Volume 9, Issue 11, November – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Computational & Functional Analysis of

Special Functions with Arbitrary Parameters
Sean McGregor1; Ajeigbe Gbenga Paul2

Abstract:- This work presents a comprehensive I. INTRODUCTION

computational and functional analysis of special
functions, specifically focusing on cases involving In this paper, we present a comprehensive study on the
arbitrary integer parameters. Using integral computational and functional analysis of special functions
transformations and identities, such as those from the with arbitrary values. Special functions such as Beta, Gamma,
Beta, Gamma, poly-gamma, and Zeta functions, we and poly-gamma functions play a significant role in various
explore and derive solutions to various complex integral mathematical and physical applications. Our work aims to
expressions. The problem sets address combinations of derive and explore general solutions for complex integral
logarithmic, trigonometric, and exponential functions, equations involving these functions. By leveraging algebraic
𝒙
including of the form 𝐥𝐧(𝒙) 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡( ) and identities, binomial expansion, and trigonometric
𝒃
𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡⁡(𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡(𝒎𝒙)), where 𝒃, 𝒎 ∈ 𝚭. Each solution is transformations, we investigate a series of special problems
derived under generalized conditions, allowing for a that encompass multiple levels of mathematical complexity.
range of integer parameter values. The study This study is particularly focused on expressions involving
demonstrates the use of advanced mathematical logarithmic and trigonometric functions, as well as
exponential and hyperbolic terms, providing generalized
techniques, including substitution, binomial expansions,
and Fourier series, to simplify and compute the integrals. solutions for integer-based parameters and constraints.
The results offer insights into the computational strategies Through systematic evaluation and the use of advanced
required for complex special functions and serve as a mathematical techniques, we offer valuable insights into the
reference for future explorations of such functions in both behaviors and properties of these special functions. Our
theoretical and applied mathematics. findings have potential applications in fields requiring precise
mathematical computations, including theoretical physics
and engineering.

II. MAIN RESULTS

This study investigates several problem sets involving integrals of complex functions, where parameters are arbitrary integers.
The primary results for each problem set are as follows:

[1:1] Problem Set 1: Integration of Logarithmic and Trigonometric Functions

 Objective
To derive a general solution for integrals of the form:
𝑥
∞ 𝑙𝑛 𝑛 (𝑥) tan−1 ( )
∫ 𝑏 ⁡𝑑𝑥⁡, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒⁡𝑏, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
0 𝑥2 + 𝑏2

 Approach
𝑥
By using substitutions involving 𝑢 = tan−1 ( ) and properties of logarithmic functions, we express the integral in terms of
𝑏
Beta and Gamma Functions.

 Consider the Following:

𝑥
∞ 𝑙𝑛 𝑛 (𝑥) tan−1 ( )
∫ 𝑏 ⁡𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥2 + 𝑏2

Let:
𝑥
𝑢 = tan−1 ( )
𝑏

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ISSN No:-2456-2165

∴ 𝑥 = 𝑏 tan(𝑢)

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑏⁡𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑢 = = 2
𝑥2 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑏2
+1
𝑏2

Therefore, by substituting:
𝑥
∞ 𝑙𝑛 𝑛 (𝑥) tan−1 ( ) 𝑛
𝜋

∫ 𝑏 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = ∫2 𝑢⁡𝑙𝑛 (𝑏 tan(𝑢))⁡ ⁡𝑑𝑢⁡

0 𝑥2 + 𝑏2 0 𝑏
𝜋 𝜋
1 2 1 2
= ∫ 𝑢(𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑏) + 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (tan(𝑢)) ⁡𝑑𝑢 = ⁡ ∫ 𝑢(ln(𝑏) + ln⁡(tan(𝑢)))𝑛 𝑑𝑢
𝑏 0 𝑏 0

Applying the Binomial Expansion definition:

𝑚
𝑚
(𝑠 + 𝑡)𝑚 = ∑ ( ) 𝑠 𝑚−𝑘 𝑡 𝑘
𝑘
𝑘=0

We can apply the following algebraic identity:

𝜋 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝜋
1 2 1 2 𝑛 1 𝑛 2
∫ 𝑢(ln(𝑏) + ln⁡(tan(𝑢)))𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢(∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (𝑏)𝑙𝑛𝑘 (tan(𝑢))) 𝑑𝑢 = ⁡ ∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (𝑏) ∫ 𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑘 (tan(𝑢))⁡𝑑𝑢
𝑏 0 𝑏 0 𝑘 𝑏 𝑘 0
𝑘=0 𝑘=0

Using the trigonometric identity:

sin(𝑢)
tan(𝑢) =
cos(𝑢)

We can substitute the following identity:

𝑛 𝜋
1 𝑛 2
= ∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (𝑏) ∫ 𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑘 (tan(𝑢))⁡𝑑𝑢
𝑏 𝑘 0
𝑘=0

𝑛 𝜋
1 𝑛 2 sin(𝑢)
= ⁡ ∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (𝑏) ∫ 𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑘 ( ) 𝑑𝑢 ⁡
𝑏 𝑘 0 cos(𝑢)
𝑘=0

𝑛 𝜋
1 𝑛 2
= ∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (𝑏) ∫ 𝑢(ln⁡(sin(𝑢)) − ln⁡(cos(𝑢)))𝑘 ⁡𝑑𝑢
𝑏 𝑘 0
𝑘=0

Applying the Difference Binomial Expansion:

𝑗
𝑗
(𝑠 − 𝑡) = ∑ ( ) 𝑠 𝑗−𝑚 𝑡 𝑚 (−1)𝑚
𝑗
𝑚
𝑚=0

𝑛 𝜋
1 𝑛 2
= ∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (𝑏) ∫ 𝑢(ln⁡(sin(𝑢)) − ln⁡(cos(𝑢)))𝑘 ⁡𝑑𝑢
𝑏 𝑘 0
𝑘=0

𝑛 𝜋 𝑗
1 𝑛 2 𝑗
= ∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (𝑏) ∫ 𝑢 ∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑛 𝑗−𝑚 (sin(𝑢)) (−1)𝑚 𝑙𝑛𝑚 (cos(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢
𝑏 𝑘 0 𝑚
𝑘=0 𝑚=0

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𝑛 𝑗 𝜋
1 𝑛 𝑗 2
= ⁡ ∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (𝑏) ∑ ( ) (−1)𝑚 ∫ 𝑢(𝑙𝑛 𝑗−𝑚 (sin(𝑢)) 𝑙𝑛𝑚 (cos(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢⁡
𝑏 𝑘 𝑚 0
𝑘=0 𝑚=0

To simplify the algebraic expression, we can denote:

𝜋
2
∫ 𝑢(𝑙𝑛 𝑗−𝑚 (sin(𝑢)) 𝑙𝑛𝑚 (cos(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢 = ⁡𝛿⁡
0

𝑛 𝑗 𝜋
1 𝑛 𝑗 2
= ∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (𝑏) ∑ ( ) (−1)𝑚 ∫ 𝑢(𝑙𝑛 𝑗−𝑚 (sin(𝑢)) 𝑙𝑛𝑚 (cos(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢⁡
𝑏 𝑘 𝑚 0
𝑘=0 𝑚=0

𝑛 𝑗
1 𝑛 𝑗
= ⁡ ∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (𝑏) ∑ ( ) (−1)𝑚 ⁡𝛿
𝑏 𝑘 𝑚
𝑘=0 𝑚=0

Since:
𝜋
2
𝛿 = ∫ 𝑢(𝑙𝑛 𝑗−𝑚 (sin(𝑢)) 𝑙𝑛𝑚 (cos(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢⁡
0

We can apply Kings Property to expand the following expression:

𝜋 𝜋
2
𝑗−𝑚
𝜋 2 𝜋 𝜋
∫ 𝑢(𝑙𝑛 (sin(𝑢)) 𝑙𝑛 (cos(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ ( − 𝑢)(𝑙𝑛 𝑗−𝑚 (sin( − 𝑢)) 𝑙𝑛𝑚 (cos( − 𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢⁡
𝑚
0 0 2 2 2
𝜋
𝜋 2
= ∫ 𝑙𝑛 𝑗−𝑚 (cos(𝑢)) 𝑙𝑛𝑚 (sin(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢 − ⁡𝛿
2 0

Therefore, by simplifying the following expression:

𝜋
𝜋 2
2𝛿 = ∫ 𝑙𝑛 𝑗−𝑚 (cos(𝑢)) 𝑙𝑛𝑚 (sin(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢⁡
2 0
𝜋
2
4𝛿 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑙𝑛 𝑗−𝑚 (cos(𝑢)) 𝑙𝑛𝑚 (sin(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢⁡
0

To simplify the following expressions, we will change the parameters of the integral:

𝑤 = sin(𝑢)

∴ √1 − 𝑤 2 = cos(𝑢)

∴ cos(𝑢)⁡𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑤

𝑑𝑤
∴ 𝑑𝑢 = ⁡
√1 − 𝑤 2

We can substitute the following:

1
𝑙𝑛 𝑗−𝑚 (√1 − 𝑤 2 )𝑙𝑛𝑚 (𝑤)
4𝛿 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝑤⁡
0 √1 − 𝑤 2

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By simplifying with more parameter simplification:

𝑤2 = 𝑡

∴ 𝑤 = 𝑡 1/2

1
∴ 𝑑𝑤 = 𝑡 −1/2
2

We can compress the expression under new parameters:

1
𝑙𝑛 𝑗−𝑚 (√1 − 𝑡)𝑙𝑛𝑚 (𝑡 1/2 ) 1 −1/2
4𝛿 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑡 ⁡ 𝑑𝑡
0 √1 − 𝑡 2

1 𝑗−𝑚 𝑗−𝑚 1 1
1(
2
) 𝑙𝑛 (1 − 𝑡)𝑙𝑛𝑚 (𝑡)(2)𝑚 2 𝑡 −1/2
4𝛿 = 𝜋 ∫ ⁡ 𝑑𝑡
0 √1 − 𝑡
1
1 1
4𝛿 = ( ) 𝑗+1 𝜋 ∫ 𝑡 −2 𝑙𝑛 𝑗−𝑚 (1 − 𝑡)𝑙𝑛𝑚 (𝑡)(1 + 𝑡)−1/2 𝑑𝑡
2 0

1
1 𝑑𝑚 1
4𝛿 = ( )𝑗+1 𝜋⁡ 𝑚 | ∫ 𝑡 −2 𝑙𝑛 𝑗−𝑚 (1 − 𝑡)𝑙𝑛𝑚 (𝑡)(1 + 𝑡)−1/2 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑑𝑎 𝑎=0 0
1
1 𝑑𝑚 1
4𝛿 = ( )𝑗+1 𝜋⁡ 𝑚 | ∫ 𝑡 𝑎−2 𝑙𝑛 𝑗−𝑚 (1 − 𝑡)(1 − 𝑡)−1/2 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑑𝑎 𝑎=0 0

By simplifying the following statement above:

1−𝑡 =𝑠

∴ 1−𝑠 = 𝑡

∴ 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑑𝑠

We can expand the integration:

1
1 𝑑𝑚 1
4𝛿 = −( ) 𝑗+1 𝜋⁡ 𝑚 | ∫ (1 − 𝑠)𝑎−2 𝑙𝑛 𝑗−𝑚 (𝑠)(𝑠)−1/2 𝑑𝑠
2 𝑑𝑎 𝑎=0 0

1
1 𝑑𝑚 𝑑 𝑗−𝑚 1
4𝛿 = −( )𝑗+1 𝜋⁡ 𝑚 | ⁡ 𝑗−𝑚 | ∫ (1 − 𝑠)𝑎−2⁡ 𝑠 𝑧 𝑠 −1/2 𝑑𝑠
2 𝑑𝑎 𝑎=0 𝑑𝑧 𝑧=0 0

1
1 𝑑𝑚 𝑑 𝑗−𝑚 1 1
4𝛿 = −( )𝑗+1 𝜋⁡ 𝑚 | ⁡ 𝑗−𝑚 | ∫ (1 − 𝑠)𝑎−2⁡ 𝑠 𝑧−2 𝑑𝑠
2 𝑑𝑎 𝑎=0 𝑑𝑧 𝑧=0 0

By applying the Beta Function substitution to Zeta Function, we obtain the following:

1 𝑑𝑚 𝑑 𝑗−𝑚 1 1
4𝛿 = −( )𝑗+1 𝜋⁡ 𝑚 | ⁡ 𝑗−𝑚 | 𝐵(𝑧 + , 𝑎 + )
2 𝑑𝑎 𝑎=0 𝑑𝑧 𝑧=0
2 2

1 1
1 𝑗+1 𝑑𝑚 𝑑 𝑗−𝑚 Γ(z + )Γ(a + )
4𝛿 = −( ) 𝜋⁡ 𝑚 | ⁡ | 2 2
2 𝑑𝑎 𝑎=0 𝑑𝑧 𝑗−𝑚 𝑧=0 Γ(𝑧 + 𝑎 + 1)

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1 1
𝜋 1 𝑑𝑚 𝑑 𝑗−𝑚 Γ(z + )Γ(a + )
𝛿 = − ( )𝑗+1 ⁡ 𝑚 | ⁡ 𝑗−𝑚 | 2 2
4 2 𝑑𝑎 𝑎=0 𝑑𝑧 𝑧=0
Γ(𝑧 + 𝑎 + 1)

By obtaining the original function, as well as its new denoted piece, we can finally expand:

𝑛 𝑗
1 𝑛 𝑗
= ∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (𝑏) ∑ ( ) (−1)𝑚 ⁡𝛿
𝑏 𝑘 𝑚
𝑘=0 𝑚=0

𝑛 𝑗 1 1
1 𝑛 𝑗 𝜋 1 𝑗+1 𝑑𝑚 𝑑 𝑗−𝑚 Γ (z + ) Γ (a + )
= ∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑛 𝑛−𝑘 (𝑏) ∑( ) (−1) 𝑚
⁡ − ( ) ⁡ 𝑚| ⁡ | 2 2
𝑏 𝑘 𝑚 4 2 𝑑𝑎 𝑎=0 𝑑𝑧 𝑗−𝑚 𝑧=0 Γ(𝑧 + 𝑎 + 1)
𝑘=0 𝑚=0

𝑛 𝑗 1 1
𝜋 𝑛 𝑗 1 𝑗+1 𝑑𝑚 𝑑 𝑗−𝑚 Γ(z + 2)Γ(a + 2)
∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑛 𝑛−𝑘 (𝑏) ∑ ( ) (−1) 𝑚+1
= ⁡ ( ) ⁡ 𝑚| ⁡ |
4𝑏 𝑘 𝑚 2 𝑑𝑎 𝑎=0 𝑑𝑧 𝑗−𝑚 𝑧=0 Γ(𝑧 + 𝑎 + 1)
𝑘=0 𝑚=0

Therefore, by expanding the integration in respect to its multiple summation and Zeta function, we obtained the general solution
for [1] Problem Set 1:

𝑛 𝑗 1 1
𝜋 𝑛 𝑗 1 𝑗+1 𝑑𝑚 𝑑 𝑗−𝑚 Γ(z + 2)Γ(a + 2)
𝑛−𝑘
∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑛 (𝑏) ∑ ( ) (−1)𝑚+1
⁡ ( ) ⁡ 𝑚| ⁡ |
4𝑏 𝑘 𝑚 2 𝑑𝑎 𝑎=0 𝑑𝑧 𝑗−𝑚 𝑧=0 Γ(𝑧 + 𝑎 + 1)
𝑘=0 𝑚=0

III. RESULT

The derived solution incorporates a series expansion and further simplifies using the relationship between trigonometric
functions, yielding a closed-form expression under the conditions 𝑏, 𝑛 ∈ ⁡ℤ.

[1:2] Analysis of Problem Set 1: Parameters 𝒃, 𝒏 ∈ ℤ

Let 𝑛 = 1 and 𝑏 = 1:
𝑥
∞ 𝑙𝑛 𝑛 (𝑥) tan−1 ( )
𝑥
∞ 𝑙𝑛1 (𝑥) tan−1 ( )
∫ 𝑏 ⁡𝑑𝑥 → ∫ 1 ⁡𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥2 + 𝑏2 (𝑛,𝑏)=(1,1)
0 𝑥 2 + 12

Let:

𝑤 = tan−1 𝑥

∴ x = tan(𝑤)

𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑤 =
1 + 𝑥2
𝑥
∞ 𝑙𝑛1 (𝑥) tan−1 ( ) 𝜋/2
∫ 1 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = ∫ w⁡ln⁡(tan(𝑤))⁡𝑑𝑤
0 𝑥 2 + 12 0

Using the identity:

sin(𝑤)
tan(𝑤) =
cos(𝑤)

𝜋/2 𝜋/2 𝜋/2

∫ w⁡ln⁡(tan(𝑤))⁡𝑑𝑤 = ⁡ ∫ w ln(sin(𝑤)) 𝑑𝑤 − ∫ w⁡ln⁡(cos(𝑤))⁡𝑑𝑤
0 0 0

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Let’s denote the following:

𝜋/2
𝜙=∫ w ln(sin(𝑤)) 𝑑𝑤
0

𝜋/2
𝜓=∫ w⁡ln⁡(cos(𝑤))⁡𝑑𝑤
0

Therefore:

𝜋/2 𝜋/2 𝜋/2

∫ w⁡ln⁡(tan(𝑤))⁡𝑑𝑤 = ⁡ ∫ w ln(sin(𝑤)) 𝑑𝑤 − ∫ w ln(cos(𝑤)) 𝑑𝑤 = ⁡𝜙 − 𝜓
0 0 0

Solving for 𝜙:
𝜋/2
𝜙=∫ w ln(sin(𝑤)) 𝑑𝑤
0

Using Fourier Series:

∞
cos⁡(2𝑛𝑤)
ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤)) = − ln(2) − ∑
𝑛
𝑛=1

Substitute the following:

𝜋
2
𝜙 = ∫ w ln(sin(𝑤)) 𝑑𝑤
0

∞ 𝜋 ∞ 𝜋
cos(2𝑛𝑤) 2 1 2
w (− ln(2) − ∑ ) 𝑑𝑤 = ⁡ − ln(2) ∫ 𝑤⁡𝑑𝑤 − ∑ ∫ 𝑤 cos(2𝑛𝑤) 𝑑𝑤
𝜋/2 𝑛 0 𝑛 0
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
=∫ ∞
0 𝑤 2 𝜋2 1 𝑤 1 𝜋/2
= − ln(2) |0 − ∑ { sin(2𝑛𝑤) + 2 cos(2𝑛𝑤)}0 ⁡
2 𝑛 2𝑛 4𝑛
𝑛=1

∞ ∞ ∞
𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 1 𝜋2 1 (−1)𝑛 1 1
= − ln(2) − ∑ { 3
− 3
} = − ln(2) − ∑ 3
+ ∑ 3
8 4𝑛 4𝑛 8 4 𝑛 4 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1

We know:
∞
1
∑ = 𝜁(𝑠) = 𝑍𝑒𝑡𝑎⁡𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑛𝑠
𝑛=1

∞
(−1)𝑛
∑ = 2−𝑠 (2 − 2𝑠 )𝜁(𝑠)
𝑛𝑠
𝑛=1

𝜋2 1 1 𝜋2 7
=− ln(2) − (2−3 (2 − 23 ))𝜁(3) + 𝜁(3) = − ln(2) + 𝜁(3)
8 4 4 8 16

Hence,

𝜋2 7
𝜙=− ln(2) + 𝜁(3)
8 16

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Solving for 𝜓:
𝜋/2
𝜓=∫ w⁡ln⁡(cos(𝑤))⁡𝑑𝑤
0

Using Kings Property:

𝜋/2 𝜋/2
𝜋 𝜋
𝜓=∫ w⁡ln⁡(cos(𝑤))⁡𝑑𝑤 = 𝜓 = ∫ ( − w)⁡ln⁡(cos ( − 𝑤))⁡𝑑𝑤
0 0 2 2

𝜋/2
𝜋
=∫ ( − w)⁡ln⁡(sin(w))⁡𝑑𝑤
0 2

𝜋 𝜋/2 𝜋/2
= ∫ ln(sin(w)) 𝑑𝑤 − ∫ w ln(sin(𝑤)) 𝑑𝑤
2 0 0

Denote:

𝜋 𝜋/2
𝜂= ∫ ln(sin(w)) 𝑑𝑤
2 0
∞ 𝜋 ∞ 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋/2 cos(2𝑛𝑤) 𝜋 2 1 2
= ∫ (− ln(2) − ∑ ) 𝑑𝑤 = [− ln(2) ∫ 1⁡𝑑𝑤 − ∑ ∫ cos(2𝑛𝑤) 𝑑𝑤]
2 0 𝑛 2 0 𝑛 0
𝑛=1 𝑛=1

∞
𝜋
𝜋 1 sin(2𝑛𝑤) 𝜋2 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 2
= [− ln(2) 𝑤|02 − ∑ ( ) |0 ] = [− ln(2) ] = ln⁡(2)
2 𝑛 2𝑛 2 2 4
𝑛=1

𝜋 𝜋/2 𝜋/2
𝜓= ∫ ln(sin(w)) 𝑑𝑤 − ∫ w ln(sin(𝑤)) 𝑑𝑤 = 𝜂 − 𝜙
2 0 0

−𝜋 2 𝜋2 7 −𝜋 2 7
𝜓= ln(2) − (− ln(2) + 𝜁(3)) = ln(2) − 𝜁(3)
4 8 16 8 16

Therefore, the following condition where 𝑏 = 1 and 𝑛 = 1:

𝜋/2 𝜋/2 𝜋/2

∫ w⁡ln⁡(tan(𝑤))⁡𝑑𝑤 = ⁡ ∫ w ln(sin(𝑤)) 𝑑𝑤 − ∫ w ln(cos(𝑤)) 𝑑𝑤 = ⁡𝜙 − 𝜓
0 0 0

𝜋2 7 −𝜋 2 7 7
=− ln(2) + 𝜁(3) − ( ln(2) − 𝜁(3)) = 𝜁(3) ≈ 1.0517 …
8 16 8 16 8

[1:3] Continuation for all n and b arbitrary values, where 𝒏, 𝒃 ∈ ℤ

The following data was compiled through Wolfram Alpha:

∞
𝑙𝑛(𝑥) tan−1 (𝑥)
𝐹𝑜𝑟⁡𝑛 = 1, 𝑏 = 1:⁡ ∫ ⁡𝑑𝑥 ≈ 1.0518
0 𝑥2 + 1

𝑥
∞ 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) tan−1 ( )
𝐹𝑜𝑟⁡𝑛 = 1, 𝑏 = 2:⁡ ∫ 2 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = 0.953468
0 𝑥 2 + 22
−1 (𝑥)
∞ 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) tan 3
𝐹𝑜𝑟⁡𝑛 = 1, 𝑏 = 3:⁡ ∫0 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = 0.802386…
𝑥 2 +32

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∞
𝑙𝑛2 (𝑥) tan−1(𝑥)
𝐹𝑜𝑟⁡𝑛 = 2, 𝑏 = 1:⁡ ∫ ⁡𝑑𝑥 = 3.04403
0 𝑥 2 + 12
𝑥
∞ 𝑙𝑛 2 (𝑥) tan−1 ( )
𝐹𝑜𝑟⁡𝑛 = 2, 𝑏 = 2:⁡ ∫ 2 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = 2.54744 …
0 𝑥 2 + 22

The following method can be easily calculated for 𝑛, 𝑏 ∈ ℤ

[2:1] Problem Set 2: Analysis of Gamma Function Integrals

 Objective
To solve the integrals of the form:
∞
∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑥)𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒⁡⁡𝑎, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
0

 Approach
Using substitutions and identities associated with the Gamma function, this set evaluates the integral by expressing it in terms
of poly-gamma and Zeta functions.

Consider:
∞
∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑥)𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥
0

By doing the following:

𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥

∴ ln(𝑡) = −𝑎𝑥

−1
∴𝑥= ln⁡(𝑡)
𝑎
−1 𝑑𝑡
∴ 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎 𝑡

Hence,
∞ ∞
1 𝑛 −1 1 ∞
∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑥)𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑙𝑛 ( ln(𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ [ln(𝑡 −1 ) − ln(𝑎)]𝑛 𝑑𝑡
0 0 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 0

Applying the Difference Binomial Expansion:

𝑗
𝑗
(𝑥 − 𝑦) = ∑ ( ) 𝑥 𝑗−𝑚 𝑦 𝑚 (−1)𝑚
𝑗
𝑚
𝑚=0

𝑛
1 ∞ −1 ∞ 𝑛
= − ∫ [ln(𝑡 −1 ) − ln(𝑎)]𝑛 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ [ ∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (ln(𝑡 −1 ))𝑙𝑛𝑘 (𝑎)(−1)𝑘 ]⁡𝑑𝑡
𝑎 0 𝑎 0 𝑘
𝑘=0

∞
∞
1 𝑛
= ∑ ( ) (−1)𝑘+1 𝑙𝑛𝑘 (𝑎) ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (ln(𝑡 −1 ))𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑘 0
𝑘=0

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Denote:
∞
1 𝑛
𝜌 = ∑ ( ) (−1)𝑘+1 𝑙𝑛𝑘 (𝑎)
𝑎 𝑘
𝑘=0

∞
∞ ∞
1 𝑛
= ∑ ( ) (−1)𝑘+1 𝑙𝑛𝑘 (𝑎) ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (ln(𝑡 −1 ))𝑑𝑡 = 𝜌 ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (ln(𝑡 −1 ))𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑘 0 0
𝑘=0

Let:

𝑤 = ln⁡(𝑡 −1 )

∴ ⁡ 𝑒 𝑤 = 𝑡 −1

∴ 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑤

−𝑒 −𝑤
∴ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑤
𝑤
∞ ∞ ∞
−𝑒 −𝑤 −𝑒 −𝑤
𝜌 ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (ln(𝑡 −1 ))𝑑𝑡 = 𝜌 ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (ln⁡(e𝑤 )) 𝑑𝑤 = 𝜌 ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛−𝑘 (𝑤)⁡ 𝑑𝑤
0 0 𝑤 0 𝑤
∞
𝑑 𝑑
𝜌⁡ 𝑛−𝑘
|𝜓=0 ⁡∫ 𝑤 𝜓−1 ⁡𝑒 −𝑤 𝑑𝑤 = ⁡𝜌⁡ |
𝑛−𝑘 𝜓=0
⁡Γ(ψ)
𝑑𝜓 0 𝑑𝜓

Therefore, by compressing the expression into a Gamma function we obtained the general solution for [2] Problem Set 2:
∞
1 𝑛 𝑑
∑ ( ) (−1)𝑘+1 𝑙𝑛𝑘 (𝑎) | ⁡Γ(ψ)
𝑎 𝑘 𝑑𝜓 𝑛−𝑘 𝜓=0
𝑘=0

 Result
The results yield a general solution, expressed as a series involving Γ(ψ) (Zeta function) and various combinations of poly-
gamma functions. This solution is adaptable for different integer values of 𝑎 and 𝑛.

[2:2] Analysis of Problem Set 2: Parameters 𝒂, 𝒏 ∈ ℤ

Conditions for values n and a:

∞ ∞
𝑑
∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑥)𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = |𝜓=0 ∫ 𝑥 𝜓 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝜓 𝑛 0

Let:

𝑤 = 𝑎𝑥
𝑤
∴𝑥=
𝑎
𝑑𝑤
∴ 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑑 𝜓 −𝑎𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑤 𝜓 −𝑤 1 𝑑 1
𝑛
|𝜓=0 ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛
|𝜓=0 ∫ ( ) 𝑒 ⁡𝑑𝑤 = 𝑛
|𝜓=0 ∫ 𝜓
Γ(𝑏 + 1)
𝑑𝜓 0 𝑑𝜓 0 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑑𝜓 0 𝑎

∞
1 𝑑 1
= 𝑛
|𝜓=0 ∫ 𝜓 Γ(𝑏 + 1)
𝑎 𝑑𝜓 0 𝑎

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1 𝑑 𝜓!
= |
𝑎 𝑑𝜓 𝑛 𝜓=0 𝑎𝜓

We will generate solutions for 𝑛, 𝑎⁡𝜖⁡Ζ, using the following formula:

1 𝑑 𝜓!
|
𝑎 𝑑𝜓 𝑛 𝜓=0 𝑎𝜓

Let’s consider the following generated solutions for 𝑛 = 1,2,3 and 𝑎 = 1:

Consider 𝑛 = 1, 𝑎 = 1:

1 𝑑 𝜓! 𝑎=1,𝑛=1 𝑑 𝜓!
𝑛
|𝜓=0 𝜓 → 1
|𝜓=0 𝜓
𝑎 𝑑𝜓 𝑎 𝑑𝜓 𝑎

𝑑 𝜓! 𝑑
|𝜓=0 𝜓 = | [𝑎−𝜓 𝜓!]
𝑑𝜓 1 𝑎 𝑑𝜓 𝑛 𝜓=0

= [𝜓(1) − 𝐿𝑜𝑔(1)] = 𝜓(1) = −𝛾.

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒⁡𝛾⁡𝑖𝑠⁡𝑡ℎ𝑒⁡𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 − 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑖⁡𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Consider 𝑛 = 2, 𝑎 = 1:

1 𝑑 𝜓! 𝑎=1,𝑛=2 𝑑2 𝜓!
𝑛
|𝜓=0 𝜓
→ 2
|𝜓=0 𝜓
𝑎 𝑑𝜓 𝑎 𝑑𝜓 𝑎

𝑑2
= | [Γ(𝜓 + 1)] = Γ(𝜓 + 1)[Ψ(0) (𝜓 + 1)2 + Ψ(1) (𝜓 + 1)]
𝑑𝜓 2 𝜓=0

𝜋2
= Γ(1)[Ψ(0) (1)2 + Ψ(1) (1)] = 𝛾 2 + .
6

Consider 𝑛 = 3, 𝑎 = 1:

1 𝑑 𝜓! 𝑎=1,𝑛=3 𝑑3 𝜓!
𝑛
|𝜓=0 𝜓 → 3
|𝜓=0 𝜓
𝑎 𝑑𝜓 𝑎 𝑑𝜓 𝑎

𝑑3 𝜓!
= |
𝑑𝜓 3 𝜓=0 𝑎𝜓
3
= Γ(𝜓 + 1) [Ψ(2) (𝜓 + 1) + 3Ψ(1) (𝜓 + 1)Ψ(0) (𝜓 + 1) + (Ψ(0) (𝜓 + 1)) ]

3 𝜋2
= ⁡Γ(1) [Ψ(2) (1) + 3Ψ(1) (1)Ψ(0) (1) + (Ψ(0) (1)) ] = −2𝜁(3) − 𝛾 − 𝛾3.
2

[2:3] Continuation for all a and n arbitrary values, where 𝒂, 𝒏 ∈ ℤ

The following data was compiled through Wolfram Alpha:

∞
𝐹𝑜𝑟⁡𝑛 = 1, 𝑎 = 1:⁡ ∫ 𝑙𝑛1 (𝑥)𝑒 −1𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 ⁡ ≈ ⁡ −0.57721
0

∞
𝐹𝑜𝑟⁡𝑛 = 2, 𝑎 = 1:⁡ ∫ 𝑙𝑛2 (𝑥)𝑒 −1𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 ≈ 1.97811
0

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
∞
𝐹𝑜𝑟⁡𝑛 = 3, 𝑎 = 1:⁡ ∫ 𝑙𝑛3 (𝑥)𝑒 −1𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 ≈ −5.44487 …
0

∞
1
𝐹𝑜𝑟⁡𝑛 = 1, 𝑎 = 2:⁡ ∫ 𝑙𝑛1 (𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = (−𝛾 − log(2)) ≈ −0.635181
0 2
∞
1 2
𝐹𝑜𝑟⁡𝑛 = 2, 𝑎 = 2:⁡ ∫ 𝑙𝑛2 (𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = (𝜋 + 6(𝛾 + log(2))2 ) ≈ 1.62938
0 12
∞
1
𝐹𝑜𝑟⁡𝑛 = 3, 𝑎 = 2:⁡ ∫ 𝑙𝑛3 (𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = −𝜁(3) − (𝛾 + log(2))(𝜋 2 + 2(𝛾 + log(2))2 ) ≈ −5.36162
0 4
…
The following method can be easily calculated for 𝑎, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

[3:1] Problem Set 3: Integrals of Logarithmic and Sinusoidal Functions

 Objective
To determine solutions for integrals like:
∞
∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑎𝑥) sin(𝑏𝑥) 𝑒 −𝑐𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒⁡𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑛⁡ ∈ ℤ
0

 Approach
By expanding sin⁡(𝑏𝑥) in terms of complex exponentials, the integral transforms into an imaginary part of a complex function.
Further simplification using Gamma function derivatives is applied:

 Consider:
∞
∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑎𝑥) sin(𝑏𝑥) 𝑒 −𝑐𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥
0

By expanding in terms of complex exponentials:

sin(𝑏𝑥) = 𝐼𝑚(𝑒 𝑖𝑏𝑥 )

∞ ∞ ∞
∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑎𝑥) sin(𝑏𝑥) 𝑒 −𝑐𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = 𝐼𝑚{∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑎𝑥)𝑒 𝑖𝑏𝑥−𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥} = ⁡𝐼𝑚{∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑎𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥(𝑐−𝑖𝑏) 𝑑𝑥}
0 0 0

Using a known property of 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑥):

𝑑𝑛
|(𝑎𝑥) 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑎𝑥)
𝑑𝑧 𝑛
∞ ∞
𝑑𝑛
𝐼𝑚{∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑎𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥(𝑐−𝑖𝑏) 𝑑𝑥} = 𝐼𝑚{ 𝑛 |𝑧=0 ⁡𝑎 𝑧 ∫ 𝑥 𝑧 𝑒 −𝑥(𝑐−𝑖𝑏) 𝑑𝑥}
0 𝑑𝑧 0

Let:

𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑐 − 𝑖𝑏)
𝑦
∴𝑥=
𝑐 − 𝑖𝑏
𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑐 − 𝑖𝑏
∞
𝑑𝑛
= 𝐼𝑚{ 𝑛 |𝑧=0 ⁡𝑎 𝑧 ∫ 𝑥 𝑧 𝑒 −𝑥(𝑐−𝑖𝑏) 𝑑𝑥}
𝑑𝑧 0

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∞
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= 𝐼𝑚{ 𝑛 |𝑧=0 ⁡𝑎 𝑧 ∫ ( ) 𝑒 −𝑦 }
𝑑𝑧 0 𝑐 − 𝑖𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑖𝑏
∞
𝑑𝑛 𝑎𝑧
= 𝐼𝑚{ | ⁡ ∫ 𝑦 𝑧 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦}⁡
𝑑𝑧 𝑛 𝑧=0 (𝑐 − 𝑖𝑏)𝑧+1 0

Therefore, by expanding the sine function in terms of complex exponentials, as well as the Zeta function, we obtained the
general solution for [3] Problem Set 3:

𝑑𝑛 𝑎𝑧
|𝑧=0 ⁡Γ(𝑧 + 1)𝐼𝑚 {⁡ }
𝑑𝑧 𝑛 (𝑐 − 𝑖𝑏)𝑧+1

 Results
The solutions are represented as imaginary components of Gamma functions and poly-gamma derivatives, providing insight
into the oscillatory nature of these functions when combined with logarithmic growth.

[3:2] Analysis of Problem Set 3: Parameters 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒏 ∈ ℤ

Let’s consider the following generated solutions for 𝑛 = 1 and 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 1:

Consider 𝑛 = 1 and 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 1:

Using the general solution:

𝑑𝑛 𝑎𝑧
𝑛
|𝑧=0 ⁡Γ(𝑧 + 1)𝐼𝑚 {⁡ }
𝑑𝑧 (𝑐 − 𝑖𝑏)𝑧+1

𝑑𝑛 𝑎𝑧 𝑎=𝑏=𝑐=𝑛=1 𝑑1 1
𝑛
|𝑧=0 ⁡Γ(𝑧 + 1)𝐼𝑚 {⁡ 𝑧+1
} → 1
|𝑧=0 ⁡Γ(𝑧 + 1)⁡𝐼𝑚 {⁡ }
𝑑𝑧 (𝑐 − 𝑖𝑏) 𝑑𝑧 (1 − 𝑖) 𝑧+1

𝑑1 1
= | ⁡Γ(𝑧 + 1)⁡𝜔, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒⁡𝜔 = 𝐼𝑚 {⁡ }
𝑑𝑧1 𝑧=0 (1 − 𝑖) 𝑧+1

Solving for 𝜔:
𝑧+1
1 √2 𝜋
𝜔 = 𝐼𝑚 {⁡ 𝑧+1
} = 𝐼𝑚 {( 𝑒 4 𝑖 ) }
(1 − 𝑖) 2

𝑧+1
√2 𝜋 𝜋
= 𝐼𝑚 {( ) [cos ( (𝑧 + 1)) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( (𝑧 + 1))]}
2 4 4

√2 𝜋 −1 𝜋
= ( )𝑧+1 [sin ( (𝑧 + 1))] = 2 2 (𝑧+1) [sin ( (𝑧 + 1))]
2 4 4

Therefore,

𝑑1 𝑑1 −1 𝜋
1
| 𝑧=0 ⁡Γ(𝑧 + 1)⁡𝜔 = 1
|𝑧=0 ⁡Γ(𝑧 + 1)⁡2 2 (𝑧+1) [sin ( (𝑧 + 1))]
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 4

(𝑧+1) 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 ln⁡(2) 𝛾
−1 −1 −1 𝑧=0
= Γ(𝑧 + 1){2 2 cos ( (𝑧 + 1)) − 2 2 (𝑧+3) ln(2) sin ( (𝑧 + 1)} + Γ(𝑧 + 1)Ψ (0) (𝑧 + 1)2 2 (𝑧+1) sin ( (𝑧 + 1)) → ⁡⁡⁡⁡ − −
4 4 4 4 8 4 2

[3:3] Continuation for all a, b, c, and n arbitrary values, where 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒏 ∈ ℤ

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 The Following Data was Compiled through Wolfram Alpha:

∞
𝜋 ln(2) 𝛾
𝐿𝑒𝑡⁡𝑛 = 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 1: ∫ 𝑙𝑛1 (𝑥) sin(𝑥) 𝑒 −𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = − − ≈ −0.0691955
0 8 4 2
∞
𝐿𝑒𝑡⁡𝑛 = 2, 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 1: ∫ 𝑙𝑛2 (𝑥) sin(𝑥) 𝑒 −𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 ≈ 0.215193
0
∞
𝐿𝑒𝑡⁡𝑛 = 3, 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 1: ∫ 𝑙𝑛3 (𝑥) sin(𝑥) 𝑒 −𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 ≈ −0.319803
0
…
∞
𝐿𝑒𝑡⁡𝑛 = 2, 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 2: ∫ 𝑙𝑛2 (2𝑥) sin(2𝑥) 𝑒 −2𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = 0.207596
0
∞
𝐿𝑒𝑡⁡𝑛 = 3, 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 2: ∫ 𝑙𝑛3 (2𝑥) sin(2𝑥) 𝑒 −2𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 ≈ −0.159901
0

∞
𝐿𝑒𝑡⁡𝑛 = 3, 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 3: ∫ 𝑙𝑛3 (3𝑥) sin(3𝑥) 𝑒 −3𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 ≈ −0.106601
0
…
∞
𝐿𝑒𝑡⁡𝑛 = 3, 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 4: ∫ 𝑙𝑛3 (4𝑥) sin(4𝑥) 𝑒 −4𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = − 0.0799506
0

The following method can be easily calculated for 𝑛, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐⁡𝜖⁡ℤ

[4:1] Problem Set 4: Logarithmic Fractional Integrals

 Objective
To analyze the integrals of the form:

1 𝑙𝑛 𝑛 (
𝑥
∫ 1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒⁡𝑛 ∈ ℤ
0 1+𝑥

 Approach
𝑥
Using fractional transformation 𝑦 = ⁡ 1−𝑥, the integral is reformatted, allowing for simplification with logarithmic identities
and the Liouville operator:

 Consider:

1 𝑙𝑛 𝑛 (
𝑥
)
∫ 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 1+𝑥

Using the fractional transformation:

𝑥
𝑦=
1−𝑥
𝑦
∴𝑥=
1+𝑦

𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑑𝑥 =
(𝑦 + 1)2

Applying transformation:

1 𝑙𝑛 𝑛 (
𝑥
1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑙𝑛 (𝑦)
1 𝑛 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦)
∫ 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 ⁡
0 1+𝑥 0 1+ (𝑦 + 1)2 0 (2𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 1)
𝑦+1

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∞ 1 ∞
𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦) 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦) 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦)
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑑𝑦
0 (2𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 1) 0 (2𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 1) 1 (2𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 1)

Let:

1
∞
𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦) 𝑦→1/𝑦
1 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦)
∫ 𝑑𝑦 → ∫ 𝑑𝑦
1 (2𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 1) 0 (1 + 𝑦)(1 + 2𝑦)

1 ∞
𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦) 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦)
=∫ 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑑𝑦
0 (2𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 1) 1 (2𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 1)

1
1
𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦) 1 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦 )
=∫ 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑑𝑦
0 (2𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 1) 0 (1 + 𝑦)(1 + 2𝑦)

1 1
𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦) 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦)
=∫ 𝑑𝑦 + (−1)𝑛 ∫ 𝑑𝑦
0 (2𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 1) 0 (𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 2)

Denote the following:

1
𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦)
𝜃=∫ 𝑑𝑦
0 (2𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 1)

1
𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦)
𝜑 = (−1)𝑛 ∫ 𝑑𝑦
0 (𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 2)

Solving for 𝜃:
1 1 1
𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦) 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦) 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦)
𝜃=∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜃𝑎 − 𝜃𝑏
0 (2𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 1) 0 (2𝑦 + 1) 0 (𝑦 + 1)

Denote the following:

1
𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦)
𝜃𝑎 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑦
0 (2𝑦 + 1)

1
𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦)
𝜃𝑏 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
0 (𝑦 + 1)

Solving for 𝜃𝑎 :
∞
1 1
𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦)
𝜃𝑎 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∑(−2)𝑘 ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦)𝑦 𝑘 𝑑𝑦
0 (2𝑦 + 1) 0 𝑘=0

By changing the parameters:

−𝑢 = ln(𝑦)

∴ 𝑒 −𝑢 = 𝑦

∴ 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∞
1
= 2 ∑(−2)𝑘 ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦)𝑦 𝑘 𝑑𝑦
𝑘=0 0

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∞ ∞
∞ ∞
= 2 ∑(−2)𝑘 ∫ (𝑒 −𝑢 )𝑘 (−𝑢)𝑛 (𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢) = 2 ∑(−2)𝑘 (−1)𝑛 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢(𝑘+1) (𝑢)𝑛 𝑑𝑢
𝑘=0 0 𝑘=0 0

By changing parameters:

𝑢(𝑘 + 1) = 𝑤
𝑤
∴𝑢=
𝑘+1
𝑑𝑤
∴ 𝑑𝑢 =
𝑘+1
∞ ∞
∞ ∞
𝑤 𝑛 𝑑𝑤
2 ∑(−2)𝑘 (−1)𝑛 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢(𝑘+1) (𝑢)𝑛
𝑑𝑢 = 2 ∑(−2)𝑘 (−1)𝑛 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑤 ( )
0 0 𝑘+1 𝑘+1
𝑘=0 𝑘=0

∞ ∞
(−2)𝑘 (−1)𝑛 ∞ −𝑤 𝑛
(−2)𝑘 (−1)𝑛
= 2∑ ∫ 𝑒 (𝑤) 𝑑𝑤 = 2 ∑ Γ(𝑛 + 1)
(𝑘 + 1)𝑛+1 0 (𝑘 + 1)𝑛+1
𝑘=0 𝑘=0

∞ ∞ ∞
(−2)𝑘 (−1)𝑛 𝑛
(−2)𝑘 𝑛+1
(−2)𝑘
= 2∑ Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 2(−1) 𝑛! ∑ = (−1) 𝑛! ∑
(𝑘 + 1)𝑛+1 (𝑘 + 1)𝑛+1 (𝑘)𝑛+1
𝑘=0 𝑘=0 𝑘=1

Note the following for simplification:

∞
𝑥𝑘
∑ = 𝐿𝑖2 (𝑥)
𝑘2
𝑘=1

∞
𝑛+1
(−2)𝑘
= (−1) 𝑛! ∑ = (−1)𝑛+1 𝑛! 𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−2)
(𝑘)𝑛+1
𝑘=1

Hence:

𝜃𝑎 = (−1)𝑛+1 𝑛! 𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−2)

Solving 𝜃𝑏 :
∞ ∞
1 1
𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦) (−1)𝑛 𝑛!
𝜃𝑏 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∑(−1)𝑘 ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦)𝑦 𝑘 𝑑𝑦 = ∑(−1)𝑘 [ ]
0 (𝑦 + 1) 0 (𝑘 + 1)𝑛+1
𝑘=0 𝑘=0

∞ ∞
𝑛
(−1)𝑘 𝑛+1
(−1)𝑘
= (−1) 𝑛! ∑ = (−1) 𝑛! ∑ = (−1)𝑛+1 𝑛! 𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−1)
(𝑘 + 1)𝑛+1 (𝑘)𝑛+1
𝑘=0 𝑘=1

Hence:

𝜃𝑏 = (−1)𝑛+1 𝑛! 𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−1)

Therefore:

𝜃 = 𝜃𝑎 − 𝜃𝑏

= (−1)𝑛+1 𝑛! 𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−2) − ((−1)𝑛+1 𝑛! 𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−1))

= (−1)𝑛+1 𝑛! [𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−2) − 𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−1)]

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Solving for 𝜑:

𝜑=
1
𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦)
(−1)𝑛 ∫ 𝑑𝑦
0 (𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 2)
∞
1
𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦) 1
𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦) 1 −1 𝑘 1
= (−1)𝑛 [∫ 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑑𝑦 ] = (−1)𝑛 [𝜃𝑏 − ∑ ( ) ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑦)𝑦 𝑘 𝑑𝑦]
0 (𝑦 + 1) 0 (𝑦 + 2) 2 2 0 𝑘=0

∞
1 −1 (−1)𝑛 𝑛!
= (−1)𝑛 [𝜃𝑏 − ∑( )𝑘 [ ]]
2 2 (𝑘 + 1)𝑛+1
𝑘=0

∞ −1
(−1)𝑛 𝑛! ( )𝑘
𝑛
= (−1) [𝜃𝑏 − ∑[ 2 ]]
2 (𝑘 + 1)𝑛+1
𝑘=0

−1 ∞
( 2 )𝑘+1
𝑛 𝑛
= (−1) [𝜃𝑏 − {−(−1) 𝑛! ∑ [ ]}]
(𝑘 + 1)𝑛+1
𝑘=0

∞ −1
( 2 )𝑘
𝑛 𝑛+1
= (−1) [𝜃𝑏 − {(−1) 𝑛! ∑ [ ]}]
(𝑘 + 1)𝑛+1
𝑘=1

1
= (−1)𝑛 [𝜃𝑏 − {(−1)𝑛+1 𝑛! 𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (− )}]
2
1
= (−1)𝑛 [(−1)𝑛+1 𝑛! 𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−1) − {(−1)𝑛+1 𝑛! 𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (− )}]
2
1
= (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛+1 𝑛! (𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−1) − 𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (− ))
2

Therefore:

1
𝜑 = (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛+1 𝑛! (𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−1) − 𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (− ))
2

Since:

1 𝑙𝑛 𝑛 (
𝑥
∫ 1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜃 + 𝜑
0 1+𝑥

1
= (−1)𝑛+1 𝑛! [𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−2) − 𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−1)] + (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛+1 𝑛! (𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−1) − 𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (− ))
2

Therefore, by applying the fractional transformation to the following integral, we obtained a general solution of combinations
of special Liouville functions in [4] Problem Set 4:

𝑛! [(−1)𝑛+1 (𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−2) − 𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−1)) + (−𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−1) + 𝐿𝑖𝑛+1 (−1/2)]

 Results
The final solution is given in terms of special Liouville Functions (𝐿𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)), which describe the properties of the integral with
respect to complex series expansions.

[4:2] Analysis of Problem Set 3: Parameters 𝒏 ∈ ℤ

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Conditions for values n:

Let 𝑛 = 1:

1 𝑙𝑛1 (
𝑥
) 2
∫ 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1! [(−1)2 (𝐿𝑖 (−2) − 𝐿𝑖 (−1)) + (−𝐿𝑖 (−1) + 𝐿𝑖 (−1/2)] = 𝐿𝑖 (−2) + 𝜋 + 𝐿𝑖 (− 1)
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 1+𝑥 6 2

Let 𝑛 = 2:

1 𝑙𝑛 2 (
𝑥
)
∫ 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2! [(−1)3 (𝐿𝑖 (−2) − 𝐿𝑖 (−1)) + (−𝐿𝑖 (−1) + 𝐿𝑖 (−1/2)] = −2𝐿𝑖 (−2) + 2𝐿𝑖 (− 1)
3 3 3 3 3 3
0 1+𝑥 2

Let 𝑛 = 3:

1 𝑙𝑛 3 (
𝑥
)
∫ 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3! [(−1)4 (𝐿𝑖 (−2) − 𝐿𝑖 (−1)) + (−𝐿𝑖 (−1) + 𝐿𝑖 (−1/2)] = 6𝐿𝑖 (−2) − 12𝐿𝑖 (−1) + 6𝐿𝑖 (− 1)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
0 1+𝑥 2

The following method can be easily calculated for 𝑛⁡𝜖⁡Ζ

[5:1] Problem Set 5: Logarithmic Integrals with Polynomial Growth

 Objective
To derive solutions for:
1
𝑥 𝑘 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒⁡𝑛, 𝑘, 𝑤 ∈ ℤ
0 𝑥𝑤 + 1

 Approach
Using substitution and series expansion techniques, particularly focusing on the binomial expansion for logarithmic terms, the
integral is expressed in terms of hypergeometric series:

 Consider the Following:

1
𝑥 𝑘 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥𝑤 + 1
∞
1 1
𝑥 𝑘 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑥)
∫ 𝑤
𝑑𝑥 = ∑(−1)𝑗 ∫ 𝑥 𝑘 𝑥 𝑤𝑗 𝑙𝑛𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥 +1 0
𝑗=0

Let:

ln(𝑥) = −𝑦

∴ 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑦

∴ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∞ ∞
1 ∞
∑(−1)𝑗 ∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑘 𝑤𝑗
𝑙𝑛 𝑛 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 = ∑(−1)𝑗 ∫ (𝑒 −𝑦 )𝑘 (𝑒 −𝑦 )𝑤𝑗 (−𝑦)𝑛 (−𝑒 −𝑦 )⁡𝑑𝑦
𝑗=0 0 𝑗=0 0

∞ ∞
∞ ∞
= ∑(−1) 𝑗 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑦𝑘−𝑦𝑤𝑗−𝑦 (−1)𝑛 (𝑦)𝑛 𝑑𝑦 = ∑(−1)𝑗 (−1)𝑛 ∫ 𝑦 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑦(𝑘+𝑤𝑗+1) 𝑑𝑦
𝑗=0 0 𝑗=0 0

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Let:
𝑦(𝑘 + 𝑤𝑗 + 1) = 𝑚
𝑚
∴𝑦=
𝑘 + 𝑤𝑗 + 1

𝑑𝑚
∴ 𝑑𝑦 =
𝑘 + 𝑤𝑗 + 1
∞
∞
= ∑(−1) 𝑗 (−1)𝑛 ∫ 𝑦 𝑛 𝑒−𝑦(𝑘+𝑤𝑗+1) 𝑑𝑦
𝑗=0 0

∞
∞ 𝑛
𝑚 𝑑𝑚
= ∑(−1)𝑗 (−1)𝑛 ∫ ( ) 𝑒 −𝑚 ( )
0 𝑘 + 𝑤𝑗 + 1 𝑘 + 𝑤𝑗 + 1
𝑗=0

∞ ∞
(−1) 𝑗 (−1)𝑛 ∞ (−1) 𝑗 (−1)𝑛
=∑ 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑚𝑛 𝑒−𝑚 𝑑𝑚 = ∑ Γ(𝑛 + 1)
(𝑘 + 𝑤𝑗 + 1) 0 (𝑘 + 𝑤𝑗 + 1)𝑛+1
𝑗=0 𝑗=0

∞
(−1) 𝑗 (−1)𝑛
=∑ 𝑛!
(𝑘 + 𝑤𝑗 + 1)𝑛+1
𝑗=0

∞ ∞ ∞
(−1)𝑗 (−1) 𝑗 (−1)𝑛 𝑛! (−1)𝑗
= (−1)𝑛 𝑛!⁡∑ = (−1)𝑛 𝑛!⁡∑ 𝑛+1 =⁡ ∑ 𝑛+1
(𝑘 + 𝑤𝑗 + 1)𝑛+1 𝑘+1 𝑤 𝑛+1 𝑘+1
𝑗=0 𝑗=0 𝑗=0
[𝑤 (𝑗 + ( ))] (𝑗 + ( ))
𝑤 𝑤

We know:
∞
(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑚 𝑎 𝑎+1
∑ 𝑚
=[ 𝑚 ] [Ψ(𝑚−1) ( ) − Ψ(𝑚−1) ( )]
(𝑛 + 𝑎) 2 Γ(𝑚) 2 2
𝑛=0

Where:

𝑚 = 𝑛+1

𝑘+1
𝑎=
𝑤
∞
(−1)𝑛 𝑛! (−1)𝑗
= ∑ 𝑛+1
𝑤 𝑛+1 𝑘+1
𝑗=0
(𝑗 + ( ))
𝑤

(−1)𝑛 𝑛! (−1)𝑛+1 𝑘+1 𝑘+𝑤+1

= [ ] (Ψ(𝑛) ( ) − Ψ(𝑛) ( ))
𝑤 𝑛+1 2𝑛+1 Γ(𝑛 + 1) 2𝑤 2𝑤

Therefore, the general expression involves hypergeometric functions combined with polynomial and logarithmic growth for
[5] Problem Set 5:

−1 𝑘+1 𝑘+𝑤+1
[ 𝑛+1
] (Ψ(𝑛) ( ) − Ψ(𝑛) ( )) ⁡𝑓𝑜𝑟⁡𝑛, 𝑘, 𝑤⁡𝜖⁡Ζ.
(2𝑤) 2𝑤 2𝑤

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 Result
The resulting expression involves hypergeometric functions that account for the combined polynomial and logarithmic growth,
providing a generalized form that adapts to various values 𝑛, 𝑘, and 𝑤.

[5:2] Analysis of Problem Set 5: Parameters 𝒏, 𝒌, 𝒘 ∈ ℤ

Conditions for values 𝑛, 𝑘, 𝑤:

Let 𝑛 = 1, 𝑘 = 𝑤 = 1:
1
𝑥1 𝑙𝑛1 (𝑥) −1 2 3 −1 3
∫ 1
𝑑𝑥 = [ 2 ] (Ψ(1) ( ) − Ψ(1) ( )) = [ ] (Ψ(1) (1) − Ψ(1) ( ))
0 𝑥 +1 (2) 2 2 4 2

Let 𝑛 = 2, 𝑘 = 𝑤 = 1:
1
𝑥1 𝑙𝑛2 (𝑥) −1 2 3 −1 3
∫ 1
𝑑𝑥 = [ 3 ] (Ψ(2) ( ) − Ψ(2) ( )) = [ ] (Ψ(2) (1) − Ψ(2) ( ))
0 𝑥 +1 (2) 2 2 8 2

Let 𝑛 = 3, 𝑘 = 𝑤 = 1:
1
𝑥1 𝑙𝑛3 (𝑥) −1 2 3 −1 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ 4 ] (Ψ(3) ( ) − Ψ(3) ( )) = [ ] (Ψ(3) (1) − Ψ(3) ( ))
0 𝑥1 + 1 (2) 2 2 16 2

The following method can be easily calculated for 𝑛, 𝑘, 𝑤⁡𝜖⁡ℤ

[6:1] Problem Set 6: Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Inverses

 Objective
To compute integrals of the form:
∞
∫ arcsinh(𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ(𝑚𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒⁡𝑚 ∈ ℤ
0

 Approach
By expressing the inverse hyperbolic sine in logarithmic form and using substitutions involving exponential functions, the
integral is simplified:

 Consider:
∞
∫ arcsinh(𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ(𝑚𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
0

By expressing the sine function in logarithmic form:

arcsin(𝑥) = log⁡(𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 )

2
csch(𝑚𝑥) =
𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥

Hence:

∞ ∞ 2
2 2
∫ arcsinh(𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ(𝑚𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log⁡( + √1 + ( ) )⁡𝑑𝑥
0 0 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥

∞
2 4
= ∫ log⁡( 𝑚𝑥 −𝑚𝑥
+ √1 + 2𝑚𝑥 )⁡𝑑𝑥
0 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑒 − 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑚𝑥

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∞
2 𝑒 2𝑚𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑚𝑥 + 2
= ∫ log⁡( 𝑚𝑥 −𝑚𝑥
+ √ 2𝑚𝑥 )⁡𝑑𝑥
0 𝑒 −𝑒 𝑒 + 𝑒 −2𝑚𝑥 − 2

∞ ∞
2 (𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 )2 2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
= ∫ log⁡( + √ )⁡𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log ( + ) ⁡𝑑𝑥
0 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 (𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 )2 0 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥

∞
2 + 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
= ∫ log⁡( ) ⁡𝑑𝑥
0 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
∞ ∞
2 + 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 (2 + 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 )
∫ log ( 𝑚𝑥 −𝑚𝑥
) ⁡𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log ( −𝑚𝑥 𝑚𝑥 ) ⁡𝑑𝑥
0 𝑒 −𝑒 0 𝑒 (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 )

∞
2𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 + 1 + 𝑒 −2𝑚𝑥
= ∫ log⁡( ) ⁡𝑑𝑥
0 1 − 𝑒 −2𝑚𝑥

Let:

𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥

∴ 𝑚𝑥 = ln(𝑢)

𝑑𝑢
∴ 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑚𝑢
∞ 1
2𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 + 1 + 𝑒 −2𝑚𝑥 1 2𝑢 + 1 + 𝑢2
∫ log ( ) ⁡𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log ( ) ⁡𝑑𝑢
0 1 − 𝑒 −2𝑚𝑥 0 𝑚𝑢 1 − 𝑢2

1 (1 + 𝑢)
1
=∫ log ( ) ⁡𝑑𝑢
0 𝑚𝑢 (1 − 𝑢)

1 1
1 1
=∫ log⁡(1 + 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ log⁡(1 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
0 𝑚𝑢 0 𝑚𝑢

Consider the following identities:

∞
(−1)𝑘 𝑢𝑘
log(1 + 𝑢) = − ∑
𝑘
𝑘=1

∞
𝑢𝑘
log(1 − 𝑢) = − ∑
𝑘
𝑘=1

Hence:
1 1
1 1
=∫ log(1 + 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ log(1 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
0 𝑚𝑢 0 𝑚𝑢

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
1 (−1)𝑘 1 𝑘−1 1 1 1 1 (−1)𝑘 𝑢𝑘 1 1 1 𝑢𝑘 1
=− ∑ ∫𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + ∑ ∫ 𝑢𝑘−1 𝑑𝑢 = − ∑ |0 + ∑ |
𝑚 𝑘 0 𝑚 𝑘 0 𝑚 𝑘 𝑘 𝑚 𝑘 𝑘 0
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1

∞ ∞
1 (−1)𝑘 1 1 1 −𝜋 2 1 𝜋2 𝜋2
=− ∑ 2
+ ∑ 2=− ( )+ =
𝑚 𝑘 𝑚 𝑘 𝑚 6 𝑚 12 4𝑚
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

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Therefore, through algebraic identities from hyperbolic functions to exponential functions, the following can be expressed in
terms of 𝜋 for [6] Problem Set 6:
∞
𝜋2
∫ arcsinh(𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ(𝑚𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ ⁡
0 4𝑚
 Results
𝜋
The general solution is to be found to be , reflecting the oscillatory behavior of the hyperbolic and inverse functions for
4𝑚
arbitrary integer values of 𝑚.

[6:2] Continuation for all m arbitrary values, where 𝒎 ∈ ℤ

 The Following Data was Compiled Through Wolfram Alpha:

Let⁡𝑚 = 1:
∞
𝜋2
∫ arcsinh(𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ ⁡
0 4
Let 𝑚 = 2:
∞
𝜋2
∫ arcsinh(𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ(2𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ ⁡
0 8
Let 𝑚 = 3:
∞
𝜋2
∫ arcsinh(𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ(3𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ ⁡
0 12
Let 𝑚 = 4:
∞
𝜋2
∫ arcsinh(𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ(4𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ ⁡
0 16

…The following method can be easily calculated for 𝑚⁡𝜖⁡ℤ

IV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION  Series Expansions and Approximations

In certain cases, series expansions such as the binomial
This work addresses complex integrals of functions that and Fourier series were used to approximate or simplify the
combine logarithmic, trigonometric, exponential, and expressions. Problem Set 5, which involves polynomial
hyperbolic elements, each parameterized by arbitrary integer growth and logarithmic terms, shows how expansions can
values. The derived solutions leverage advanced represent complex growth behaviors in compact forms.
mathematical tools, including transformations and identities
associated with Beta, Gamma, poly-gamma, and Zeta These methods not only simplify the evaluation of
functions. The successful application of these tools in solving challenging integrals but also provide insights into the
integrals across different problem sets illustrates their broader mathematical relations among special functions,
versatility and highlights the structural relationships among contributing to a deeper understanding of their computational
special functions. and analytical properties.

A. Discussion B. Conclusion
The problem sets demonstrate specific techniques for
handling integrals with unique structural forms: The results obtained in this analysis illustrate how
combining various mathematical techniques can yield closed-
 Transformations and Substitutions form or approximate solutions for integrals involving
Several problem sets employ variable substitutions to logarithmic, trigonometric, and hyperbolic terms. These
reframe integrals in terms of simpler, more manageable solutions offer a framework for analyzing integrals with
forms. For example, Problem Set 1 uses a trigonometric similar functional structures and could serve as a foundational
substitution to express the integral in terms of Beta and tool in fields requiring precise integration of complex
Gamma functions, illustrating how transformations simplify functions, such as theoretical physics, engineering, and
otherwise intricate expressions. computational mathematics. By providing general solutions
for a wide range of integer values, this work contributes to the
 Special Functions and Identities growing catalog of special function solutions and underscores
The analysis applies identities from poly-gamma and the importance of symbolic computation and functional
Zeta functions in solving logarithmic and exponential analysis in addressing advanced mathematical challenges.
integrals, as shown in Problem Set 2. This approach Future research could further explore the application of these
emphasizes the power of special functions in capturing the techniques to other classes of integrals or examine the
behavior of complex integrals across various domains.

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numerical stability of these solutions when applied in

computational contexts.

REFERENCES

[1]. In compiling this work, standard mathematical

references and computational tools were crucial in
providing accurate derivations and validating results.
Key resources include texts on special functions,
integral transformations, and symbolic computation,
as well as reputable mathematical software. The
following references were instrumental in this
analysis:
[2]. Abramowitz, M., & Stegun, I. A. (1972). Handbook of
Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and
Mathematical Tables. New York: Dover Publications.
[3]. Olver, F. W. J., Lozier, D. W., Boisvert, R.F., & Clark,
C. W. (2010). NIST Handbook of Mathematical
Functions. Cambridge University Press.
[4]. Gradshteyn, I. S., & Ryzhik, I. M. (2014). Table of
Integrals, Series, and Products (8th ed.). Academic
Press.
[5]. Wolfram Research. *Mathematica and Wolfram
Alpha.
[6]. Whittaker, E. T., & Watson, G. N. (1996). A Course of
Modern Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
[7]. DLMF (Digital Library of Mathematical Functions),
National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST).

These references collectively supported the

computational and theoretical aspects of the problem sets,
enabling accurate derivation and analysis of complex
functions with arbitrary parameters.

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