TYPICAL SCHEMATIC OF TRACTION POWER SUPPLY FEEDING ARRANGEMENT

INCOMING EHV SUPPLY

(220/132/110/166kv

DP
ISOLATOR
CT

CIRCUIT BREAKER
LIGHTNING
ARRESTER
TRACTION
TRANSFORMER

25 kv
42 kv LIGHTNING
CT
ARRESTER
TO BURIED RAIL &
NEAREST RUNNING 25 kv CIRCUIT BREAKER
TRACK 25 kv CT
25 KV SP ISOLATOR 25 kv SP ISOLATOR
NORMALLY CLOSED 100 kva, 25 kv/240 VLT SUPPLY
25 kv SP ISOLATOR TRANSFORMER
25 kv CT
25 KV/110V PT
25 kv FEEDER CIRCUIT BREAKER
(PROTECTION)
25 kv SP ISOLATOR
25 kv BUS COUPLER
INTERRUPTOR
(NORMAL OPEN)

25 kv INTERRUPTOR
25 kv SP ISOLATOR

25 kv PT
SUB SECTIONING &
PARALLELING STATION (SSP)

42 KV LA STATION TYPE:
HEAVY DUTY

SECTIONING AND PARALLELING POST (sp) S P BRIDGING

SUB - SECTOR SUB - SECTOR SUB - SECTOR INTERRUPTOR

SECTOR
Explanation of TSS: 113 words

1. 220kv/132kv/110kv power supply is derived from the grid of State Electricity

Boards and connected to primary of traction transformer through various
switches like, CB, CTs and PTS Las and isolators.
2. At each traction substation, normally two single phase transformers are installed,
one which is in service and the other is 100% stand by. The present standard
capacity is 21.6 MVA (ONAN)/30.2 MVA (ONAF).
3. These transformers step down the grid voltage to 25 kV for feeding the overhead
equipment (OHE). 25 kV feeders carry the power from the substations to feeding
posts located near the tracks.
4. Each feeder is controlled by a single pole circuit breaker equipped with protective
devices.

Description of any three equipments in the circuit:112 words

1. Traction transformer
Traction transformers step down the grid voltage to 25 kV for feeding the
overhead equipment (OHE). The present standard capacity is 21.6 MVA
(ONAN)/30.2 MVA (ONAF).

2. Current transformer: CTs are used for measuring and protection purposes. Cts
ratios are LV side: 750A/5A, 1500A/5A
HV side: 400/5A
3. Potential transformer: PTs are used for measuring and protection purposes.
PTs ratios are
LV side: 25kv/110v
4. Circuit breaker:
High voltage and high rupturing capacity switches with insulating and
extinguishing media SF6 are operated with 110v volt DC controlled with
protections
5. Lightning arrester: Ls are used as protection against surge voltages. LA settings
are:
LV side: 42kv
HV side: 96kv/120kv/198kv
 PROTECTION SCHEME
132 KV

DPI

OCR
200-100/5 A CT IDMT REF
INST

132 KV
DP CB
120 KV LA
400/5 A CT

132/25 KV
DIFF
TRANSFORMER
1600/4.09 A CT
42 KV LA

CB

OCR
1500-750/5 A CT REF
IDMT

SPI

BC SPI
OCR
1500-750/5 A CT DPR WPC
INST

PT

FDR CB

SPI
PROTECTIVE RELAYS AT THE TRACTION SUB-STATION
FOR THE TRANSFORMER PROTECTION: 224 words
1. Differential relays: it is provided to protection against inter turn fault
Biased setting : 15% above full load current
High setting: 8 to 10 times of full load current (for protection against
high inrush current during energization)

2. IDMT over current Relays for the primary (HV) as well as for the
secondary (L.V) side and an instantaneous over current element:
these relays are provided to protect transformer against overloading
Instantaneous OCR: 8 to 10 times of full load current
IDMT settings
HV side: 120 % of full load current with time grading from LV side
LV side: 120% of full load current

3. Instantaneous Earth Leakage relays: It is provided to protect against

earth leakage current.
Setting: 10 % of full load current

4. High speed Inter tripping Relays: these relays are provided to isolate
the transformer from both side simultaneously on the basis of
operation of main protective relays
5. Buchcholz relay is a protection against internal fault of transformer in
which transformer oil decomposes resulting in gas formation.
Alarm: low level fault
Tripping: high level severe fault
6. Winding temperature indicator
Alarm 950 C
Tripping 1050 C

7. Oil temperature indicator

Alarm 750 C
Tripping 850 C

8. PRD: Protection against high pressure build up inside transformer

due to high level internal fault
Setting at 0 .8kg/cm2
FOR THE OVERHEAD EQUIPMENT PROTECTION: 110 words
1. Distance Protection relays (mho): Protection against line fault when
fault current is beyond the range of instantaneous OCR.
Setting angle is 60 75
2. Admittance type relay for protection against Wrong phase coupling
of different phases at SP
3. Instantaneous over current Relays. It is protection against nearby
high current fault
Setting: 200% of full load current of transformer
4. Panto flashover Relay: It is provided to switch off two adjacent
sectors when high potential difference occurs between two sectors.
5. Delta I relay for high resistance fault it a back up protection to DPR it
protects OHE from high resistive faults which is out of range of DPR
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

1. Porcelain and composite insulator

Sn description Porcelain insulator composite insulator

1 Weight Heavy Light

2 construction Core & petticoat of Core – resin bonded

porcelain glass fibre and petticoat
– silicon rubber.

3 Cleaning Scheduled cleaning Self cleaning property

required

4 Handling Not easy Easy

5 On Failure Crush so OHE break Hold the OHE

down

6 Flashing Identified easily Difficult to identify

7 Effect of Easily broken Not easily broken

vandalism

8 Hydrophobic Poor Good

property

9 Impact Poor Excellent

withstand
capacity

10 use More flashing/ Can be used in polluted

failures in polluted area
area
2. Difference between Regulated OHE and Unregulated OHE

S.No. description Regulated OHE Unregulated OHE

1 ATD Provided both sides FTA provided both sides

2 Current smooth Sometimes heavy

collection flashings

3 Contact wire less more

wear rate

4 Tension length 1500 meter 1600 meter

5 Sag No Yes due to change in

temperature

6 Pre-tensioning Not required Yes once in a year

7 hog No Some times

8 tension 2000 kgf As per tension

temperature chart

9 speed Up to 160 Kmph Up to 100 Kmph

10 Use of OHE In mainline In yards and unimportant

lines
 3. Difference between PTFE and overlap type Neutral section

Sn description PTFE type Overlap type

N/section

1 Length 5.16 to 9.48 meter 41 meter

2 Chances of No Sometimes
stalling
assistant engine is
required

3 Installation less more

time

4 isolation PTFE rods Air gap

5 speed Up to 160 Kmph up to 130 Kmph

6 Multiple loco Smooth unlimited Max. 3 locos with raised

operation panto.

7 Signal location Can be installed nearby Min. 400m away from

signal signal

8 cost more less

9 maintenance more less

10 Maintenance more less

cost
 4. 25kV AC traction vs 1500V DC traction

S. NO. Description 25 KV AC Traction 1500 V DC traction

1 Current Less current hence More current, more
Copper Saving losses
2 Voltage profile Less Voltage Drop More Voltage Drop
3 Weight Light Heavy
4 Type of OHE Regulated OHE Unregulated OHE
5 Maintenance Less More
6 Fire prone less more
7 TSS spacing more less
8 No. of Less More
substations
9 Loco adhesion more less
10 Electricity Less More
consumptions
11 transmission more less
system
efficiency
12 Switch gear outdoor indoor
13 Load current less Equal to fault level
level
14 Protection easy typical
system
15 Manpower Less TSS are unmanned More track cabins are
manned
 1. What is the EIG’s sanction ? What are the documents required for
obtaining EIG’s Sanction for energisation of power supply installation.
Ans: 247 words
EIG’s sanction: It is a formal approval of EIG in connection with the design and
layout of all high voltage equipment including traction sub-stations, transmission
lines, 25 kV feeders, switching stations, booster stations etc and Approval for
energisation of HT installations mentioned earlier including OHE.
The following documents shall accompany the application for El's sanction.
1. Public notification regarding energisation of 25KV.
2. Introduction oc AC25KV traction warning to road users.
3. Certificate regarding OHE (proforma 10-03).
4. Certificate regarding bonding and earthing (proforma 10-04).
5. Certificate regarding safety instructions and precautionary measures
(proforrna.10-05).
6. Clearance certificate by S& T department.
7. Clearance certificate for energisation on 25KV AC.
8. Clearance certificate by OHE contractor.
9. General safety certificate
10. Certificate of insulation resistance of OHE
11. Certificate of implantation
12. Certificate for gauge height.
13. Certificate regarding engg. Works FOB, ROB etc
14. Clearance certificate by department of telecommunication.
15. Test results for equipment in switching stations and sub-stations and their
safety.
16. Insulation test results values for auxiliary transformers
17. Restricted OHE clearances abstract
18. Certificate of material supplied from approved source.
19. Details of danger and caution boards.
20. Certificate regarding removal of LT & HT infringement.
21. Certificate regarding removal of platform shed infringement.
22. Certificate for clearances and and safety items.
23. Certificate for neutral sections.
24. Any other data, test results and certificates required by the Electrical
inspector.
The sanction of the Electrical inspector may be issued in the proforma 10
 1. NEUTRAL SECTION:380 words
Neutral sections are provided to isolate different phases of power supply in
adjoining overhead equipment fed by adjacent substations which are normally
connected to different phases of supply. Thus neutral section is insulated dead
section of OHE which is used to separate the feed of different substations. The
neutral sections maintain mechanical but not electrical continuity of OHE.
The following type’s neutral sections have been adopted by the Indian
Railways.
a) Overlap type,
b) Short neutral section comprising of composite insulators,
c) Short neutral section comprising of section insulators assembly.
OVERLAP TYPE NEUTRAL SECTION
The neutral length of overlap type neutral section is 41 m. In this type of
neutral section a short length of OHE regulated at one end and fixed at other is
erected. The central span is 49.5 m. long while one span each on either side of
central span is 36 mts long. This overlaps are insulated overlaps. The overlaps
type neutral section is designed in such a manner that the dead length of
overhead equipment, for which the locomotive will get no power is 41 metres.
The speed limit of overlap type neutral section is same as that of the overhead
equipment. The conventional overlap type neutral section is used on main lines
except in suburban and heavily graded sections where its not adopted.
SHORT NEUTRAL SECTION COMPRISING OF SECTION INSULATOR ASSEMBLY
On heavily graded section and suburban areas and neutral section of 5
metres length comprising of two section insulator assemblies may be adopted.
Speed under such neutral sections shall be restricted to 100 km/hour if the
runners are in trailing direction otherwise to 70 km/hour in single line working.
This neutral section suffers from drawbacks – heavyweight, speed
restrictions and frequent maintenance requirements.
Short neutral section comprising of composite insulators
Short neutral section comprising of composite insulators have been imported
from M/s BBP.C:U.K. and have been erected on selected locations of Indian
Railways.. The short neutral section assembly is erected symmetrically on either
side of the support and the mid point which is dead is connected to earth. Contact
wire insulator comprises of resin bonded glass fibre insulators covered with
ceramic beads. Catenary insulator comprises of resin bonded glass fibre insulators
covered with PTFE sleeves or silicone or any other suitable covering.
 2. AUTO TENSIONING DEVICE: 247 words

The function of ATD is to maintain a constant tension in OHE conductors i.e contact wire and
catenary's wire under varying temperature conditions, so that profile of OHE is maintained for
better current collection.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE:
Mechanical advantage or total tension on OHE conductors

Ratio of regulating equipment T1+T2 (in kgf)

= --------------------------------
Counter weight in kg.

Thus for a constant tension of 1000kg each for contact wire (T 1) and catenary wire(T2). Counter
weight for 3:1 ratio pulley block is 2000/3 I.e. 667 kg. Hence 665 kg has been chosen.
Counter Weight for 5:1 ratio pulley block is 2000/5 I.e 400kg.

TYPE OF AUTO TENSIONING DEVICES

 5:1 ratio pulley block type or two pulley block type
 5:1 ratio Winch type ATD
 3:1 ratio pulley type or Three pulley type ATD

MAIN DEFECT IN ATDS:-

 Breakage of stainless steel wire rope.
 Jamming of ATD pulley/ drum due to seizure of needle bearing or ball bearing.
 Rubbing or grazing of stainless steel wire rope over drum/ pulley and riding on the
Helical groove of which type ATD.

Breaking of SS wire rope:

1. Corrosion, bad quality of material

2. Pollution, saline whether
3. Improper attention to broken strands
4. Bird cogging, pitting etc.

Jamming of ATD wheels due to seizure of bearings:-

ATD’s are provided with: – 1) Needle bearings & 2) Ball bearings.

Bearings get damaged due to ingress of dirt and moisture as well due to detoriation in grease,
drying of grease.
3.2 What are the various precautions followed for the parallel operation of Traction
Transformer?
Ans: For parallel operation of transformer following condition should be satisfied

1. Identical voltage ratio

2. Same polarity
3. Same phase rotation
4. Same phase angle shift (same vector group)
5. Same percentage impedence or percentage impedence should be within 7.5% of each
other
6. Same X/R ratio

Precautions

1. Preferable to parallel transformer with closest turn ratio and percentage impedence
2. Rating of both transformer be identical for dissimilar KVAR rating circulating current be
less than limit
3. Fault level on LV bus increases so switchgears should be suitably rated
4. Suitable protection to be provided to clear the fault
 Causes of pantograph entanglement: 144 words

Pantograph side

1. Improper pressure on OHE

2. Worn out wearing strip
3. Split pin missing.
4. Copper shunts broken missing
5. Improper lubrication
6. Crack on plunger balancing rod/articulation tube etc.
7. Improper leveling of panto pan.
8. Excessive push up on OHE due to Multiple loco working on high Speed.
9. Securing of damaged panto.
10. Breakage of panto & 9 T Insulator.
11. Due to Loco going beyond stop limit & Damaging both panto and 9 ton Insulator

OHE side

1. Improper tension of OHE

2. Improper adjustment of Turnout/crossover stagger and height.
3. Malfunctioning of ATD
4. Failures of OHE components, like Insulators dropper parting of contact Wire etc
5. Leaning of mast.

Other causes

1. Storm
2. Bird hitting
3. Monkey Electrocution
4. Tree branches/foreign materials on OHE
5. Theft
6. Track Defect
Necessity of earthing of electrical equipment system: 268 words

1. To protect men and materials from injury or damage due to over voltage and current.
2. To provide low resistance path to fault current to ensure prompt and consistent
operation of protective devices in case of ground faults.
Measurement of Earth Resistance:
1. Earth resistance is measured by earth tester.
2. E is the earth electrode under test and P & C are auxiliary electrodes.
3. Fix the electrode C at the distance of approx. 25 m from E and fix the electrode P at the
centre of the electrodes E and C.
4. Connect them as figure given below given figure. And Take readings
5. Take two more readings by changing the position of the electrode P and C.
6. Take min. 3 readings and average of them is the earth resistance

Earth Resistance:

S. NO. Name of station Max permissible earth resistance

1 Traction substation 0.5 
2 Switching station 2.0
3 FOB, ROB, COP 10.0
4 AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER 10.0

Type of earthing system in use are:

Equipment earthing:
1. It is provided to Earth all metallic part of electrical equipment other than parts which
are normally live or current carrying.
2. This is done to ensure effective operation of the protective gear in the event of leakage
through such metal work.
3. It also protects human being from electric shock.

System earthing
System earthing: it is provided to limit potential between phases with respect to Earth as a
protection against earth fault.

Earthing of lightning arrester:

1. It is provided to obtain low resistance path for surge discharge.
2. An independent earth electrode shall be provided for each lightning arrester.
Main benefits of conversion from 1500 V dc to 25 KV ac are : 205 WORDS

1. DC system reached on saturation

2. Current reached on such a value that it is difficult to differentiate between load current &
fault current
3. DC TSS are prone to fire
4. Speed limitation with dc loco
5. Maintenance cost of dc track cabin & dc OHE (TRD) is more
6. Maintenance cost of dc locomotive is more
7. Under utilization of loco
8. DC system low voltage & high current compare to 25 KV ac so
1) Size of contact & catenary required in ac is less
2) Structures are light
3) Foundations required - not big as in dc

Steps involved in conversion of TRD system are

1) Increasing insulation level from 1500 V dc to 25 KV ac by replacing insulators

2) Providing ac switches
3) Providing ac type section insulator
4) Modification of overlaps from single span to 3 span
5) Construction of ac TSS , SSP & SP
6) Provision of SCADA
7) Clearances for 25 KV ac

How the train operation has improved after conversion specially on NE and SE ghat
section
1. 20 minutes saved at IGP for change of traction
2. Average speed increased so running time reduced
3. Higher tonnage train operation with ac loco banker
What is the power factor? what are the cause of low power factor, effect of low power factor
and advantages of the improved power factor?.
ANS: 208 words
POWER FACTOR:
The cosine of the angle between voltage and current in an ac circuit is known as power factor.
The power factor can never be greater than unity.
In an ac circuit there is generally a phase difference between voltage and current.
Causes of low power factor
 Most of the AC appliances have induction motors.
 The transformers at low loads.
 The industrial heating furnaces
 Arc lamps
 The synchronous motor
Effects of low power factor
For a given power the current drawn by the load at low power factor is large, hence the must
be larger.
 Higher cost of generation and transmission
 Higher losses low efficiency
 Higher voltage drop
 Large sizes of alternator and conductor size of transmission line.
Advantages of power factor improvement
 The KW capacity of the prime movers is better utilized.
 This increases the KW capacity of the alternators.
 The KW capacity of transformers and the lines are increased.
 The efficiency of every plant is increased.
 The overall cost per unit is decreased.
 The regulation of the line is increased.

Methods of improving power factor

 By use of capacitor in parallel.
 By using synchronous motor as synchronous condensers
Essential features overhead power crossings: 291 words
Approval of Works by the Railway:
1. Designs and Drawing of the crossing shall approved by railway.
2. Materials used in the construction shall be from approved source only.
Method of Crossing:
1. Up to 11 kV Normally by underground cables
2. More than 11 kV Overhead lines
Maintenance of Crossing:
1. Maintenance shall be done under direct supervision of railways.
2. The crossing shall always be maintained in a state of good repair.
Angle of crossing
1. Crossing shall normally be at right angles to the railway track.
2. Deviation of up to 30 degree may be permitted.
Structures:
1. Fabricated steel structures shall be used for crossing.
2. The minimum distance of the structures from the center of the nearest railway
track shall be equal to the height of the structure plus 6 meters.
3. The crossing span shall be restricted to 300 m or to 80% of the normal span,
whichever is less.
Clearance between the overhead line and railway track:
1. Crossing over railway track shall be located at the middle of overhead equipment
span.
2. The distance between the crossing and the nearest mast shall not be less than 6
m.
3. No crossing shall be located over switching stations, station building in electrified
area
Vertical Clearance of existing electrified section:
S. voltage Vertical clearance
No.
1 Up to including 11kv Normally by cable
2 Above 11kv and up to 33kv 14.66m
3 Above 11kv and up to 33kv 14.96m
4 Above66kv and up to 132kv 15.66m
5 Above132kv and up to 220kv 16.46m
6 Above 220kv and up to 400kv 18.26m
7 Above 400kv and up to 500kv 19.16m
8 Above 500kvand up to 800kv 21.86m

Earthing: Each structure on either side of the crossing span supporting the transmission
line shall be earthed.
 Short notes of 5/4 marks

1. NEUTRAL SECTION: 90 words

Neutral sections are provided to isolate different phases of power supply in adjoining overhead
equipment fed by adjacent substations which are normally connected to different phases of
supply. Thus neutral section is insulated dead section of OHE which is used to separate the feed
of different substations. The neutral sections maintain mechanical but not electrical continuity
of OHE.
The following type’s neutral sections have been adopted by the Indian Railways.
1. Overlap type,
2. Short neutral section comprising of composite insulators,
3. Short neutral section comprising of section insulators assembly.

2. AUTO TENSIONING DEVICE: 138 words

The function of ATD is to maintain a constant tension in OHE conductors i.e contact wire and
catenary's wire under varying temperature conditions, so that profile of OHE is maintained for
better current collection.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE:
Mechanical advantage or total tension on OHE conductors

Ratio of regulating equipment T1+T2 (in kgf)

= --------------------------------
Counter weight in kg.

Thus for a constant tension of 1000kg each for contact wire (T 1) and catenary wire(T2). Counter
weight for 3:1 ratio pulley block is 2000/3 I.e. 667 kg. Hence 665 kg has been chosen.
Counter Weight for 5:1 ratio pulley block is 2000/5 I.e 400kg.

TYPE OF AUTO TENSIONING DEVICES

 5:1 ratio pulley block type or two pulley block type
 5:1 ratio Winch type ATD
 3:1 ratio pulley type or Three pulley type ATD
 3. ELECTRICAL SAFETY: 125 words

The objective being to ensure the safety of personnel and equipment under all
circumstances
1. No work shall be carried out on live electrical equipment. After making
equipment dead, it shall be effectively earthed, before work is started.
2. The responsibility devolving on different officials should be clearly defined
and only “authorized person” may work on electrical equipment.
3. The procedure for effecting shut down and resuming supply should be clear
cut and foolproof.
4. Machinery to ensure that the rules prescribed are actually observed by the
staff concerned.
5. As far as possible, repair work should be carried out during day light hours.
If work has to be done during night hours, sufficient artificial lighting should
be provided.
Objectives – 100% safety and 0% accidents.

4. Leaning of mast: 92 words

.
1. Sometimes masts get out of plumb. They should be checked
2. This occurs due to erosion of earthwork on the outer side of the mast
3. Masts which are out of plumb in excess of 5 cm at a height of 1.85 m from
rail level.
4. Leaning of mast can be set right by releasing the OHE and pulling the mast
by a “Tirfor”.
5. The foundation must first be exposed on the side to which the mast is to be
pulled by the Tirfor.
6. The rear under side of the foundation should be packed and rammed with
pieces of stone until the foundation is fully supported
7. If necessary the newly packed part may be strengthened by pouring in
cement
Sectioning and Paralleling Post (SP)

These posts are situated approximately midway between feeding posts marking
the demarcating point of two zones fed from different phases from adjacent sub-
stations. At these posts, a neutral section is provided to make it impossible for the
pantograph of an electric locomotive or EMU train to bridge- the different Phases
of 25 kV supply, while passing from the zone fed from one sub-station to the next
one. Since the neutral section remains 'dead', warning boards are
provided in advance to warn and remind the Driver of an approaching electric
locomotive/EMU to open locomotive circuit breaker (DJ) before approaching the
'neutral section', to coast through it and then switch 'on' on the other side.
Special care is taken infixing the location of neutral sections, on level tangent
tracks far away from signals, level crossing gates etc. to ensure that the train
coasts through the, neutral section at a sufficiently high speed, to obviate the
possibility of its stopping and getting
stuck within the neutral section.
A paralleling interruptor is provided at each 'SP' to parallel the OHE of the up and
down tracks of a double track section.'bridging interruptors' are also provided to
permit one feeding post to feed beyond the sectioning post upto the next FP if its
25
kV supply is interrupted for some reasons. These bridging interruptors are
normally kept open and should only be closed after
taking special precautions as detailed in these rules.

Sub-Sectioning and Paralleling Post (SSP)

1. One or more SSPs are provided between each FP and adjacent SP

depending upon the distance between them.
2. In a double track section, normally three interruptors are provided at each
SSP i.e. two connecting the adjacent sub-sectors of up and down tracks and
one for paralleling the up and down tracks.
Energy bill calculation: 223 words
Electrical Tariff for supply at 22 KV is as under
A Demand charges Rs.45/- per KVA.
B. Energy charges at Rs 1.05 per unit for first one lakh units.
C. 90 P. per unit in excess of one lakh units.
D. Penalty for low power factor @ 1 paise per unit to each 0.01 unit of P.F lower
than 0 .85
Work out the energy bill for a calendar month of 30 days for
following requirements - "Contract demand of 750 KVA with a power factor of 0.8
and a
load factor 0.625"
solution:
Contract demand = 750 KVA
Load factor = 0.625
Power factor = 0.8
Average demand in KW = 750 x 0.625 x 0.8 Kw
Energy consumption in 30 days = 750 x 0.625 x 0.8 x 24 x 30
. = 2,70,000 KWH
Demand charges. = Rs 45/- per KVA.
Total demand charges = 750 x 45 = Rs. 33,750
Energy charges,
 for first one lakh units = 1,00,000 x 1.05 = Rs.105000/-
 for remaining 1,70,000 units – 1,70,000 x 0.9 = 1,53,000

Total energy charges = 10500 + 153000 = Rs.258000/- ..(2)

Penalty for low power factor = 0.05 x 0.01 x 2,70,000
0.01
= Rs 13,500
Energy bill for the month = {1 + 2 + 3)
= 33750 + 258000 + 13500 = Rs. 305250/-