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Math 7
Q2 W7 Part 1

SETS
A. Set - a well- defined collection of items/objects.

B. Well-defined - clearly stated or defined.

Classwork: Identify whether a given set is well – defined or not well - defined.
1. The set of whole numbers.
2. The set of honest people in Digos City.
3. The set of all students enrolled in Digos City National High School for the School Year 2023 –
2024.
4. The set of all multiples of 4.
5. The set of nice people in your community.

C. Set notation
- used in mathematics to express or list numbers, objects, or outcomes.
- uses curly brackets { }, which are sometimes referred to as braces.
- Objects placed within the brackets are called the elements of a set, and do not have to be in
any specific order.
- Sets are named using capital letters
Ex. N is the set of counting or natural numbers.
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5...}

D. Element
> a member of a set
> symbol: ∈

Practice: Given Set A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}. Is 2 an element of A? Therefore, 2 ∈ A (read as “2 is an

element of A”)
1. Is 5 an element of A?
2. Is 4 an element of A?

E. 3 ways of expressing a set:

1. Verbal/Descriptive Method - a method that describes the set in words.
Ex. The set of colors in the Philippine Flag.
The set of odd numbers less than 10.
The set of Grade 7 subjects in the MATATAG curriculum.
2. Roster or Listing Method - a method describing a set by listing each element of the set inside
braces { }. In listing the elements of the set, each distinct element is listed once; and the order
of the elements does not matter at all.
Ex. A = {blue, yellow, red, white}
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
C = {Math, Science, English, Filipino, AP, MAPEH, VE, TLE}
3. Rule Method or Set-Builder Notation - a method that expresses the rules or criteria that
determine whether an object is an element of the set. Examples:
Descriptive: A is the set of counting numbers less than 7
Roster: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
“(Set) A is or includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6”
Rule: A = {x|x is a counting number less than 7}
“(Set) A is the set of all x such that x is a counting number less than 7”

Practice:
Express in Descriptive method: D = red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
Express in Roster method: M is the set of all letters in the word “MATHEMATICS”
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F. Cardinality of a set - the number of elements in a given set.
Format: n (SET NAME) = number
Example: n (B) = 8

Practice: Give the cardinality of each set:

A = {blue, yellow, red, white}
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
C = {Math, Science, English, Filipino, AP, MAPEH, VE, TLE}

G. Types of sets
1. Finite Set - has a limited number of elements and can be counted.
Ex. The set of planets in the solar system.
S = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25 }
The set of letters of the word “MATHEMATICS”
2. Infinite Set - has an unlimited number of elements, which may or may not be countable.
Ex. The set of points in the number line.
W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …. }
The set of odd numbers.
3. Empty Set - any set that does not contain any element, also called a null set, symbol: ∅ or { }
4. Universal Set - a set which contains all the elements or objects of other sets, including its own
elements, symbol: U
Ex. Given A = {1,2,3}, B = {2,4,6} and C = {1,3,5,7}
U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

H. Subset
> a set whose elements can all be found in another set
> note: every set is a subset of itself
> note: all empty sets are subsets of all sets
> symbol: ⊆
Examples:
a. N ⊆ W
b. W ⊆ Z
c. Given:
A = {2,3}
B = {0,1,2,3,4}
A⊆B
> Formula to determine the number of subsets a set has: 2^n or 22n
n
where n = cardinality
Example:
Given A = {1, 2}
Find the number of subsets of A
Solution: 2n = 22
= 4 therefore, Set A has 4 subsets
Let’s prove it: {1} {2} {1,2} { }
Types of subsets
1. Proper subset
- a subset that contains one or some elements of the original set but not all elements.
- is denoted by ⊂ and is read as ‘is a proper subset of”
2. Improper subset
- a subset which contains all the elements of the original set
- is denoted by ⊆
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Practice:
A. Find the number of subsets of each of the given sets using the formula (2n ) then list all
subsets and indicate if the set is a proper or improper set.
1) A = {2,4,6}
2) B = {1,3,5,7}
B. True or False .
__________ 1. {1, 2, 3} ⊆ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
__________ 2. {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} ⊆ {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
__________ 3. ∅ ⊆ {a, b, c}
__________ 4. {0} ⊆ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
__________ 5. {3, 6, 9, 12, 15} ⊆ {3, 9, 15}
__________ 6. {g, m, a} ⊆ {a, g , m}
__________ 7. {e, d} ⊆ {e, d, r, i, a, n}
__________ 8. { } ⊆ {0}
__________ 9. {35, 42, 49} ⊆ {7, 14, 21, …, 70}
__________ 10. {3, 23, 2 } ⊆ {1, 2, 3, … }

I. Union of Sets
> a set that is a combination of all the elements in both given sets
> symbol: U (written between 2 given elements)
Example:
F = {1,2,3}
G = {2,4,6}
F U B = {1,2,3,4,6}

J. Intersection of a Set
> a set of common elements that can be found in given sets
> symbol: ∩ (written between 2 given sets)
Example:
H = {1,2,3,4,5}
I = {2,4,6,8}
H ∩ I = {2,4)

J = {1,3,5,7}
K = {1,2,3,4}
L = {3,4,5,6}
Find: J ∩ K ∩ L = {3}
J ∩ K = {1,3}
{1,3} ∩ J = {3}

Practice:
A. Given: O = {positive odd numbers} and E = {positive even numbers}.
1. What is the union of sets O and E?
2. What is O ⋂ E?
B. Given: R = {positive even numbers less than 24} and S = {factors of 24}
1. R ⋂ S =
2. n (R ⋂ S) =

K. Complement of a Set
> a set of elements in the universal set that are not in any given set
> symbol: <set name>’
Example:
Given: R = {1,3}
S = {2,4}
Find: R’ and S’
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L. Difference of 2 Sets
> a set of elements that can be found in a set but not in the other given set or sets
> symbol <set name> - <set name>
Example:
Given: A = {1, 2, 3)
B = {2, 3, 4}
A-B= What is in A that is not in B?
B-A= What is in B that is not in A?

Practice: answer 1-10 only

Given: A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15}
C = {1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16}
Find:

1) A∪B= 9) A ∩ (B U C) =
2) A∩B= 10) n (A ∩ B U C) =
3) B∩A= 11) A - B =
4) B∪A= 12) B - C =
5) B∪C= 13) n (B - C) =
6) n (B U C) = 14) A’ =
7) A∩B∩C= 15) B’ =
8) n (A ∩ B ∩ C) =

M. Use of Venn Diagrams to solve problems involving sets

Venn diagram
- widely used diagram style that
shows the logical relation
between sets; popularized by
John Venn in the 1880’s.
- illustrates the relationships
between two or more data sets
- useful for highlighting similarities
and differences of sets
- uses a set of overlapping circles
to represent each set

Union and intersection represented by Venn Diagrams

Ex. Three learners were asked what their favorite subjects were. The following is the data collected:
Learner 1: Math, AP, Filipino, Music
Learner 2: Math, Science, Values Ed, Music
Learner 3: Math, Science, PE, English, Filipino
Construct a VD representing the sets in this scenario
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Practice: Given the following sets:
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
C = {1, 5, 8} D = {2, 6, 10} E = {3, 5, 6, 8, 9}
Evaluate using Venn Diagram:
1. A and B 2. A and C 3.C and E 4. D and E 5. A, C and E

Steps in making a Venn Diagrams for word problems:

1. Divide the word problem into individual statements or sentences.
2. Determine how many sets are needed.
3. Draw each set as a circle, make sure that the circles overlap equally.
4. Label as you go.
5. Draw a rectangle to border all overlapping circles. This will be your universal set.
6. Fill in the information for each set and subset from the middle going outwards.
7. CHECK that every set (circle), subset (overlapping and non-overlapping portions of circles) and universal set
has the correct respective sums.

Example 1:
In a class of 40 students, 25 enjoy English and 17 enjoy Math. If 7 enjoy both English and Math,
a) How many students do not enjoy English and Math?
b) How many students enjoy English class only?
c) How many students enjoy Math class only?

● In a class of 40 students
● 25 enjoy English
● and 17 enjoy Math
● 7 enjoy both English and Math

The problem talks about ___ subjects and whether or not the students enjoy the subjects. Therefore,
_____ sets are needed.

Example 2:
50 individuals were surveyed regarding their favorite snack. 23 preferred apples while 38 preferred bananas. Some
preferred both apples and bananas.
a. How many preferred both apples and bananas?
b. How many preferred apples only
c. How many preferred bananas only?
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Q2 W8

A. Natural numbers
- Also called counting numbers
- All positive counting numbers make the set of natural numbers,
- N = {1, 2, 3, ...}

B. Whole numbers
- The set of natural numbers along with 0 represents the set of whole numbers.
- W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

C. Integers
- All positive and negative counting numbers and zero make up the set of integers.
- Z = {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

D. Rational numbers
- Numbers that can be rewritten in the form of a simple fraction p/q, where 'p' and 'q' are integers and 'q' is not
equal to zero are rational numbers.
Examples: -3, 0, -6, 5/6, 3.23

E. Irrational numbers
- Real numbers that cannot be represented as a simple fraction. It cannot be expressed in the form of a ratio,
such as p/q, where p and q are integers, q≠0.
Examples: √2, -√6, 1.234…, π

F. Real numbers
- includes rational numbers like positive and negative integers, fractions, and irrational numbers
- R
Examples: N, W, Z, P, Q

Practice:
1. 𝑍∪𝑄 = _______
2. 𝑍∩𝑄 = _______
3. 𝑁∩P = _______
4. P∪Q = _______
5. 𝑊∩𝑁 = _______
6. 𝑊∪𝑍 = _______