2. Network Models

Network Models
Network Models
 Two models have been devised to define computer network
operations:
 TCP/IP protocol suite
 OSI model
Protocol Layering
 When communication is simple, we may need only one simple protocol.
Protocol Layering
 When communication is complex, we may need to divide the task between different
layers, in which case we need a protocol at each layer, or protocol layering.
Layered Tasks
 We use the concept of layers in our daily life.

 Example: let us consider two friends who
communicate through postal mail. The
process of sending a letter to a friend would
be complex if there were no services available
from the post office.
Principles of Protocol Layering
First Principle
 It’s dictates that if we want bidirectional communication, we need to make each
layer so that it is able to perform two opposite task.
Second Principle
 We need to follow in protocol layering is that the two objects under each layer at
both sites should be identical
Principles of Protocol Layering
 Logical connection will help us better understand the task of layering we encounter
in data communication and networking.
The OSI Model
 These devices in a network are connected using wired or wireless
transmission media.
 Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a
multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international
standards.
 An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is
the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced in
the late 1970s.
ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.
Seven Layers of OSI Model
OSI Model
The interaction between layers in the OSI model

OSI Model
An exchange using the OSI model

Layers in the OSI Model
 Physical Layer
 Data Link Layer
 Network Layer
 Transport Layer
 Session Layer
 Presentation Layer
 Application Layer
Physical Layer
 It’s coordinate function required to carry a bit stream over a physical medium.
 Its also deal with and mechanical and electrical specification of interface.
 Data rate - duration of a bit
 Synchronization of bits - sender and receiver clock
 Line configuration - P2P, MP2P, shared link
 Physical topology and Transmission mode
Data Link Layer
 The data link layer transform the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable link.
 It’s make the physical layer appear error – free to the upper layer ( network layer).
Data Link Layer
 Framing: its divides the stream of bits received from the network layer into manageable
data units called frame
 Physical Addressing : if the frame is intended for a system outside the sender’s
network, the receiver address is the address of the device that connects the network to
the next one.
 Flow Control: if the rate at which the data are absorbed by the receiver is less than the
rate at which data are produced in the sender, this layer imposes a flow control
mechanism to avoid overwhelming the receiver.
 Error control : detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames. It also uses a mechanism
to recognize duplicate frame
 Access control : when two or more devices are connected to the same link, data link
layer protocols are necessary to determine which device has control over the link at any
given time.
 Hop to Hop Delivery:
Data Link Layer
 Hop to Hop Delivery
Network Layer
 The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source
host to the destination host.
 Logical Addressing: if a packet passes the network boundary, we need another
addressing system to help distinguish the source and destination systems.
 Routing : find path from source-to-destination message delivery
Network Layer
Transport Layer
 It responsible for the process to process delivery of the entire message.

 Recognize relationship between packets.
 Service point addressing : port address
 Segmentation and reassembly : each segment containing sequence number for
reassemble the message correctly upon arriving at the destination and to identify and
replace
 Connection control :
 Flow control and Error control:
Transport Layer
Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
Session Layer
 It responsible for dialog control and synchronization

 Dialog control : it allow the communication between two processes to take place in
either half duplex and full duplex mode
 Synchronization : it’s allow a process to add checkpoints, or synchronization points,
to stream of data
Presentation Layer
 It concern with syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two systems
 Translation : Provide interoperability between different encoding methods
 Encryption/ Decryption : to carry sensitive information, a system must be able to ensure
privacy.
 Compression : Data compression reduces the number of bits contained in the information.
Application Layer
 It responsible for providing service to user.

 Network virtual terminal : allow user to log on remote host.
 Mail services:
 Directory services : Global information about various objects and services.
Summary of Layers
Summary of Layers
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
 It is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, each of which provides a
specific functionality. The term hierarchical means that each upper level protocol is
supported by the services provided by one or more lower level protocols.
 The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as four software layers built upon the
hardware.
 Today, however, TCP/IP is thought of as a five-layer model.
Original Layers Layers used in book (FOROUZAN)

Communication though an internet
Layered Architecture of TCP/IP Model
 Logical Connection between layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite
Layered Architecture of TCP/IP Model
 Identical objects in the TCP/IP protocol suite
TCP/IP and OSI Model
TCP/IP and OSI Model
A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model
Problems
 Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished
 Not a general model
 Host-to-network “layer” not really a layer
 No mention of physical and data link layers
 Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to replace
Addressing
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols:
 Physical Address
 Logical Address
 Port Address
 Specific Address
Addresses in TCP/IP
Addressing
Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

Addressing
Example
 a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The two
nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with
physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.
Physical Address
 Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12
hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon,
as shown below:
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

Logical Address
 An internet with two routers connecting
three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical
and physical) for each connection.
 In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and
therefore has only one pair of
addresses.
 Each router, however, is connected to
three networks (only two are shown in
the figure). So each router has three
pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.
 IP Address
Port Address
 Two computers communicating via the
Internet.
 The sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port
addresses a, b, and c.
 The receiving computer is running two
processes at this time with port
addresses j and k.
 Process a in the sending computer
needs to communicate with process j in
the receiving computer. Note that
although physical addresses change
from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the
source to destination.
Port Address
 A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal number as shown.
753
A 16-bit port address represented

as one single number.
Network Hardware
 Local Area Networks

 Metropolitan Area Networks
 Wide Area Networks
 Wireless Networks
 Home Networks
 Internetworks
Wireless Network
Home Network
 Computers (desktop PC, PDA, shared peripherals

 Entertainment (TV, DVD, VCR, camera, stereo, MP3)
 Telecomm (telephone, cell phone, intercom, fax)
 Appliances (microwave, fridge, clock, furnace, airco)
 Telemetry (utility meter, burglar alarm, babycam)
Network Software
 Protocol Hierarchies
 Design Issues for the Layers
 Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services
 Service Primitives
 The Relationship of Services to Protocols
Network Software
 Protocol Hierarchies
Network Software
 Design issues for the layers
 Addressing
 Error Control
 Flow Control
 Multiplexing
 Routing
Network Software
 Connection Oriented and Connection less services
Network Software
 Service Primitives (connection oriented)
Network Software
 The Relationship of Services to Protocols

2. Network Models

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Network Models

 We use the concept of layers in our daily life.

ISO is the organization.

The interaction between layers in the OSI model

An exchange using the OSI model

 It responsible for the process to process delivery of the entire message.

 It responsible for dialog control and synchronization

 It responsible for providing service to user.

Original Layers Layers used in book (FOROUZAN)

Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

A 16-bit port address represented

 Local Area Networks

 Computers (desktop PC, PDA, shared peripherals

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