Network Models

Course Code: COE 3201 Course Title: Data Communication

Dept. of Computer Engineering

Faculty of Engineering

Lecture No: 2 Week No: 2 Semester:

Lecturer: Dr. Shuvra Mondal
Lecture Outline

1. Layered Tasks
2. Introduction to OSI Model
3. Introduction to TCP/IP Model
4. Data Encapsulation
 Layered Tasks
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As
an example, let us consider two friends who
communicate through postal mail The process of
sending a letter to a friend would be complex if
there were no services available from the post
office.

Fig: Tasks involved in sending a letter

Importance of Layering
Troubleshooting: The protocols, actions, and data contained in each layer of
the model relate only to the purpose of that layer. This enables
troubleshooting efforts to be pinpointed on the layer that carries out the
suspected cause of the problem.

Standards: Probably the most important reason for using a layered model is
that it establishes a prescribed guideline for interoperability between the
various vendors developing products that perform different data
communications tasks.

Change: When changes are made to one layer, the impact on the other
layers is minimized. If the model consists of a single, all-encompassing
layer, any change affects the entire model.
 Introduction to OSI Model

❑ The Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Reference

Model or OSI Model) is an abstract description for layered
communications and computer network protocol design.
❑ It divides network architecture into seven layers which, from top to
bottom, are the Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network,
Data Link, and Physical Layers. It is therefore often referred to as
the OSI Seven Layer Model.
❑ In 1978, the International Standards Organization (ISO) began to
develop its OSI framework architecture.
Introduction to OSI Model
OSI Model
Data unit Layer Function
7. Application Network process to application

Data 6. Presentation Data representation, encryption and decryption

5. Session Interhost communication

End-to-end connections and reliability, Flow
Segments 4. Transport
control
Packet 3. Network Path determination and logical addressing
Frame 2. Data Link Physical addressing
Bit 1. Physical Media, signal and binary transmission

The mnemonic for remembering the seven layers in OSI Model is

❑ Going from layer 1 to 7: Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away
❑ Going from layer 7 to 1: All People Seem To Need Data Processing
Introduction to OSI Model
Application Layer
❑ The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end
user, which means that both the OSI application layer and
the user interact directly with the software application.
❑ Some examples of application layer implementations
include
❑ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
❑ File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
❑ Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Presentation Layer
❑ Before being transmitted, information in the form of
characters and numbers should be changed to bit streams.
The presentation layer is responsible for interoperability
between encoding methods as different computers use
different encoding methods. It translates data between the
formats the network requires and the format of the
computer.
❑ This layer provides independence from differences in data
representation, such as – Encryption, Compression
Session Layer
❑ Session layer provides mechanism for controlling the
dialogue between the two end systems. It defines how to
start, control and end conversations (called sessions)
between applications.
❑ Any necessary log-on or password validation is also
handled by this layer.
❑ Session layer is also responsible for terminating the
connection.
Transport Layer
❑ Purpose of this layer is to provide a reliable mechanism
for the exchange of data between two processes in
different computers.
❑ Ensures that the data units are delivered error free.
❑ Ensures that data units are delivered in sequence.
❑ Ensures that there is no loss or duplication of data units.
❑ Provides connectionless or connection-oriented service.
❑ Provides for the connection management.
❑ Multiplex multiple connection over a single channel.
 Network Layer
❑ Routing: The network layer protocols determine which route is
suitable from source to destination. This function of network
layer is known as routing.
❑ Logical Addressing: In order to identify each device on
internetwork uniquely, network layer defines an addressing
scheme. The sender & receiver’s IP address are placed in the
header by network layer. Such an address distinguishes each
device uniquely and universally.
 Data Link Layer
❑ The data link layer is responsible for the node to node delivery of
the message. The main function of this layer is to make sure data
transfer is error free from one node to another, over the physical
layer. The data link layer is divided into two sub-layers -
1. Media Access Control (MAC)
2. Logical Link Control (LLC).
❑ Mac is lower sub-layer, and it defines the way about the media
access transfer, such as CSMA / CD /CA (Carrier Sense Multiple
Access /Collision Detection /Collision Avoidance)
❑ LLC controls the synchronization, flow control, and error checking
functions of the data link layer
Services of Data-Link Layer
❑ Framing: The data link layer divides the stream of bits
received from the network layer into manageable data units
called frames.
❑ Physical addressing: The Data Link layer adds a header to
the frame in order to define physical address of the sender or
receiver of the frame.
❑ Flow control: If the rate at which the data are absorbed by
the receiver is less than the rate at which data are produced
in the sender, the data link layer imposes a flow control
mechanism to avoid overwhelming the receiver.
Services of Data-Link Layer
Contd.
❑ Error control: The data link layer adds reliability to the
physical layer by adding mechanisms to detect and
retransmit damaged or lost frames. It also uses a
mechanism to recognize duplicate frames. Error control is
normally achieved through a trailer added to the end of the
frame.
❑ Access control: When two or more devices are connected
to the same link, data link layer protocols are necessary to
determine which device has control over the link at any
given time.
Data Link Layer - Frame

The data link layer is responsible for

moving frames from one hop (node)
to the next
Physical Layer
❑ Bit synchronization: The physical layer provides the synchronization
of the bits by providing a clock. This clock controls both sender and
receiver thus providing synchronization at bit level.
❑ Bit rate control: The Physical layer also defines the transmission rate
i.e. the number of bits sent per second.
❑ Physical topologies: Physical layer specifies the way in which the
different, devices/nodes are arranged in a network i.e. bus, star or
mesh topology.
❑ Transmission mode: Physical layer also defines the way in which the
data flows between the two connected devices. The various
transmission modes possible are: Simplex, half-duplex and full-
duplex.
Introduction to TCP/IP Model

❑ The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known

as TCP/IP) is the set of communications protocols used
for the Internet and other similar networks.
❑ It is named from two of the most important protocols in
it:
❑ the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
❑ the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two
networking protocols defined in this standard.
TCP/IP Model in relation to OSI
Model:
Data Encapsulation
The term encapsulation is used to describe a process of adding headers and
trailers around some data. This process can be explained with the four-layer
TCP/IP model, with each step describing the role of the layer.
For example, here is what happens when you send an email using your
favorite email program (such as Outlook or gmail):
1. The email is sent from the Application layer to the Transport layer.
2. The Transport layer encapsulates the data and adds its own header with
its own information, such as which port will be used and passes the
data to the Internet layer
3. The Internet layer encapsulates the received data and adds its own
header, usually with information about the source and destination IP
addresses. The Internet layer than passes the data to the Network
Access layer
4. The Network Access layer is the only layer that adds both a header and
a trailer. The data is then sent through a physical network link.
Figure: Data Encapsulation
An exchange using the OSI model
Books

1. Forouzan, B. A. "Data Communication and Networking. Tata McGraw." (2005).

References

1. Prakash C. Gupta, “Data communications”, Prentice Hall India Pvt.

2. William Stallings, "Data and Computer Communications”, Pearson
3. Forouzan, B. A. "Data Communication and Networking. Tata McGraw." (2005).