TOPIC 6:

FAILURE, MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION OF TRANSPORTATION AND

INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORTATION

FAILURE, MAINTENANCE AND FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF ROADS FAILURES

REHABILITATION OF TRANSPORTATION AND
INFRASTRUCTURE 1. CRACKING
2. SURFACE DEFORMATION
TRANSPORTATION
3. DISINTEGRATION
- is essential for a nation’s development and 4. SURFACE DEFECTS
growth. In both the public and private sector,
opportunities for engineering careers in
transportation are exciting and rewarding. 1. CRACKING - Refers to a variety of types of
TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE pavements distresses that occur on the surface of
pavements.
- is the fixed installations, structures, and networks
that provide a framework for the movement of  Fatigue Cracking - Also known as alligator or
people and goods. crocodile cracking, is a series of interconnected
cracks that appear in either asphalt or concrete.
COMMON TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION
 Block Cracking - Is a series of large (typically one
INFRASTRUCTURE
foot or more), rectangular cracks on an asphalt
 Roads - a wide way leading from one place to
pavements surface.
another, especially one with a specially prepared
 Longitudinal Cracking - Runs parallel to the
surface which vehicles can use.
pavements center line (or lay down direction).
 Railways - A track made of steel rails along
 Edge Cracking - Edge cracking is the type of
which trains run.
crack that is usually formed at the edge of highway
 Bridges - structure built to span a physical
pavements. These cracks are typically associated
obstacle (such as a body of water, valley, road, or
with the ingress of water in underlying layers.
railway) without blocking the path underneath.
 Slippage Cracking - Are crescent or halfmoon
 Ship Canals - a canal wide and deep enough for
shaped cracks having two ends pointed away from
ships to transit it.
the direction of traffic.
 Ports - a town or city with a harbor where ships
load or unload, especially one where customs 2. SURFACE DEFORMATION - The change in road
officers are stationed. surface from the intended construction profile.
 Airport Runways - a defined area at an airport  Rutting - Is a type of pavement failure that results
most commonly made from asphalt and concrete, in the formation of channelized depressions
for takeoff and landing of aircraft. particularly in the wheel truck of pavement.
 Corrugation - Is the formation of ripples
ROADS (corrugation) or an abrupt wave (shoving) across
- Roads such as streets, avenues and highways. pavements perpendicular to the traffic direction.
Includes paved roads, unpaved roads and roads Occurs at locations having severe horizontal
with unique surfaces like cobblestone and such. stresses and poor drainages.
 Upheaval - Is a localized upward movement in a
ROAD FAILURES CAUSES pavement due to swelling of the subgrade.
 Rutting due to high variation in ambient
temperature 3. DISINTEGRATION - The breaking up of a
pavement into small, loose pieces including the
 Uncontrolled heavy axle roads
dislodging of aggregate particles.
 Inadequate Stability
 Potholes - Are bowl-shaped holes caused by the
 Loss of Binding action
localized disintegration of the pavement surface.
 Poor Design and Fabrication
Typically, a result from continued deterioration of
 Congestion
another type distress.
 Environmental Hazard
4. SURFACE DEFECTS – types of defects that can
 Accident form on our roads including deep potholes,
 Poor Maintenance shallow potholes, surface deterioration, edge
failure, cracking, crazing, rutting, and subsidence.
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FAILURE, MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION OF TRANSPORTATION AND
INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORTATION

 BLEEDING - Flushing of excess asphalt cement preservation, replacement, and improvement of

to the surface of the pavement. Asphalt cement bridges within a bridge inventory.
concrete mixtures are more prone to bleed with ➢ Cleaning and re-sealing of deck joints that are
hotter pavement temperature. extruded or filled with dirt.
 POLISHING - Present when close examination of ➢ Repair of drainage handrails.
a pavement reveals the portion of aggregate ➢ Re-surfacing of rough or slicky deck surface.
extending above the asphalt is ether very small, or Correct serious scour around the pier and
these are not rough or angular aggregate particles abutments.
to provide good skid resistance.
➢ Most bridges maintenance is considered
 DELAMINATION - A condition that occurs
specialized work. Traveling crews exclusively for
between asphalt layers underneath a roadway
bridges work alone is a function of the
that can lead to surface pavement cracking and
maintenance operations.
tearing – a problem due to asphalt layer “de-
4. TRAFFIC SERVICES - Maintenance operations of
bonding” or stripping.
highway include the traffic services like:
 Stripping is a continuing function
 Repair of road signs Maintenance of
MAINTENANCE
street and highway light and signals.
- As defined AASHTO is the preservation and (sometimes the functions of the
keeping of each type of roadway, roadside, government)
structures and facilities as nearly as possible in its  Coping up with emergencies. Personnel
original condition as constructed or as on patrol to keep the road open and
subsequently improved the operation of highway rescue stranded vehicles
facilities and services to provide satisfactory and
safe transportation.
REHABILITATION

ROAD MAINTENANCE - It is the act of repairing portions of an existing

pavement to reset the deterioration process.
- Is work that takes place on roads from motorways Reconstructing an entire pavement, however, is
to unclassified roads to ensure they remain strong, not considered rehabilitation but rather new
safe and efficient. construction because the methods used are
generally those developed for new pavement
TYPES OF ROAD MAINTENANCE
construction. It includes restoring or betterment of
1. ROAD SURFACE MAINTENANCE roadway such as resurfacing.
2. SHOULDER AND APPROACH
The process of pavement rehabilitation involves the
MAINTENANCE
following procedures:
3. BRIDGE MAINTENANCE
4. TRAFFIC SERVICES  Prioritization of pavements in need of
rehabilitation, which incorporates monitoring
1. ROAD SURFACE MAINTENANCE - Unlike activities to assess the functional and structural
construction involving high volume of work, condition of pavements;
maintenance operation, deals with small amount  Development of feasible rehabilitation strategies;
of work at separate locations.  Selection of the most cost-effective rehabilitation
2. SHOULDER AND APPROACH MAINTENANCE strategy given a set of constraints, which may
- Maintenance of the shoulder and approaches of include reduced service life, lifecycle costs, and
the highway is governed by the surface budgetary constraints; and adequate
characteristics in the area. measurement of performance of the rehabilitated
3. BRIDGE MAINTENANCE - is a core bridge pavements.
discipline that focuses on making informed and
effective decisions on the operation, maintenance, REHABILITATION EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
1. Pavement Evaluation
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INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORTATION

➢ Efficient traffic management during construction on

➢ Considerable progress has been made in urban and heavily trafficked rural roads has been a long-
techniques to evaluate pavement condition. sought objective. The need to maintain traffic flow through
Pavement evaluations are conducted to construction zones requires heavy use of night time work
determine functional and structural conditions or longer construction schedules.
of a highway section either for purposes of
routine monitoring or planned corrective
action. Functional condition is primarily 6. Special Case: Airport Pavement Rehabilitation
concerned with the ride quality or safety
➢ Many of the foregoing issues also apply to airport
aspects of a highway section (surface texture,
cross slope, splash and spray, etc.). Structural pavement rehabilitation. The high growth in air travel
condition is concerned with the structural continues to put heavy demand on airport pavements. The
capacity of the pavement as measured by increased use of wide-body and long-range aircraft with
deflection, layer thickness, and material heavier wheel loads, new gear configurations, and higher
properties. tire pressures is expected to become routine at larger
airports.
2. Asphalt Pavement Rehabilitation

RAILWAYS
➢ Asphalt pavement rehabilitation typically
involves milling and resurfacing of the existing Railways including high speed rail, subways and elevated
asphalt pavement to mitigate the effects of per railway such as cable car.
ride rutting, cracking, and other distresses. Railways Failure Causes
Resurfacing thickness may depend on the
condition of the existing pavement,  Impact of moving loads
 Effect of acceleration and deceleration
anticipated future truck traffic, and available
 Poor Maintenance
funding.
 Effect of weather and temperature
 Corrosion
3. Concrete Pavement Rehabilitation
➢ Concrete pavement rehabilitation may TYPES OF RAILWAY FAILURES
involve use of concrete pavement restoration 1. Crush head - Progress toward the center of the rail
(CPR) techniques, asphalt overlay over head, and with subsequent fretting at the crack faces and
existing or fracture concrete pavement, shearing of material, this area of lower structural integrity
“crushes” under the heavy loading.
bonded concrete
overlays, or unbounded concrete overlays. It 2. Transverse and compound fissure - Means a
is performed to correct for poor ride, joint progressive crosswise fracture starting from a crystalline
faulting, slab cracking, high-severity joint and center or nucleus inside the head from which it spreads
crack spalling, and other specific distresses. outward as a smooth, bright, or dark round or oval surface
substantially at a right angle to the length of the rail.
4. Pavement Recycling and Reclaiming
3. Split Head - These cracks run parallel to the longitudinal
Pavement
axis of the rail and are caused by presence of non-metallic
inclusions, poor maintenance of joints and high dynamic
➢ Recycling and reclaiming is another stresses. It cannot be easily detected in early stages by
important process for rehabilitating asphalt USFD (Ultrasonic Flaw Detection) due to their unfavorable
pavements. It is the term given to removed orientation.
and/or reprocessed pavement materials
containing asphalt and aggregates. 4. Horizontal Fissure
5. Square of angular breaks - Rails breaks either in
5. Traffic Management During Rehabilitation vertical plane or angular plane.

6. Rail misalignment
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FAILURE, MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION OF TRANSPORTATION AND
INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORTATION

BRIDGE AND TUNNEL MAINTENANCE AND

RAILWAY MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION REHABILITATION INCLUDES:

INCLUDES
 Exposed steel word must be cleaned and
1. Ballast checking repainted.
 Cleaning and resealing of deck joint
2. Lubrication places such as curves on the side of the
head of the rails.  Damage to guard rail, must be repaired and
strengthened.
3. Tightening of joints and Fittings  Resurfacing of deck
4. Use of special alloy rails where wear is more  Scour around and under piers and abutments
should be removed.
5. Renewal of rails  Sealing, Patching, Filling joints and such
 Checking of steel cables for corrosion
 Checking of supports.
BRIDGES AND TUNNELS
A bridge is a structure to cross an open space or gap. PORTS
Bridges are mostly made for crossing rivers, valleys or Port is a maritime facility which may comprise one
roads. While a tunnel is an underground passageway, dug or more wharves where ships may dock to load
through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed and discharge passenger and cargo.
except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. SHIP CANALS
Ship canal is a canal especially intended to
BRIDGE AND TUNNELS FAILURE CAUSES accommodate ships used on the oceans, seas or
 High variation in ambient temperature lakes to which it is connected, as opposed to a
 Uncontrolled heavy axle loads barge canal intended to carry barges and other
 Poor design and fabrication vessels specifically designed for river and/or canal
 Environmental Hazard navigation.
 Accidents
PORTS AND SHIP CANAL FAILURE CAUSES
TYPES OF BRIDGES AND TUNNEL FAILURES  Poor design and fabrication
1. Steel Materials  high variation in ambient temperature Effects of
seawater to the construction materials
 Corrosion of Steel  Severe corrosion
 Paint Deterioration  Congestion of Ships
 Loose Connection  Environmental Hazards
2. Concrete Materials  Accidents
 Poor Maintenance
 Collapse
 Spalling
 Wear/Abrasion
 Material Deterioration
 Water leak at Deck
TYPES OF PORTS AND SHIP CANALS
3. Expansion Joint
FAILURES
 Abnormal Spacing
1. Material Deterioration - The item is subject to
 Difference in Level
one or more of the following defects; rusting,
 Rupture
rotting, corrosion, decay.
 Drainage Blocked 2. Damage of components
4. Drainpipe
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INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORTATION

3. Scouring - the lowering or loss of top bed soil -Airports maintenance means any work carried out
(erosion) around the bridge piers, abutments, to keep airports runway excellent condition keep
spurs etc. due to the water flow currents. their operations running smoothly and meet the
4. Sedimentation - the process of allowing soil high safety standard.
particles, minerals, sand, or clay, to deposit in low
slope areas. 1. Maintenance of Visual Aids
5. Collapsing if wharf/Settlement of foundation Airports Light maintenance
Basic maintenance programme for
approach, runway and taxi way lighting
PORTS AND SHIP CANAL MAINTENANCE AND system
REHABILITAION INCLUDES Special types of light
cleaning procedure of lights
 Steel repair and painting
Light measurement
 Implementation of coatings for corrosion
Lamp replacement
protection
 Epoxy injection into small cracks on deck and 1. Signs
supported beams Markings
 Removal of plastered concrete and cleaning of
surface 2. Maintenance of Airport Electrical
 Subject rebars replacement and reconcreting of System
damage section Power cables and distributors in field
 Placement of anti-scouring devices. Transformers and regulators (including
standby units)
Transformer stations for electric power
AIRPORT RUNWAYS supply Relay and switch cabinets
- A complex of runways and buildings for the take- (including switch cabinets in sub-stations)
off, landing, and maintenance of civil aircraft, with Control cables, monitoring units, control
facilities for passenger. desk
Secondary power supplies (generators)
Fixed 400 Hz ground power supplies
AIRPORT RUNWAYS FAILURE CAUSES Apron floodlighting
 Poor design and fabrication
3. Maintenance of Pavements
 High variation in ambient temperature
Surface repair
 Poor maintenance
Repair of cracks
 Degradation  Congestion of Aircrafts
Bituminous pavements
 Environmental Hazard Repair of joints and cracks
 Accident Concrete joint maintenance
Joints in bituminous pavements
TYPES OF AIRPORT RUNWAYS FAILURES Repair of pavement edge damage
Edge repair
1. Cracking Corner repair
2. Surface Deformation Repair of other pavement surface
3. Disintegration Deficiencies
4. Surface Defects
5. Rubber Deposits
4. Sweeping
AIRPORTS RUNWAYS MAINTENANCE AND Surface monitoring
REHABILITATION INCLUDES: Cleaning of surfaces
Purpose of cleaning pavements
Removal of rubber deposits
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FAILURE, MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION OF TRANSPORTATION AND
INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORTATION

Fuel and oil removal

5. Removal of snow and ice

Procedures for snow removal
Surface de-icing
Surface anti-icing

6. Drainage
Cleaning of slot drains
Drain pipes or culverts between surfaces
and collector basins
Oil and fuel separators
Water hydrants

7. Maintenance of Unpaved Areas

Maintenance of green areas within strips
Maintenance of grass on unpaved runways
and taxiways
Maintenance of green areas outside strips
Treatment of cut grass.

TAKE AWAY
Transportation infrastructure plays a vital
role in helping our transportation remain its
function, transportation is important because
it enables communication, trade and other
forms of exchange between people that in turn
establishes civilizations.
Though over time some of this infrastructure
experience failures due to a lot of factors.
That's why Maintenance and rehabilitation is
being carried out regularly to these
transportation infrastructures at a fixed
interval or as and when damage is observed.
This maintenance might scale to minor
inspection, repairs to major rehabilitation and
as such.
It is important to know that maintenance of
transportation infrastructures ensures safety
to users, improves its performance, reduce
possible repair cost, extend its expected life
span and provide information for future
engineers, designers & constructors for future
designs and builds of transportation
Infrastructures