change discusses primarily the causes and impacts of climate
change in the community and possible solutions in mitigating the hazards caused by
climate change. Within the lesson are embedded assessment questions and learning
tasks to evaluate your learnings and share your thoughts regarding the topic. You will
write your answers in the answer sheet provided in this material.

3. Do the learning tasks and activities. Instructions and scoring rubric will be provided in
this module.

4. Accomplish and submit posttest.

PRETEST
Directions: Encircle the letter that corresponds to your best answer.
1. How does the greenhouse effect work?
a. Greenhouse gases reflect the sun's energy, causing it to warm the Earth.
b. Greenhouse gases absorb the sun's energy, slowing or preventing heat from escaping into space.
c. Greenhouse gases directly warm oceans and cause dramatic weather.
d. Oceans absorb greenhouse gases, which cause the Earth's temperature to rise.

2. Which of the following is an example of how climate change could effect agriculture?
a. Increased droughts could reduce the amount of water available for irrigation
b. Too cold to grow certain crops
c. Fewer storms - so more nice weather for planting and harvesting
d. Fewer pests and weeds

3. What is one possible effect on people's health due to climate change?

a. People would become shorter
b. More animals might have diseases like rabies
c. Diseases might spread to new areas
d. Fewer hospitals would be built

4. How does global warming affect sea levels?

a. Ocean animals are taking up more space causing sea levels to rise
b. The heated atmosphere causes glaciers and ice caps to melt causing sea levels to rise
c. It causes them to go down because so much more water is evaporating
d. More water is being used in the industry by people globally

5. The following are human activities that produces greenhouse gases except one.
a. Burning of fossil fuels
b. Livestock
c. Drying
d. Cement Manufacture

6. What do scientists think the effect will be of having more greenhouse gases in our atmosphere?
a. More warming of the atmosphere
b. More cooling of the atmosphere
c. More depletion of the ozone layer
d. Less air in the atmosphere

7. How does the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere affect climate?
a. As carbon dioxide concentrations increase, temperatures increase
b. As carbon dioxide concentration increase, temperatures decrease.
c. Carbon dioxide concentrations have no affect on climate
d. As carbon dioxide concentrations increase, temperatures become more random.

8. Air and water pollution can be reduced by which of the following

a. using fossil fuels in factories
b. using only unleaded gasoline
c. raising more cattle for food
d. increasing biological magnification

9. How are warming ocean temperatures impacting whales, fish, & other marine mammals?
a. They aren’t as hungry because it’s so hot
b. Warmer water makes them sleepy
c. Their migratory patterns are changing
d. Summer seems longer so fish are schooling less

10. How is climate change altering precipitation?

a. Increasing extreme precipitation everywhere
b. Increasing length of droughts everywhere
c. Increase in both wet and dry extremes
d. Climate change doesn’t alter precipitation

11. Why the temperature inside the car is much warmer than the outside temperature when the car that
has been left parked in the sun for a couple of hours?
a. Due to air pollution
b. Due to smog
c. Due to sudden climate change
d. Due to greenhouse effect

12. What do greenhouse gases do?

a. absorb Earth's outgoing infrared photons
b. reflect Earth's incoming infrared photons
c. magnify ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere
d. block the Sun's infrared radiation

13. What is the primary cause of the overall rising trend in CO2 in the atmosphere?
a. The increase in CO2 is caused by burning of fossil fuels
b. CO2 is increasing because we are coming out of an ice age
c. As human population grows, people exhale more CO2
d. CO2 is released by the oceans as they warm

14. This statement is FALSE about the greenhouse effect

a. life on the earth is possible due to the greenhouse effect
b. the greenhouse effect is a natural process that maintains the earth’s temperature
c. increased emission of greenhouse gases is a natural process
d. increased emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases earth’s temperature

15. The main cause of the increase in the amount of CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere over the past 150 years
is
a. increased worldwide primary production.
b. increased worldwide standing crop.
c. an increase in the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere
d. the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels

16. What are the major causes of sea level rise?

I. Melting sea ice III. Melting glaciers and ice sheets
II. Rivers accelerating IV. Seawater expanding as it gets warmer

a. I and III c. III only

b. III and IV d. I and IV

17. What causes ocean acidification?

a. CO2 dissolved in ocean water
b. Warm water
c. Ocean pollution
d. Sediment stirred up by extreme storms
18. How does the rate of today's warming compare to previous episodes of rapid climate change on
Earth?
a. Today's climate warming is about as fast as the temperature swings that have happened in Earth's
past.
b. Past changes in the climate have been faster than the changes we're seeing today.
c. Today, the Earth's climate is changing much faster than it has changed in the past.
d. All of the above

19. These are the evidences for rapid climate change except
a. Temperature Rise
b. Glacial Retreats
c. Population Explosion
d. Ocean Acidification

20. Which of the following choices is NOT evidence for the recent changes in global climate?
a. a single weather event like a tropical storm.
b. coral reefs dying off.
c. extreme events.
d. more and longer heat waves.

21. Global warming can significantly be controlled by _____________

a. Reducing the plastic consumption
b. Reducing water wastage
c. Burning human-generated waste
d. Reducing fossil fuel consumption

22. By cutting down our demand for meat derived from cattle, we can actually contribute to less
greenhouse gas emissions in terms of ____________.
a. Carbon dioxide
b. Nitrous oxide
c. Methane
d. Water vapor

23. How climate change leads to conflicts in vulnerable regions?

a. By shortage of human resources
b. By shortage of food and water
c. By shortage of land resources
d. By shortage of chemical manures

24. This statement is false about the effects of climate change

a. Change will continue through this century and beyond
b. Temperatures will continue to rise
c. More droughts and heat waves
d. Arctic likely to build up ice sheets

25. Other than melting land-based ice sheets, which of these factors has
made the largest contribution to the rise in sea level over the past 100 years?
a. Warming of ocean surface waters
b. Melting sea ice
c. Increased river runoff
d. Increased precipitation

26. Why are forests important for mitigating climate change?

a. Forests serve as a sink in the carbon cycle
b. Trees provide building materials
c. Trees are an important food source
d. Leaves of trees reflect all sunlight away from the Earth

27. Industrialization is the process by which an economy is transformed from agricultural to industrial
society where production of good is its main goal. How does industrial growth affect the stability of the
ecosystem?
a. Industrial growth sacrifice the environment for the increasing number of populations
b. Growth in the industry force the government to invest more on economy than helping the environment
c. Industrial growth results in increased burning of fossil fuels and production of waste and pollution
d. Growth in the industry means taking up too much space for money and economic value

28. Climate change will lead to which of these conditions?

a. Decline in coral reefs
b. Decreased food yield in developed countries
c. Less famine around the world
d. Less respiratory problems in children
WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?

Climate Change is the defining issue of our time and we are at a defining moment. It has
caused serious changes to the planet, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events,
deforestation, disappearance of species, and threatens food production.
Climate change in IPCC usage refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be
identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its
properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. It refers to any
change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity.
This usage differs from that in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC), This usage differs from that in the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC), where climate change refers to a change of climate that is
attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global
atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time
periods. (IPCC, 2018)
What are the causes of climate change?
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) describes the build-up of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere during the 20th century as resulting from the growing use of energy
and expansion of the global economy. According to the WMO, the build-up of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere alters the radiative balance of the atmosphere. The net effect is to
warm the Earth's surface and the lower atmosphere because greenhouse gases absorb some
of the Earth’s outgoing heat radiation and reradiate it back towards the surface known as the
“Greenhouse
Effect.”

How the greenhouse effect impacts the Earth.

Copyright © U.S. Energy Information Administration
 Greenhouse gases occur naturally and allow us to survive on Earth by warming air
near Earth’s surface. Human activities are now increasing the amount of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which leads to changes in climate. These
changes are affecting many human activities, including agriculture.

Certain gases in the atmosphere block heat from escaping. Long-lived gases that remain
semi-permanently in the atmosphere and do not respond physically or chemically to changes in
temperature are described as "forcing" climate change. Gases, such as water vapor, which
respond physically or chemically to changes in temperature are seen as "feedbacks." NASA
defined climate feedbacks as the processes that can either amplify or diminish the effects of
climate forcings. A feedback that increases an initial warming is called a "positive feedback." A
feedback that reduces an initial warming is a "negative feedback."
Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect include:

 WATER VAPOR. The most abundant greenhouse gas, but importantly, it acts as a
positive feedback to the climate. Water vapor increases as the Earth's atmosphere
warms, but so does the possibility of clouds and precipitation, making these some of the
most important feedback mechanisms to the greenhouse effect.

 CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2). A minor but very important component of the atmosphere,
carbon dioxide is released through natural processes such as respiration and volcano
eruptions and through human activities such as deforestation, land use changes, and
burning fossil fuels. Humans have increased atmospheric CO2 concentration by more
than a third since the Industrial Revolution began. This is the most important long-lived
"forcing" of climate change.

 METHANE. A hydrocarbon gas produced both through natural sources and human
activities, including the decomposition of wastes in landfills, agriculture, and especially
rice cultivation, as well as ruminant digestion and manure management associated with
domestic livestock. On a molecule-for-molecule basis, methane is a far more active
greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, but also one which is much less abundant in the
atmosphere.

 NITROUS OXIDE. A powerful greenhouse gas produced by soil cultivation practices,

especially the use of commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion, nitric acid
production, and biomass burning.

 CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCs). Synthetic compounds entirely of industrial origin

used in a number of applications, but now largely regulated in production and release to
the atmosphere by international agreement for their ability to contribute to destruction of
the ozone layer. They are also greenhouse gases.
Photo reference: https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/

A worldwide effort, the Kyoto Protocol, is taking steps to limit the amount of
greenhouses gases being released into the atmosphere by allotting a certain amount of allowed
pollution (or "pollution credits") to every industrialized/developed country (except the U.S. who is
not participating). Companies that have cut back on the amount of greenhouse gases they are
releasing may sell their "pollution credits" to other companies who are over their allowed
amount. For example, if one company is given 10 credits, and they only release 8 credits worth
of greenhouses gases into the air, they can sell the other 2 credits to another company who is
polluting over their limit.
Many scientists and engineers believe that human activity has contributed to global
climate change, and that we can prevent it by limiting our output of greenhouse gases. What
human activities create greenhouse gases? Most of it comes from burning fossil fuels (such as
oil, gas and coal) for energy to light our houses, drive our cars, and manufacture products such
as paper, plastics, computers, skateboards and packaged foods. Everything that we buy
requires some form of energy to create it and then be made available for us to purchase it. Most
of this energy comes from burning fuels such as coal and oil. Burning these fuels releases
greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide. Greenhouse gases are sent into the air every time
a new product is manufactured, and even more greenhouse gases are released into landfills as
these products are thrown away. Landfill gas (LFG), naturally produced by the decomposition of
organic materials in landfills, contains mostly methane and carbon dioxide — both of which are
greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming.

On Earth, human activities are changing the natural greenhouse. Over the last century
the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil has increased the concentration of atmospheric
carbon dioxide (CO2). This happens because the coal or oil burning process combines carbon
with oxygen in the air to make CO2. To a lesser extent, the clearing of land for agriculture,
industry, and other human activities have increased concentrations of greenhouse gases.
 The consequences of changing the natural atmospheric greenhouse are difficult to
predict, but certain effects seem likely to occur

 On average, Earth will become warmer. Some regions may welcome warmer
temperatures, but others may not.
 Warmer conditions will probably lead to more evaporation and precipitation overall, but
individual regions will vary, some becoming wetter and others dryer.
 A stronger greenhouse effect will warm the oceans and partially melt glaciers and other
ice, increasing sea level. Ocean water also will expand if it warms, contributing further to
sea level rise.
 Meanwhile, some crops and other plants may respond favorably to increased
atmospheric CO2, growing more vigorously, and using water more efficiently. At the
same time, higher temperatures and shifting climate patterns may change the areas
where crops grow best and affect the makeup of natural plant communities.

THINK ABOUT THESE

1. What is greenhouse effect?
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2. Is greenhouse effect a good thing or not?
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3. When does greenhouse effect start to harm the environment?
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Impacts on Society
The US Global Change Research Program have reported the impacts of climate change
in the society that has been affecting many people in far-reaching ways. Impacts related to
climate change are evident across regions and in many sectors important to society—such as
human health, agriculture and food security, water supply, transportation, energy, ecosystems,
and others—and are expected to become increasingly disruptive throughout this century and
beyond.
Climate change affects human health and wellbeing through more extreme
weather events and wildfires, decreased air quality, and diseases transmitted by insects, food,
and water. Climate disruptions to agriculture have been increasing and are projected to become
more severe over this century, a trend that would diminish the security of America’s food supply.
Surface and groundwater supplies in some regions are already stressed, and water quality is
diminishing in many areas, in part due to increasing sediment and contaminant concentrations
after heavy downpours.
In some regions, prolonged periods of high temperatures associated with droughts
contribute to conditions that lead to larger wildfires and longer fire seasons. For coastal
communities, sea level rise, combined with coastal storms, has increased the risk of
erosion, storm surge damage, and flooding. Extreme heat, sea level rise, and heavy downpours
are affecting infrastructure like roads, rail lines, airports, port facilities, energy infrastructure, and
military bases.
The capacity of ecosystems like forests, barrier beaches, and wetlands to buffer the
impacts of extreme events like fires, floods, and severe storms is being overwhelmed. The rising
temperature and changing chemistry of ocean water is combining with other stresses, such as
overfishing and pollution, to alter marine-based food production and harm fishing communities.
Some climate changes currently have beneficial effects for specific sectors or regions.
For example, current benefits of warming include longer growing seasons for agriculture and
longer ice-free seasons for shipping on the Great Lakes. At the same time, however, longer
growing seasons, along with higher temperatures and carbon dioxide levels, can increase pollen
production, intensifying and lengthening the allergy season. Longer ice-free periods on the
Great Lakes can result in more lake-effect snowfalls.
Today, these and other aspects of climate change are having increasingly complex and
important impacts on many country’s economy and quality of life.

Responding to Climate Change

NASA stated that despite of the increasing awareness of climate change, our emissions
of greenhouse gases continue on a relentless rise. In 2013, the daily level of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere surpassed 400 parts per million for the first time in human history. The last time
levels were that high was about three to five million years ago, during the Pliocene Epoch.
Because we are already committed to some level of climate change, responding to
climate change involves a two-pronged approach:

 Reducing emissions of and stabilizing the levels of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in

the atmosphere (“mitigation”);
 Adapting to the climate change already in the pipeline (“adaptation”).

Mitigation – reducing climate change – involves reducing the flow of heat-trapping greenhouse
gases into the atmosphere, either by reducing sources of these gases (for example, the burning
of fossil fuels for electricity, heat or transport) or enhancing the “sinks” that accumulate and
store these gases (such as the oceans, forests and soil). The goal of mitigation is to avoid
significant human interference with the climate system, and “stabilize greenhouse gas levels in
a timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, ensure that
food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a
sustainable manner” (from the 2014 report on Mitigation of Climate Change from the United
Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, page 4).

Adaptation – adapting to life in a changing climate – involves adjusting to actual or expected

future climate. The goal is to reduce our vulnerability to the harmful effects of climate change
(like sea-level encroachment, more intense extreme weather events or food insecurity). It also
encompasses making the most of any potential beneficial opportunities associated with climate
change (for example, longer growing seasons or increased yields in some regions).

While climate change is a global issue, it is felt on a local scale. Cities and municipalities
are therefore at the frontline of adaptation. In the absence of national or international climate
policy direction, cities and local communities around the world have been focusing on solving
their own climate problems. They are working to build flood defenses, plan for heatwaves and
higher temperatures, install water-permeable pavements to better deal with floods and
stormwater and improve water storage and use.
According to the 2014 report on Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability (page 8) from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
governments at various levels are also getting better at adaptation. Climate change is starting to
be factored into a variety of development plans: how to manage the increasingly extreme
disasters we are seeing and their associated risks, how to protect coastlines and deal with sea-
level encroachment, how to best manage land and forests, how to deal with and plan for
reduced water availability, how to develop resilient crop varieties and how to protect energy and
public infrastructure.

ACTIVITY GUIDE:

Watch LOREN LEGARDA: BUHOS, A Climate Change Documentary,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ESW_S8ZHS80
LEARNING TASK 1: MAKING PREDICTIONS
With an understanding of the greenhouse effect and global climate change, you can now
make predictions about the potential impact of global warming.

1. Hypothesize about how the world's climate could change over the next 100 years if
humans do nothing to limit the levels of their greenhouse gas emissions. Make
predictions about the effects such climate changes could have on humans.
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2. Think of ways you can do to cut down the amount of greenhouse gases that you are
contributing to the atmosphere.
LEARNING TASK 2: TELL ME A STORY.
Research/Interview specific climatic phenomenon such as typhoons, extreme wind
events, tidal waves and floods, sea level rises, heat waves and drought in the Philippines.
Collect and collate evidences of those events, narrate the scenario, and discuss how it is
interrelated to global climate change problem.

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LEARNING TASK 3- CASE STUDY ANALYSIS: LEAD THE CHANGE

OBJECTIVES

1. Conduct a case study analysis in a local coastal barangay on how their lives are affected by the
climate change.
2. Propose solutions on mitigating and adapting the hazards caused by climate change.

PROCEDURE
1. Create groups with 8 members.
2. Analyze the problem scenario in a local coastal barangay or local community on how their
lives are affected by the climate change.
3. Prepare the case analysis by following the guidelines provided below to help you prepare and
understand the case study.
4. Once you have gathered the necessary information, each group will draft the case.
5. Follow the format provided in the activity sheet in drafting the case.
6. Final output will be submitted thru your online learning platform.
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
PROBLEM SCENARIO
Climate change poses complex challenges for coastal communities. This is true for our
coastal areas in the Province of Sorsogon. The impacts are likely to affect all coastal
communities to varying degrees. Some of these impacts will have slow onset and responses
may be planned over generations, while others will have rapid onset and require immediate
response. From this global issue on climate change, develop an action plan in mitigating and
adapting the hazards caused by climate change in your community.
Guidelines:
PREPARING THE CASE
Before you begin writing, follow these guidelines to help you prepare and understand the
case study. You have to answer these guidelines.

1. Explore the issues related to the problem.

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2. List what your team knows about the problem.
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3. Develop and write out the problem statement in your own words.
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4. List all possible solutions to the problem.

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5. List actions to be taken with a timeline.

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6. List what your team needs to know to solve the problem.

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7. Write your team’s report with the solution to the problem that includes supporting documents.
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DRAFTING THE CASE
Once you have gathered the necessary information, a draft of your analysis should include
these parts.

Introduction
• Identify the key problems and issues in the case study.
• Formulate and include a thesis statement, summarizing the outcome of your analysis in 1–2
sentences.

Background
• Set the scene: background information, relevant facts, and the most important issues.
• Demonstrate that you have researched the problems in this case study.

Evaluation of the Case

• Outline the various pieces of the case study that you are focusing on.
• Evaluate these pieces by discussing what is working and what is not working.
• State why these parts of the case study are or are not working well.

Proposed Solution/Changes
• Provide specific and realistic solution(s) or changes needed.
• Explain why this solution was chosen.
• Support this solution with solid evidence, such as:
-concepts from class (text, readings, articles, literatures)
-similar researches
- personal experience (anecdotes, interview)

Recommendations
• Determine and discuss specific strategies for accomplishing the proposed solution.
• If applicable, recommend further action to resolve some of the issues.
• What should be done and who should do it?

FORMAT

Paper size- Letter (short bond paper)

Font style- Arial
Font size- 11 pt
Margin- 1 inch all over
Single-spaced
POSTTEST

Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. What are the 5 greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming? Give example of its
sources.
2. What are the 9 compelling evidences that indicates climate change? Describe each event.
3. What are the global effects of climate change?
4. What are the observable effects of climate change in the Philippines?
5. What adaptive measures are implemented in mitigating the effects of climate change?

REFERENCES
BOOK

Sefarica, J.P.J., et. al. 2017. Science, Technology, and Society. First Edition. Rex Book
Store, Inc. (RBSI), 856 Nicanor Reyes Sr., Sampaloc, Manila/Tel.

ONLINE:
Ashford University. (2019). Writing a Case Study Analysis.
https://writingcenter.ashford.edu/writing-case-study-analysis

IPCC, 2018: Annex I: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R. (ed.)]. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC
Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related
global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response
to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate
poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A.
Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X.
Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press
NASA Global Climate Change. Responding to Climate Change.
https://climate.nasa.gov/solutions/adaptation-mitigation/
NASA Global Climate Change. (n.d.) Climate Change: How Do We Know?
https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/
NASA Global Climate Change. (n.d.) The Causes of Climate Change.
https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/
NASA Global Climate Change. (n.d.) The Effects of Climate Change.
https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/
Legarda Loren. (2001 August 17).LOREN LEGARDA: BUHOS, A Climate Change Documentary
Full. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ESW_S8ZHS80
Regents of the University of Colorado. (2009). Global Climate Change. Teach Engineering
STEM Curriculum for K-12. Engineering University of Colorado Boulder.
https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/cub_weather_lesson06
UNITED NATIONS (n.d.). Climate Change. https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-
depth/climate-change/
US Global Change Research Program. (n.d). Climate Change: Impacts on Society.
https://www.globalchange.gov/climate-change/impacts-society
PRETEST ANSWER KEY
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. B
9. C
10. A
11. D
12. A
13. A
14. C
15. D
16. B
17. A
18. C
19. C
20. A
21. D
22. C
23. B
24. D
25. A
26. A
27. C
28. A