Date: November 13, 2020, Friday NAME:.....................................................

14:30–16:30 (120 minutes)

STUDENT NO:.........................................

Math 202 Complex Analysis - Midterm 1

1 2 3 4 5 TOTAL

20 20 20 20 20 100
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NAME: STUDENT NO: DEPARTMENT:

Q-1) (a) Evaluate:

2
i5 + 2 (1 + i)8

; √ .
i19 + 1 (1 − i 3)6
(b) Find all complex solutions to z 6 = 64 (use the rectangular form).

Solution: (a) This one is straightforward:

2 2  2
i5 + 2
 
2+i (2 + i)(1 + i) 1 3
= = = (1 + 3i)2 = −2 + i ;
i19 + 1 1−i 2 4 2
√ 8 −6
(1 + i)8
     
π π  π  π 1
√ = 2 cos + i sin 2 cos − + i sin − = .
(1 − i 3)6 4 4 3 3 4

(b) We have

z 6 − 64 = (z 3 − 8)(z 3 + 8) = (z − 2)(z 2 + 2z + 4)(z + 2)(z 2 − 2z + 4) = 0;

√
hence, the solutions are z = ±2 and ±1 ± i 3 : the four latter are the roots of the two quadratic
equations z 2 ± 2z + 4 = 0.
NAME: STUDENT NO: DEPARTMENT:

Q-2) Draw the following subsets of C; determine whether they are open, closed, both, or neither:
(a) |z| > 1 − Re z;
(b) Re z 4 > Im z 4 .
p
Solution: (a) Let z = x + iy and spell out the inequality: x2 + y 2 > 1 − x. Note that it holds
automatically for x > 1 (you have to mention this fact for full credit!); otherwise, both sides are
nonnegative and we can square: x2 + y 2 > x2 + 1 − 2x, or 2x > 1 − y 2 . It happens that this inequality
covers the previous case; finally, the region is

to the right from the “horizontal” parabola 2x = 1 − y 2 , including the parabola itself .

The set is closed , as the pull-back of the closed set [0, ∞) ⊂ R under the continuous function
C → R, z 7→ |z| + Re z − 1.

(b) Let w := z 4 = u + iv. Then Re w > Im w is equivalent to u > v: this is a straight angle which
can be written as −3π/4 < arg w < π/4 or, for our purposes, −3π/4 + 2πk < arg w < π/4 + 2πk,
k = 0, 1, 2, 3. The passage from w back to z divides the argument by 4, and we obtain the union of
four angles
3π πk π πk
− + < arg z < + , k = 0, 1, 2, 3 .
16 2 16 2
In other words, this is the union of the four copies of the angle 0 < arg z < π/4, turned by −3π/12
and by πk/2, k = 0, 1, 2, 3. It looks like a sort of infinite “propeller”, or infinite Maltese cross.

The set is open , as the pull-back of the open set (0, ∞) ⊂ R under the continuous function C → R,
z 7→ Re z − Im z.
NAME: STUDENT NO: DEPARTMENT:

Q-3) Let ξ 6= 1 be an n-th root of 1, i.e., a root of z n − 1 = 0. Prove that

n
1 + 2ξ + 3ξ 2 + . . . + nξ n−1 = .
ξ−1

Solution: Since ξ 6= 1, it is a root of the polynomial

zn − 1
P (z) := = 1 + z + z 2 + . . . + z n−1 ,
z−1
and the left hand side is the value at z = ξ of the derivative of zP (z). We have (Calculus 101):
 n 0
z(z − 1) (z n − 1)(z − 1) + z · nz n−1 (z − 1) − z(z n − 1) nz n zn − 1
= = − .
z−1 (z − 1)2 z − 1 (z − 1)2

Substituting z = ξ and taking into account that ξ n = 1, we arrive at the right hand side.
NAME: STUDENT NO: DEPARTMENT:

Q-4) (a) Define the exponential function via

∞
z
X zn
e := , z ∈ C.
n=0
n!

Find the radius of convergence of the series. Prove that ez ew = ez+w .

(b) On the domain U := {z ∈ C r 0 | − π < arg z < π}, define ln z := ln|z| + i arg z. Find the
power series expansion of this function about c := i − 1. Find and draw its disk of convergence
(against the domain U ). (Hint: use Calculus 101; assume that all known “formulas” hold over C.)
Solution: For the radius of convergence, we go back to Calculus 101. By the ratio test,

z n+1
 n
z |z|
lim = lim =0
n→∞ (n + 1)! n! n→∞ n + 1

for any fixed z. Hence, the series is absolutely convergent for any z, or, in other words, its radius of
convergence is ∞.

For the second question, we multiply two power series:

∞
! ∞
! ∞ n
!
X zn X wn def
X X z k wn−k
ez ew = ==
n=0
n! n=0
n! n=0 k=0
k! (n − k)!
∞ n  
! ∞
X 1 X n k n−k X (z + w)n
= z w = = ez+w .
n=0
n! k=0
k n=0
n!

(b) We have
∞
(z − c)n
 
z−c 1 3πi X
ln z = ln(c + (z − c)) = ln c + ln 1 + = ln 2 + + (−1)n+1 .
c 2 2 n=1
cn

The disk of convergence is

z−c √
< 1, or |z − c| < 2.
c
Observe that it sticks out of U !
NAME: STUDENT NO: DEPARTMENT:

Q-5) Let rn : [α, β] → R2 be a sequence of smooth parametrized curves converging uniformly to a

smooth parametrized curve r : [α, β] → R, i.e., we have
R maxt |rn (t) −R r(t)| → 0 as n → ∞. Let
2
f : R → R be a continuous function. True or false: rn f (x, y) ds → r f (x, y) ds ?

Solution: The statement is false. Intuitively, the formula for evaluating the integral contains both
functions rn themselves and there derivatives, and we do not know anything about R the convergence
of the derivatives. For a particular counterexample, consider f (x, y) ≡ 1, so that C ds = length(C),
and let
1
rn (t) = ti + sin(n2 t)j ⇒ r(t) = ti, t ∈ [0, 2π].
n
The length of the limit curve (straight line segment) is 2π, whereas
1 2
length(rn ) > 4 · · n = 4n −→ ∞.
n
(I would not dare to compute the integral, but a simple lower bound l > 4A on the length of the sign
curve y = A sin kx over one whole period would do!)