UNIT 5 : COMMUNICATION AND NETWORK CONCEPTS

Network
The collection of interconnected computers is called a computer network. Two computers are said to be
interconnected if they are capable of sharing and exchanging information.
NEED OF COMPUTER NETWORK
Resource Sharing means to make all programs, data and peripherals available to anyone on the network irrespective
of the physical location of the resources and the user.
Reliability means to keep the copy of a file on two or more different machines, so if one of them is unavailable
(due to some hardware crash or any other) them its other copy can be used.
Cost factor means it greatly reduces the cost since the resources can be shared
Communication Medium means one can send messages and whatever the changes at one end are done can be
immediately noticed at another.

Evolution of Networking
ARPANET:In 1969, The US govt. formed an agency named ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency
NETwork) to connect computers at various universities and defense agencies.
In the mid 80’s another federal agency NSFNET (National science federation Network) created a new network which
was more efficient than ARPANET. The main objective as only for academic research purpose. Later, many private
companies combined their network with APRANET and NSFNET to more capable broader network called internet.

Interspace:InterSpace is a client/server software program that allows multiple users to communicate online with
real - time audio, video and text chat in dynamic 3D environments.

DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGIES

Data channel :- The information / data carry from one end to another in the network by channel.
Baud & bits per second (bps) :- It's used to measurement for the information carry of a
communication channel.
Measurement Units :- bit
1 Byte= 8 bits
1 KBPS ( Kilo Byte Per Second)= 1024 Bytes
1 Kbps (kilobits Per Second) = 1024 bits
1 Mbps ( Mega bits Per Second )=1024 Kbps
(if B is written it is byte and if b is written it is bit)
Bandwidth :- It is amount of information transmitted or receives per unit time. The measuring unit is in Hertz
where
1000Hz=1 Kilo Hertz (KHz) and 1000 KHz=1 Mega Hertz (1 MHz)
Node:- (Workstation)- The term node refers to client computers that are attached to a network and seeking
to share resources.
Server- A computer that facilitates the sharing of data , software and hardware in the network.
NIU(Network interface unit):- A network interface unit is an interpreter that helps in establishing
communication between the server and node.

MAC address:- (Media Access Control Address) Each NIU has 12 digit physical address known as MAC
address. It is 12 digit hexadecimal address (i.e. 0 to 9 and A to F digits) . The first half is manufacture ID
and second half is serial number assigned to the adaptor. Example is
MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS
00:AO:C9:18:C5:38
 IP address :- (Internet Protocol address ) :- Every machine on TCP/IP network has a unique identifying
number called an IP address. It helps in uniquely Identifying a computer on the network. It is 4 digit
hexadecimal number (4 byte) or you can say it is 32 bit address. Each digit can be formed from number 0 to
255. Example is 192.168.1.1

Component of Data Communication:

1. Sender :- A device or computer that send the data.
2. Receiver:- A device or computer that receive the data
3. Message:- Message is the information to be communicated. It may be text, images or videos
4. Transmission medium :- It is a physical medium through which data transferred from send to
receiver
5. Protocol:- A set of rules that govern the data transmission from sender to receiver.

SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
Switching techniques are used for transmitting data across networks. It can be of in the form of call or messages.
Different types are :

1. Circuit Switching: In the Circuit Switching technique, first, the complete end-to-end transmission path between
the source and the destination computers is established and then the message is transmitted through the path. The
main advantage of this technique is guaranteed delivery of the message. Mostly used for voice communication.

2. Message Switching: In the Message switching technique, no physical path is established between sender and
receiver in advance. This technique follows the store and forward mechanism. Here sender send the data to
switching office first, it store the data in buffer and check for available link, then this data will be transmitted to
another switching office. This Process continue till the data received at destination

3. Packet Switching: In this switching technique fixed size of packet can be transmitted across the network. Each
packet has a source address as well as destination address
Comparison between the Various Circuit Message Packet
Switching Techniques: Criteria Switching Switching Switching
Path established in advance Yes No No
Store and forward technique No Yes Yes
Message follows multiple routes No Yes Yes
Transmission media: Communication media is also known as transmission media. It can be divided into two
categories.
Guided Media: The media that uses wires for data transmission – Twisted pair cable, co-axial cable, Optical fiber
Unguided Media: Wireless medium of data transmission is known as unguided media. – Infrared, Radio wave,
microwave, satellite

1. Twisted pair cable: - It consists of two identical 1 mm thick copper wires insulated and twisted together. The
twisted pair cables are twisted in order to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction.
Advantages:
(i) It is easy to install and maintain.
(ii) It is very inexpensive
Disadvantages:
(i) It is incapable to carry a signal over long distances without the use of repeaters.
(ii) Due to low bandwidth, these are unsuitable for broadband applications.
2. Co-axial Cables: It consists of a solid wire core surrounded by one or more foil or braided wire shields, each
separated from the
other by some kind of plastic insulator. It is mostly used in the cable wires.
Advantages:
(i) Data transmission rate is better than twisted pair cables.
(ii) It provides a cheap means of transporting multi-channel
television signals around metropolitan areas.
Disadvantages:
(i) Expensive than twisted pair cables.
(ii) Difficult to manage and reconfigure.
3. Optical fiber: - An optical fiber consists of thin glass fibers that can carry information in the form of visible light.
Advantages:
(i) Transmit data over long distance with high security.
(ii) Data transmission speed is high
(iii) Provide better noise immunity (iv) Bandwidth is up to 10 Gbps.
Disadvantages:
(i) Expensive as compared to other guided media.
(ii) Need special care while installation?

Unguided Media:-
4. Radio Wave: - Radio Wave an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength between 0.5 cm and 30,000m. The
transmission making use of radio frequencies is termed as radio-wave transmission
Advantages:
(i) Radio wave transmission offers mobility.
(ii) It is cheaper than laying cables and fibers.
(iii) It offers ease of communication over difficult terrain.
Disadvantages:
(i) Radio wave communication is insecure communication.
(ii) Radio wave propagation is susceptible to weather effects like rains, thunder storms etc.

5. Microwave Wave: - The Microwave transmission is a line of sight transmission. Microwave signals travel at a
higher frequency than radio waves and are popularly used for transmitting data over long distances.
Advantages:
(i) It is cheaper than laying cable or fiber.
(ii) It has the ability to communicate over oceans.
Disadvantages:
(i) Microwave communication is an insecure communication.
(ii) Signals from antenna may split up and transmitted in different way to different antenna which leads to
reduce to signal strength.
(iii) Microwave propagation is susceptible to weather effects like rains, thunder storms etc. (iv) Bandwidth
allocation is extremely limited in case of microwaves.

6. Satellite link: - The satellite transmission is also a kind of line of sight transmission that is used to
transmit signals throughout the world.
Advantages:
(i) Area covered is quite large.
(ii) No line of sight restrictions such as natural mountains, tall building, towers etc.
(iii) Earth station which receives the signals can be fixed position or relatively mobile.
Disadvantages:-
(i) Very expensive as compared to other transmission mediums.
(ii) Installation is extremely complex.
(iii) Signals sent to the stations can be tampered by external interference

9. Infrared waves : It is used for short-range communication such as data transfer between two cell
phones, TV remote operation, data transfer between a computer and cell phone resides in the same
closed area. The area covered by this is up to 10 meter. It is mainly used to create personal area
network.
Advantage:- (1) Secure medium of transfer of data (2) Cost of data transmission is low.
Disadvantage(1) It can work only for short distance (2)It cannot penetrate through wall and affected by distance,
noise and heat

Types of Networks:
PAN (Personal Area Network): PAN is computer network organized around an individual person. It generally
covers a range of less than 10 meters. Personal Area Networks can be constructed with cables or wirelessly. People
often connect their devices through hotspot is an example of PAN. Bluetooth enabled headphone, wireless printer
and TV remote are also example PAN

LAN (Local Area Network): A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is limited to a small geographical
area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as home, office or building such as school. It is generally
privately owned networks. It cover area from few meter to a distance not more than 10 Km. The connectivity is
done by means of Twisted pair cable ( Cat5 or Cat 6) or Optical fiber or WI FI.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): It can cover a city and its surrounding area up to range of 100 KM. We can
use wired or wireless media to setup a WAN (Guided media and unguided media) . The communication channel used
in WAN is generally Satellite

WAN (Wide Area Network): These are the networks spread over large geographical area say across countries or
even continents. It can spread over entire globe.
The best example of WAN is Internet. The communication channel used in WAN is generally Satellite , radio waves
or microwaves.

Comparing LAN/WAN
1. Distance between nodes in LAN is limited .i.e. Max upto 10 KM but WAN are spread over thousand of
kilometer.
2. LAN operate between speed of 1 MBPS to 10 MBPS where as in WAN speed is less than 1 MBPS
3. The error rate is lower in LAN in comparison to WAN.
4. LAN is limited by distance , an entire LAN is under control of single entity but WAN is controlled by
many organization

Comparison PAN LAN MAN WAN

Transmission Speed High High Moderate Low

Error rate Lowest Lowest Moderate Highest

Technology used Infrared, Bluetooth Ethernet, WIFI, Optical Fibre Microwave,

Optical Fibre Radiowave satellite
Microwave
 Area Covered up to 10 m up to 10 km A city (100 km) Entire globe

Network Topologies and Types

Topology :
Topology refers to the way in which the workstations attached to the network are interconnected in Local Area
Network .
The BUS Topology: - The bus topology uses a common single cable to connect all the workstations. Each
computer performs its task of sending messages without the help of the central server. However, only one
workstation can transmit a message at a particular time in the bus topology.
Advantages:
(i) It is easy to connect or remove devices in this network without affecting any other device.
(ii) Involves a low cost of installation time and can be easily extended.
(iii) It works very efficiently well when there is a small network. It does not support very large networks
.
Disadvantages:-
(i) The entire network shuts down if there is a failure in the central cable.
(ii) Only a single message can travel at a particular time. (iii) Bus topology is not great for large networks.

The STAR Topology: - A STAR topology is based on a central node which acts as a hub. A STAR
topology is common in homes networks where all the computers connect to the single central computer using it as
a hub.
Advantages:
(i) A single node failure does not affect the entire network.
(ii) Fault detection and removal of faulty parts is easier.
• (iii) It is high-performing as no data collisions can occur.
Disadvantages:-
(i) Longer cable is required.
(ii) The cost of the hub and the longer cables makes it expensive over others.
(iii) In case central hub/ server fails, the entire network fails.

Tree topology : In tree topology some computers are connected to central node (server) and some are connected
secondary hubs which may be active or passive hub. It is like a parent -child relationship.
Advantage :- (i) A tree topology is used where we can not implement start or bus topology individually.
(ii) Fault identification is easy.
(iii )This network can be expended by the additional secondary hub.

Disadvantage :
(i) If central hub fail then the entire network will stop
(ii) Maintenance of this network is not easy.
(iii) No of nodes can be added as per capacity of network

The RING : - In this each node is connected with two of its neighboring nodes
Advantages:
(i) There is no need of server to control the connectivity among the nodes
(ii) Less cable length is required
(iii) In this data flows in one direction which reduces the chance of packet collisions.

Disadvantages:
(i) Due to the Uni-directional Ring, a data packet (token) must have to pass through all the nodes.
(ii) If one workstation shuts down, it affects whole network.
(iii) Addition and removal of any node during a network is difficult

Network devices:
Modem: A MODEM (MOdulator DEModulator) is an electronic device that enables a computer to transmit data
over telephone lines. There are two types of modems, namely, internal modem and external modem. Modem convert
digital signals into analog at sending end and from analog to digital at receiving end.

RJ45 connector: - The RJ-45(Registered Jack) connectors are the plug-in devices used in the networking and
telecommunications applications. They are used primarily for connecting LANs, particularly Ethernet.

Ethernet Card: - It is a hardware device that helps in connection of nodes within a network. It is also known as
NIC card or NIU . It is a card that allow computers to communicate over computer network. On this card physical
address of node is mentioned i.e. known as MAC address.

Hub: A hub is a hardware device used to connect several computers together. Hubs can be either active or passive.
Hubs usually can support 8, 12 or 24 RJ45 ports. Hub copies all the received data to all ports. The problem with hub
is that it is not a intelligent device. It share data with all the attached devices hence increase the network traffic.

Switch: A switch (switching hub) is a network device which is used to interconnect computers or devices on a
network. It filters and forwards data packets across a network.
The main difference between hub and switch is that hub replicates what it receives on one port onto all the other
ports while switch send the data to destination node based on of the MAC addresses of node.

Gateway: A gateway is a device that connects dissimilar networks.

Repeater: A repeater is a network device that amplifies and restores signals for long distance transmission. Repeater
is required when distance between building is greater than or equal to 90 meter.

Bridge:- A bridge is a network devices that connect two similar network. When data enter in a bridge, the bridge
not only regenerates the signal but also checks the physical address of the destination and copy of data to only
that port. It is import to note that it work like a smart hub that filter the network traffic on the basis of MAC
address.

Routers:- A router is a network device that forwards data packets from source machine to the destination machine
by using shortest path.

WIFI Card:- WI-FI card is either internal or external with a built in wireless radio and antenna. A wifi card is
used in a desktop computer that enable a user to establish an internet connection using available wifi signal.
. Wireless Techology:

WIFI ( wireless Fidility)- Here communication take place without wire. The user share data by connecting
broadband services with using wire.

Bluetooth:- It is commonly used to transfer data in various portal devices such as laptops and Tab. It uses
low cost transceiver chip at the frequency 2.5 GHz. The distance covered is upto 10 meter. The technology
got its unusual name in the name of scientist “harnald Bluetooth”
COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
Protocol: A protocol is a description of message formats and the rules that two or more machines must follow
to exchange those messages. It provide standardized format for data packets, techniques for detecting and
correcting errors and so on.

Types of protocols are:

1. HTTP( Hypertext Transfer Protocol ) is the set of rules for transferring hypertext (i.e., text, graphic, image,
sound, video, etc.) on WWW (World Wide Web). HTTP is a request/response standard between a client and a
server. HTTP provides standard rules for web browsers & servers to communicate.

What is HTTPS?

HTTPS stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure. It is highly advanced and secure version of HTTP. It
allows the secure transactions by encrypting the entire communication with SSL. It is a combination of SSL/TLS
protocol and HTTP.

2. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is the standard for the exchange of files over the Internet. The objectives of
FTP are:
To promote sharing of files (computer programs and/or data).
To encourage indirect or implicit use of remote computers (Server)

3. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)

TCP part is responsible for dividing the file or message into packets on the source computer. TCP is also
responsible for reassembling the received packets at the destination computer.
IP part is responsible for handling the address of destination computer so that each packet is routed (sent) to its
proper destination.

4. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) : is a TCP/IP protocol that is used to connect one computer system to
another. Computers use PPP to communicate over the telephone network or the Internet. A PPP connection exists
when two systems physically connect through a telephone line. You can use PPP to connect one system to another
system .

5. SMTP(Simple mail transfer protocol ) : As the name suggest it is used for sending email messages to other
networks or computers. It handles only outgoing message and not incoming messages.

6. POP3(Post office Protocol 3): This protocol is used to access mailbox and download message to local
storage/computer. The advantage is that once the messages are downloaded , then internet connection is no logger
required to read the emails.

7. Telnet (remote login):Telnet is remote login that helps a user to log on to another user’s terminals without
being its original user. Once the user get access to another user’s computer then he /she can perform various
function like accessing files/ sharing file on that computer. Software used for telnet is “TeamViewer” or “ammyy
admin”
 (8) VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol ): is a technology that enables voice communications over the Internet
through the compression of voice into data packets. These data packets can be efficiently transmitted over data
networks and then converted back into voice at the other end. It also allow both voice and data communication to
be run over a single network, which can significantly reduce infrastructure cost.
The various protocols used for VOIP are
(1) H.323: H.323 is a standard that specifies the components, protocols and procedures that provide
multimedia communication services like audio, video, and data communications over packet-based
networks.
(2) SIP ( Session Initiation Protocol) : is used to establish, modify and terminate VOIP telephone calls.

Advantage of VOIP:-
1. Less cost (ii) accessibility (iii) Flexibility (iv) better voice quality
Disadvantage of VOIP:-
1. Reliable internet connection required (ii) Power outages/ emergencies
(iii) Latency (Time taken in transfer of data)

Difference between Internet and Intranet

Internet: The Internet is a massive network of networks. It connects millions of computers together globally,
forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both
connected to the Internet. You can also say it is International Network .

Intranet:-
An intranet is a private network contained within an organization that is used to share company information and
computing resources among employees. Intranets encourage communication within an organization. For
example SBI Bank Network

INTRODUCTION TO WEB SERVICES

1. WWW (World Wide Web): is a set of protocol that allows you to access any document on the Internet.. World
wide web is a way to exchange information between computers on the internet through huge collection of
multimedia documents known as web sites .

2. Web Browser & Web Server: A Web Browser is a client software that help us to navigates through the web
sites and displays web pages.
Example of most popular web browser: Google Crome, Opera, mozilla firefox, safari , microsoft edge
Major functions of web browser are :
1. Send and receive internet resources from server
2. Select and save our favorite pages.
3. Print documents
4. Keep record of our activity

A Web Server is a server software that stores web pages and when a web client send request to a server, the
server responds to the requests made by web browser and send the requested web pages to client . Example of
most popular web server: IIS web server (Internet Information Services by Microsoft) , Apache tomcat web
server , Netscape enterprises web server
3. Domain Name : It is the address of a web site . You can also say it is the address of home page of website.
Home page is the first page of web site that contains link of all other pages of web site.

Example is www. cbse.nic.in

A domain name consist of following parts `
(i) Top level domain
(ii) Sub domain name(s)
For example the domain name cbse.nic.in
“in” is the primary domain name
“nic” is the sub domain of “in”
“cbse” is the sub domain of “nic”
Some Most Common Domains
Domain ID Affiliation
Com Commercial
Edu Education
Gov Government
Org Usually non-profit organizations like NGO

Some countries abbreviations are listed as:

Australia au
Canada ca
India in
(4) Domain Name System(DNS) or Domain name Resolution (DNR) – It is the process of finding IP
address from a domain name of website.

For example domain name www.yahoo.com and corresponding Ip address is 192.168.1.1.

When we enter www.yahoo.com then wen browser convert this domain name in to corresponding IP
address like 192.168.1.1.

Q. Why error 404 will be displayed

If the requested web page/ web site not found it will display error message 404
404 error or 'page not found' error is a standard response code that indicates the server was unable
to find what was requested.
This message may also appear when the server is not willing to disclose the requested information
or when the content has been deleted from server

(5) URL and Domain Names: Uniform Resource Locator. URL specifies the distinct address for web page Page
on the Internet, It is a path or location of the file on the server.
Eg: http://cbse.nic.in/result.html. In this example cbse.nic.in represent domain name and result.html represent
specific html page of a web site

(6) Web site :-A website is a collection of linked web pages that has a unique domain name.
For example www.gmail.com

(7) Web Page:. Each page of web site is called web page. It is designed in using HTML .
A web page can be divided into two types
 (a) Static web page :- A web page that display same kind of information whenever a user visit , it is
known as static web page. Such a page has generally .html extension.
(b) Dynamic web page:- A interactive web page is a dynamic web page. It uses scripting language to
display changing content on the web pages. Such a page is generally has .php, .jsp or .asp
extension.

(8) Web Hosting: It is a service that allows hosting/ running web-server applications on a computer
system. Using this service client computer can have easy access to all web documents/ websites on
the Internet.

(9) Web 2.0: web 2.0 refers to added features and applications that make more interactive, support easy online-
information exchange and interoperability. Some of features are blogs, wikis, video sharing websites, social
networking sites etc.
Example: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Youtube etc.

(10) Email: (Electronic mail) Email is sending digital messages from a sender to one or more recipients.
Email address has two parts first user name and then domain main separted by @ sign
For example abc@gmail.com . Here abc is user name and gmail.com is domain name
Protocol - Protocol used is email
Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3) - It is a simple and stand method to download messages from email to local
computers. Once the messages has been downloaded here is no of Internet Now.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)- This Protocol is used for sending message to other networks. It
handles only outgoing messages and not incoming messages.
IMAP:- Internet mail access protocol :- It is used for accessing and storing email from a mail server to
TCP/IP client.

11. Chat: Online textual talk in real time, is called Chatting. It is online conversations. Applications
like WhatsApp, telegram, skype, google talk uses this feature.
Protocol for Chat :
(A) IRC (Internet Relay Chat): IRC is used for sending and receiving text messages, The sender send
request to IRC server which than forward this request to another client to communicate with each other.
(b) XMPP (Extensible messaging and presence protocol ) : XMPP is a protocol for transmitting XML data
(Extensible Markup Language) over a network.

12. Video Conferencing: a two way videophone conversation among multiple participants is called
video conferencing.
Protocols for chat and video conferencing Example of software is “Skype” and “google meet “ or “zoom”

13 Cookies: A cookie is a piece of data given to a web browser by a web server. Server transmits cookies
to Web browser so that the web server can keep track of the user’s activity on a specific web site.

14 Firewall : System designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Can be
implemented in hardware, software or combination of both. It Can be implemented in hardware, software
or combination of both.
 15. HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language): Used to design the layout of a document and to specify the
hyperlinks. It tells the browser how to display text, pictures and other support media. It supports multimedia and
new page layout features. It provides may tags for control the presentation of information on the web pages, such
as <body>, <head>, <title> etc.

16. XML (eXtensible Markup Language): A markup language is a mechanism to identify structure in a
document. XML defines a standard way to add markup to documents. It provides an ability to define tags and
the structural relationship between them.

17. DHTML (Dynamic HTML): DHTML refers to web content that changes each time it is viewed. For
example,
• Geographic location of the reader.
• Time of day
• Previous pages viewed by the reader
• Profile of the reader
It enables a web page to react to user input without sending request to web server. :

18. Web Scripting: The process of creating and embedding scripts in a web page is known as web-scripting.
A script is a list of commands embedded in web-page. Scripts are interpreted and executed by certain program.

Types of Scripts:-
(i) Client Side Scripts: - Client side scripts supports interaction within a webpage. E.g. VB Script, Java Script, PHP
(PHP’S Hypertext Preprocessor).
(ii) Server Side Scripts: - Server side scripting supports execution at server - end. E.g. ASP (Active server pages ),
JSP (Java server pages ) , PHP (PHP‟S Hypertext Preprocessor).

Prepare Table 7.1. from Book Page 7.62 (any 4 points)

 LAN Design
Q.1. Suggest the cable layout of connection between buildings.
Draw star network and Bus Network. Suggest Bus Network based on Cable Length
Q.2. Suggest the most suitable place for server with suitable reason.
Ans: Using 80-20 rule the most suitable place to house the server is that building that contains maximum no of
Computers thus increasing the efficiency of the maximum computers in the network.
Q.3. Suggest the placement of the following device with justification ?
(a) Repeater (b) HUB/Switch
© Internet connecting device (Modem)
Ans
(a) Use repeater in between the building where distance is quite large (greater Than or equal to 90 meter
) to avoid the loss of signal during the data flow between these building.
(b) Hub/ Switch : Hub /Switch will be installed in each building to inter connect the group of cables
from the different computers in each building.
(c ) Modem will be installed in building where maximum no. of computers are present.
Q.4. Suggest cable type.
Ans: Cable type will be suggested depending Up on the Length of Network.
Twisted Pair UTP/STP - 100 m distance
Co-axial cable Thinnet - 185 m distance
Co-axial cable Thicknet - 500 m distance
Fibre Optic Cable Multinode - 2 KM distance
Fibre Optic Cable Singlenode - 100 KM distance
Q.5. Suggest the any one Network device to minimize the traffic.
(a) Hub (b) Repeater (c) Bridge
Ans To minimize traffic try to stop the broadcasting of data and for this bridge is ideally suited. This is
because bridge does not broadcast the data rather it identifies the destination segment depending up on
the receiver’s MAC address.
Q.6. The management want that each LAN segment gets a dedicated bandwidth i.e. bandwidth must
not be shared . How can this be achieved.
Ans To give dedicated bandwidth , the computers in each building should be connected via switches as
switches offer dedicated band width.
Q.7. The company want to make available shared internet access for each of the buildings. How can
this be achieved?
Ans By installing ROUTERS in each building , shared internet connection can be made available.
Q.8. Type of Network
Ans : for Local offices :LAN (Communication Channel is
Optical fiber for High speed)
For Offices in same city :MAN (Comm Channel is Satellite)
For offices in different city / Country :WAN (Comm Channel is Satellite)
Q.9. Mention the economic way to provide the internet accessibility to all wings
Ans : The economics way to provide internet accessibility to all wings is to use Proxy server in the building
having maximum computer and connect to internet through dial up or broadband.
Q.10. The organization is planning to link its front office in the hilly region where cable communication
is not possible.
Ans: The most economics way to connect it with a reasonable high speed would be to use radio wave
transmission. As they are easy to install, can travel long distances and penetrate building easily.
Q.11. Suggest a system (hardware/software) to prevent unauthorized access to or from the network.
Ans. To prevent unauthorized access we should install firewall in computer system.
Q.12. For face to face communication which device is used
Ans: For face to face communication we can use video conferencing with the help of skype, google meet,
zoom etc

(Abbreviations)
1 ARPANET Advance research project agency
network
2 NSFNET National Science federation Network
3 ISP Internet Service Provider
4 NIU Network Interface Unit
5 MAC Media Access Control
6 TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol
7 PAN Personal Area Network
8 LAN Local Area Network
9 MAN Metropolitan Area Network
10 WAN Wide Area Network
11 UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair
12 STP Shielded Twisted Pair
13 Mbps Mega bits per sec
14 RJ Registered Jack
15 Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
16 VPN Virtual Private Network
17 IOT Internet Of Things
18 NIC Network Interface Card
19 DNS Domain Name System
20 URL Uniform Resource Locator
21 HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
22 FTP File Transfer Protocol
23 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
24 VoIP Voice Over Internet Protocol
25 SIP Session Initiation Protocol
26 POP Post Office Protocol
27 IMAP Internet Mail Access Protocol
28 SIM Subscriber Identity Module
29 www Word wide web

30 CC Carbon Copy
31 BCC Blind Carbon Copy
32 W3C World wide web Consortium
33 OSI Open Systems Interconnection
 34 OSS open source software
35 WI-FI Wireless fidelity
36 GSM Global System for Mobile
37 CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
38. GPRS General Packet radio services
39. WLL Wireless in Local loop
40 IPR Intellectual Property Rights
41 HTML Hyper text Markup Language
42 XML Extensible Markup Language
43 PHP PHP hypertext Preprocessor
44 ASP Active server pages
45 JSP Java Server Pages
46 Saas Software as a service
47 Paas Plateform as a service
48 Iaas Infrastructure as a service
49 Daas Data as a Service
50 DHCP Domain Host Configuration Protocol