OSI Model & TCP/IP Protocol

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a prescription of standardizing the functions of a Communication System in terms of layers.

7 Layers
. Application Layer

Presentation Layer
Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer

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Tasks involved in sending letter

But First ...

Repeater
Copies bits from one network to another Allows the extension of a network beyond physical length limitations

REPEATER

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

Bridge
Copies frames from one network to another. Can operate selectively - does not copy all frames. Extends the network beyond physical length limitations.

BRIDGE

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

Copies packets from one network to another. Makes decisions about what route a packet should take (looks at network headers).

Router

ROUTER

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

Multiplexing
.. to combine many into one. Many processes sharing a single network interface. A single process could use multiple protocols.

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

Connection-Oriented vs. Connectionless Service

A connection-oriented service includes the establishment of a logical connection between two processes. establish logical connection transfer data terminate connection. Connectionless services involve sending of independent messages.

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

Sequencing
Sequencing provides support for an order to communications. A service that includes sequencing requires that messages (or bytes) are received in the same order they are sent.

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

Error Control
Some services require error detection (it is important to know when a transmission error has occurred). Checksums provide a simple error detection mechanism. Error control sometimes involves notification and retransmission.

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

Byte Stream vs. Message

Byte stream implies an ordered sequence of bytes with no message boundaries. Message oriented services provide communication service to chunks of data called datagram.

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

Full- vs. Half-Duplex

Full-Duplex services support the transfer of data in both directions. Half-Duplex services support the transfer of data in a single direction.

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

LAYER 7 The APPLICATION Layer

The top layer of the OSI model

Provides a set of interfaces for sending and receiving applications to gain access to and use network services, such as: networked file transfer, message handling and database query processing.

LAYER 6 The PRESENTATION Layer

Manages data-format information for networked communications (the networks translator) For outgoing messages, it converts data into a generic format for network transmission; For incoming messages, it converts data from the generic network format to a format that the receiving application can understand This layer is also responsible for certain protocol conversions, data encryption/decryption, or data compression/decompression

LAYER 5 The SESSION Layer

Enables two networked resources to hold ongoing communications (called a session) across a network Applications on either end of the session are able to exchange data for the duration of the session

This layer is:

Responsible for initiating, maintaining and terminating sessions Responsible for security and access control to session information Responsible for synchronization services, and for checkpoint services

LAYER 4 The TRANSPORT Layer

Manages the transmission of data across a network Manages the flow of data between parties by segmenting long data streams into smaller data chunks (based on allowed packet size for a given transmission medium) Reassembles chunks into their original sequence at the receiving end

Provides acknowledgements of successful transmissions and requests resends for packets which arrive with errors The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another.

LAYER 3 The NETWORK Layer

Handles addressing messages for delivery, as well as translating logical network addresses and names into their physical counterparts Responsible for deciding how to route transmissions between computers This layer also handles the decisions needed to get data from one point to the next point along a network path

This layer also handles packet switching and network congestion control. The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host

LAYER 2 The DATA LINK Layer

Handles special data frames (packets) between the Network layer and the Physical layer At the receiving end, this layer packages raw data from the physical layer into data frames for delivery to the Network layer At the sending end this layer handles conversion of data into raw formats that can be handled by the Physical Layer

LAYER 1 The PHYSICAL Layer

Converts bits into electronic signals for outgoing messages Converts electronic signals into bits for incoming messages This layer manages the interface between the the computer and the network medium (coax, twisted pair, etc.

The bottom layer of the OSI model

The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (node) to the next

Remember

A convenient aid for remembering the OSI layer names is to use the first letter of each word in the phrase:
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Tcp/Ip
Creates a reliable connection between two computers. TCP is one of the main protocols in TCP/IP networks. Whereas the IP protocol deals only with packets, TCP enables two hosts to establish a connection and exchange streams of data. TCP guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees that packets will be delivered in the same order in which they were sent.

Internet Protocol (IP)

IP specifies the format of packets, also called datagram's, and the addressing scheme. Most networks combine IP with a higher-level protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source. It allows you to address a package and drop it in the system, but there's no direct link between you and the recipient. TCP/IP, on the other hand, establishes connection between two hosts so that they can send messages back and forth for a period of time.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Does not establish a connection, just sends messages. a connectionless protocol that, like TCP, runs on top of IP networks. Unlike TCP/IP, UDP/IP provides very few error recovery services, offering instead a direct way to send and receive datagram's over an IP network. It's used primarily for broadcasting messages over a network.

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