Major Project

(2CL801)

B. Tech. Semester VIII Civil Engineering

Project: Rehvassa Sofitel (Residential Building)

Location: Nr. Sargasan Lake, Gandhinagar

Report Prepared By

Harshil Patel
20BCL046

Department of Civil Engineering

School of Engineering
Institute of Technology
Nirma University
Ahmedabad 382481
May 2024

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 “Rehvassa Sofitel (Residential Building)”
Major Project Report

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

By
(Harshil Patel)
(20BCL046)

Guide
(Dr. Indrajeet Kumar)

Department of Civil Engineering

School of Engineering
Institute of Technology
Nirma University
Ahmedabad 382 481
May 2023

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Detailed Comprehensive Report on Major Project, carried out at Rehvassa
Sofitel, near Sargasan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, submitted by Harshil Patel (20BCL046), towards
the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering of Nirma University, Ahmedabad, is the record of work carried out by him (her) under
my supervision and guidance during January 01, 2024 to May 04, 2024. In my opinion, the submitted
work has reached a level required for being accepted for the Major Project Final Review examination.

Dr. Indrajeet Kumar Dr. U. V. Dave

Faculty Guide, Head of Department
(Designation) (Civil Engineering,)
Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology,
Institute of Technology, Nirma University,
Nirma University, Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad

Report Examined By

Examiner

Examiner

Date of Examination

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 Undertaking for Originality of the Work

I, Harshil Patel, Roll No. 20BCL046, give undertaking that the Major Project entitled
“Internship at Rehvassa Sofitel ” submitted by me, towards the partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil engineering of Nirma
University, Ahmedabad is the original work carried out by me and I give assurance that no
attempt of plagiarism has been made. I understand that in the event of any similarity found
subsequently with any other published work or any project report elsewhere; it will result in
severe disciplinary action.
.

Signature of Student

Date:

Place:

Endorsed by:

(Signature of Internal Guide)

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Certificate by the Company

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank Almighty God for giving me the opportunity and
good health throughout the project till its completion.

I am student of Nirma University. Under the guidance of Dr. Indrajeet Kumar, Sir has given
some exceptional advice for executing the internship and working hard on my internship. Sir
has advised me on presentation skills, critical thinking, and many more so without the help of
Sir, I couldn’t have completed the internship. The head of the department Dr. Urmil V Dave
has helped me so deepest from my heart thank you, Sir. Dr. R. N. Patel has given me support,
guidance, and opportunity to me.

My internship work was guided by Mr. Dipeshbhai Patel (Project In-Charge) and Mr.
Sarthakbhai (Contractor) Both have involved me in every work of the site. Mainly
Sarthakbhai has taught me many realistic scenarios. He has taught me time management,
Professionalism, linguistic skills, etc. A tutor like Naran Bhai would be there for every intern
like me. Many engineers and mentors like them would guide us to be good professionals on
the site.

I would like to thank the R&R group and Mr. Rushi Patel for giving me such an opportunity
and learning from them. And have such exceptional tutors in my internship so I can learn
many skills from them.

Harshil Patel
20BCL046

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 ABSTRACT
The Major Project was carried out at Rehvassa Sofitel project between 1st January 2024 to 4 th
May 2024.

This project was at the Initial stage of its construction when I joined the site and it consists of
G+13 stories and 2 basements. The construction and features of the building include Multi-
level parking, high-quality construction, maintenance-friendly design, Fire safety, Earthquake
resistant design.

During the training period, there were various construction activities such as Excavation,
Anchoring, and tensioning of the diaphragm wall, Foundation, Retaining wall, RCC of beam,
column, slab, staircase, lift wall, etc. area.

The report includes project details, construction procedure on site, and various equipment on
site, and the method of execution of foundation, column, and lift wall are also presented.

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 CONTENTS

Certificates (iii)
Acknowledgement (vi)
Abstract (vii)
Table of Contents (viii)
List of Figures (xi)
List of Tables (xii)

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………………………………… 1
1.1 General………………………………………………………………… 1
1.1.1 History of Building…………………………………………………….. 1
1.1.2 Green Revolution in Building…………………………………………. 1
1.2 About this Company…………………………………………………... 2
1.2.1 Overview……………………………………………………………….. 2
1.2.2 About the Project ……………………………………………………… 2
1.3 Organizational Structure…………………………………………….. 3
1.4 Objective………………………………………………………………. 3
1.5 Scope…………………………………………………………………… 3
1.6 Project details...……………………………………………………….. 4
1.6.1 Salient features………………………………………………………… 4
1.6.2 Site Plan……………………………………..…………………………. 4
1.6.3 Unit Plan………………………………..……………………………… 5
1.7 Agencies Involved.……………………….……………………………. 6
1.8 Progress during training period……………..………………………. 6
Chapter2: Excavation…………………………………………………………….. 7
2.1 General………………………………………………………………... 7
2.1.1 Land Clearance..………………………………………………………. 7
2.1.2 Marking out Points……………………………………………………. 7
2.2 Execution..……………………………………………………………... 7

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Chapter 3: R.C.C Structures…………….……………………………………..… 11
3.1 Plain Cement Concrete.……………………………………………… 11
3.1.1 Procedure………………………………………………………….…... 11
3.2 Footing……………………………………………………………….... 12
3.2.1 Footing details.…………………………………………………….….. 13
3.2.2 Quantity Calculation..……………………………………………….... 15
3.3 Pedestal……………………………………………………………...... 16
3.4 Starter…...………………………………………………………….… 16
3.5 Lift…………………………………………………………………….. 16
3.6 Tie Beam…………..………………………………………………….. 17
3.7 Column………………………………………………………………... 19
3.7.1 Formwork……………………………………………………………... 19
3.7.2 Concreting…………..………………………………………………... 20
3.8 Staircase…………………………………………………………….… 20
3.8.1 Formwork………………………………………………………….… 21
3.8.2 Concreting…………………………………………………………….. 21
3.9 Roof Slab……………..…………………………………………….… 21
3.9.1 Formwork…………………………………………………………….. 21
3.9.2 Reinforcement...……………………………………………………... 22
3.9.3 Concreting.………………………………………………………….... 23
Chapter 4: Materials, Equipment, and Tools ..………………………………….. 24
4.1 List of Materials…………………………………………………….... 24
4.1.1 Cement……………………………………………………………….... 24
4.1.2 Coarse aggregate…………………………………………………….. 25
4.1.3 Sand …………………….……………………………………………. 26
4.1.4 Steel…………………………………………………………………… 26
4.1.5 Binding Wire………………………………………………………….. 27
4.1.6 AAC block…………………………………………………………….. 28
4.1.6.1 AAC block information (As per site)…...…………………………….. 29
4.1.7 Brick………………………….……………………………………….. 29
4.1.8 AAC block adhesive……….………………………………………….. 30
4.1.9 Formwork (Plywood)………………………………………………….. 30

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 4.2.1 Column Feeder..……………………………………………………... 31
4.2.2 Welding Machine……………………………………………………... 32
4.2.3 Bar Bending Machine…...……………………………………………. 32
4.2.4 Bar Cutting Machine………………………..………………………… 33
4.2.5 Needle Vibrator…..…………………………………………………… 33
4.2.6 Air Blower…………..………………………………………………… 33
4.2.7 Grinding Machine…..………………………………………………... 34
4.2.8 Concrete mixer miller…………………………………………………. 34
4.3 Figures of Tool………………………………………………………... 35
Chapter 5: Rate Analysis………..…………………………………………………. 37
5.1 Purpose of Rate Analysis………………………………………………. 37
5.2 Overhead Charges…….……………………………………………….. 37
5.3 Materials and their Rates………………………………………………. 37
5.4 Rate Analysis Of Footing….………………………………………….. 40
Chapter 6: Conclusion…………………………………………………………… 41

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.1.3 Organizational Structure 2
Fig.1.6.2 Site Plan 4
Fig.1.6.3 Unit Plan 5
Fig.2.2 Chain excavator 10
Fig.3.1.1 PCC Formwork 11
Fig. 3.2 Foundation Layout of Block B 13

Fig.3.2.1 Footing Plan 14

Fig.3.2.2 Footing cross-section 14
Fig. 3.4 Starter 16
Fig, 3.5 Lift Cross Section 17
Fig. 3.6 Tie Beam 18
Fig.3.7.1 Column Formwork 20
Fig. 3.8 Staircase 21
Fig3.9.2.1 Beam Details 22
Fig3.9.2.2 Slab Cutout 23
Fig4.1.5.1 Simple tie light works 28
Fig4.1.5.2 Double-tie heavy works 28
Fig.4.1.6.1 Dimensions of AAC block 29
Fig. 4.1.7 Dimensions of Brick 30
Fig. 4.2.1 Column Feeder 32
Fig. 4.3.1 Plumb bob level 35
Fig. 4.3.2 Spirit Level 35
Fig. 4.3.3 Wooden Float 35
Fig. 4.3.4 Level checker 35
Fig. 4.3.5 Hoe 36
Fig. 4.3.6 Hammer 36
Fig. 4.3.7 Trowel 36

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Sailent Features 3
Table 1.2 Agencies Involved 6
Table 2.1 Chain excavator 8
Table 2.2 Backhoe Loader 9
Table 2.3 Dumper 9
Table 3.1 M10 grade concrete mix design 12
Table 3.2 M25 grade Concrete mix design 15
Table 3.3 Steel quantity of beam 19
Table 4.1 List of materials used 24
Table 4.2 Difference between OPC and PPC 25
Table 4.3 Shapes of aggregates 25
Table 4.4 Properties of aggregates 26
Table 4.5 Colours of sand 26
Table 4.6 General information about steel on site 27
Table 4.7 Types of steel bar 27
Table 4.8 Advantages and Disadvantages 27
Table 4.9 Features of AAC block 29
Table 4.10 Features of bricks 29
Table 4.11 Advantages of block adhesive 30
Table 4.12 Advantages of formwork 31
Table 4.13 Specifications of column feeder 31
Table 4.14 Specifications of Bar bending Machine 32
Table 4.15 Specifications of Bar Cutting Machine 33
Table 4.16 33
Needle Vibrator Specifications
Table 4.17 Air blower Specifications 34
Table 5.1 Material rates 37
Table 5.2 38
Equipment Rent/Cost
Table 5.3 Rate of Contract 39
Table 5.4 Rate analysis of footing 40

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Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

1.1.1 History of construction

The history of construction resembles around more than 2000 to 3000 years old. Then the
construction industry consists of different type of projects. The private companies mainly
focus in residential building in India. The infrastructure mainly focuses on public and
standard of living of people of India. The government also introduce the awas yojana for
making affordable housing for middle class people. Early building supplies like leaves,
branches and animal hides were perishable. Later, more resilient natural materials like clay,
stone and wood were utilized and then, eventually synthetic materials like brick, concrete,
metals, and plastics. Another is the pursuit of structures that are increasingly taller and wider;
this was made feasible by the creation of more durable materials and by understanding how
materials interact.

1.1.2 Green Revolution in Residential Buildings

Energy, water and recycling are now among the top factors on purchaser's minds, thanks to
the phenomenal growth of eco-friendly houses over the past ten years in residential building
markets. The demand for environmentally friendly and energy-efficient house designs with
capabilities for using green equipment and devices has consequently grown along with them.
Around two-thirds of residential projects professionals indicated confidence that highlighting
energy efficiency in building listings may help draw in buyers. Green buildings also support
the goal of sustainable consumption since they consume less water, energy and other natural
resources, which helps to lower their negative effects on the environment. Additionally,
compared to their mass-produced non-green counterparts, the materials used in green
buildings are frequently more enduring and require far less time. This has the immediate
benefit of making a property seem well-kept for longer and saving money on repairs. The
three main objectives of a green building are typically to reduce, reuse and recycle. All three
naturally work together to provide an optimized use of resources and a more sustainable
environment. Separately, providing cross-ventilation and permitting natural light but blocking
direct sunrays entering the house may assist make a building more environmentally friendly
while also lowering the requirement for power and electrical equipment that are energy-
intensive.

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1.2 About this company

1.2.1 Overview
Company Name: R&R Group
As a part of my major internship (2CL801) to a firm which I joined to work for R&R Group,
they believe in the mantra “Quality is more than a promise it is responsibility” To become the
clients' first choice and the project should be submitted to clients as per deal was done. As
responsible citizens of India, we have carried out our duties and will give Rajkot residents a
high standard of living. To increase manufacturing and cost, must constantly work on the
cost- effectiveness and quality of products.
To foster a culture of safety to decrease the frequency, seriousness, and frequency of
accidents until they completely disappear identifying, reducing, and adhering to any
environmental rules that are caused by our activity.
1.2.2 About the project
4BHK flat sale in sargasan, Gandhinagar. This 4BHK has 13 floors in total. The price of this
flat is Rs 2 cr. It has with carpet area of 2352 sq ft the built-up area is 4275 sq ft.

1.3 Organizational Structure

Fig 1.3 Organizational structure

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1.4 Objective
It teaches you the different perspective of civil engineering to construction world. The
internship links the theoretical knowledge with practical work for enhancing the internship
work better. Site supervision and everyday possible event can happen help us understand the
problems we faced in site. The construction site also affected by labor problems, weather
condition and many more.

1.5 Scope
The internship work mainly focuses on slab, beam, column, shear wall, masonry, staircase
and plastering from Anupam Build Space. The project also focuses on RCC work, safety
checks, cover is provided or not. The work in the project is carried out swiftly and smoothly,
so there will not any causality. The formwork properly checked before concreting and also
curing can be done after concreting. The work on the site can be executed on proper time
management and safety checks on the site. The site work also concerns about safety factors of
labor. The BBS of steel quantity and Estimation of concreting work. Then checks for masonry
wall and dimensions of wall.

1.6 Project Details

1.6.1 Sailent features

Table 1.1 Sailent features

Name Of Project Rehvassa Sofitel
Owner R&R Group
Type Of Structure RCC Frame Structure
Type Of Building Residential Building
FSI 2.7
Project Duration 4 Years
Name Of Architect Firm Bhaumik Patel Architects
Name Of Structural Designer Firm HNS Design
Name Of Contractor Sarthak Patel
MEP Maruti Trading Co
Project Size 52 Units
Configuration 3 Bhk
Total Floors G+13

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Site Location Nr. Sargasan Lake, Gandhinagar

1.6.2 Site Plan

Fig 1.6.2 Site Plan

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1.6.3 Unit Plan
The follow fig 1.6.3 shows the plan of one residential unit with its dimensions and room
arrangement.

Fig 1.6.3 Unit Plan

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1.7 Agencies Involved

Table 1.2 Agencies Involved

Project Name Rehvassa sofitel

Developers R&R Group

Location Nr. Sargasan Lake, gandhinagar

Structure Consultant HNS Design

Architect Bhaumik Patel Architects

Concrete Agency Vasudev Narnarayan RMC

MEP Consultant Maruti Trading CO
Steel MONO Steel India

1.8 Progress during training period

Excavation work was in progress and the clearance procedure had already started when I
initially arrived at the building site. The location was a flurry of activity, with workers and
heavy machinery working to get the land ready for more building. Even with the difficulties
encountered during the first stages, the excavation process continued to go forward and show
signs of progress.

The building team's efforts eventually paid off, and important benchmarks were reached.
Block A's and Block B's basement slab construction was finished by the time I started
working there. This signaled the project's pivotal point from foundational work to
structural development.

After the slabs were finished, focus turned to the following stage of building. The goal of the
backfilling project was to fill the areas that had been dug around the finished structures.

The start of backfilling marked a significant turning point in the building schedule. It
demonstrated the construction team's efficiency and coordination as well as the smooth
transition from one phase to the next. The project became closer to its final completion with
each task completed, which represented a major step towards reaching our shared objectives.

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Chapter 2. EXCAVATION

2.1 General
 This chapter gives information about excavation and how it is carried out on site, what
machines are used to carry out this activity of excavation.

 Excavation is the act or process of digging, especially when something specific is

being removed from the ground.

 The contraction of excavation was given to a private company. It was given at the rate
of 75/cft.

2.1.1 Land Clearance

The project area shall be cleared of all materials above or at the natural ground surface.
Materials to be cleared include trees, bushes, vegetation, and obstructions.

2.1.2 Marking Out Points

A suitable number of permanent ground markers shall be constructed before any setting-out
work is commenced Temporary Reference Monuments shall be constructed when and where
required, as approved by the site engineer.

2.2 Execution
A retaining wall's excavation is a crucial stage of construction that lays the foundation for a
strong and dependable building. Usually, the procedure starts with the removal of dirt and the
creation of a trench for the wall foundation using large equipment such as chain excavators
and backhoes.

1. Preparation & Setup: The area where the retaining wall will be built is marked out on
the site before excavation starts. Engineers evaluate the groundwater table and soil
composition to guide the excavation procedure. Chain excavators and backhoe loaders
are frequently utilized due to their adaptability and strength when clearing different
kinds of soil.

2. Method of Excavation: Chain excavators can move dirt into trucks for removal by
using a bucket that is connected to a chain conveyor. This allows the excavators to dig
through soil more effectively. They are perfect for first excavation jobs because of
their capacity to access both large and deep areas. In contrast, backhoe loaders have a
smaller bucket or blade in the back and a digging bucket up front.

3. Accurate trench creation and digging during excavation depend on the operators of
chain excavators and backhoe loaders using precision and control. They carefully
operate the equipment to dig to the necessary depth and width, adhering to the
engineers' designated plan and design criteria.

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4. Safety precautions: When conducting excavation work, safety must come first.
Operators are taught to keep a safe distance from the margins of the excavation area in
order to avoid mishaps or collapses. Furthermore, appropriate slope or shoring
methods can be used to guarantee worker safety and stop cave-ins.

5. Material handling: After the soil is dug up, it is put into hoppers or trucks and taken
out of the area. With their front-end loader attachment, jcb loaders are excellent at
material handling jobs and can load soil onto trucks with efficiency. Chain excavators
can help with loading operations as well by placing dirt onto spoil piles or into trucks
via their conveyor system.

6. Site Management: During the excavation process, site managers supervise activities to
make sure that the project's timetables and requirements are being followed. They
manage any issues that might come up during excavation, keep an eye on the state of
the soil, and plan the movement of the machines.

(a) Chain excavator

Table 2.1 Chain excavator

Model no. JS-205 LC

Company Name JCB

Power 104 kW

Operating weight 20,500 kg

Maximum swing torque 65.2 kNm

Hydraulic life Up to 5000 hours

Superior operator environment,

Benefits high output, best in fuel efficiency,
safest choice

Charges 1500/hour

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 (b) Backhoe Loader

Table 2.2 Backhoe Loader

Model no. 3DX

Company Name JCB

Power 68.6 kW

Operating weight 7700 kg

Maximum Dig Depth 4.34 m

Charges 700/hour

© Dumper

Table 2.3 Dumper

Model no. LPK-2518-9S

Company name TATA

Capacity 16 Cmt

Power 130 kW

Gross vehicle weight 25000 kg

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.. -p

Fig 2.2 Chain excavator

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Chapter 3. R.C.C STRUCTURES
This chapter gives a comprehensive idea about construction procedure, and checks of
different RCC elements such as footing, Column, Beam, Slab, Lift, etc. The contract of RCC
elements was given to different contracting agencies.

3.1 Plain Cement Concrete

Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) is used to provide a rigid impervious bed for other structural
elements. It is done to provide a level to the unevenness of the ground surface and to provide
a firm base. It also behaves as a barrier against moisture and termites from the underlying soil
strata.

3.1.1 Procedure
Once the excavation is done the excavated quantity is transported to the nearby area of the
site. Then using the digital level surveyor marks out to points of PCC from the centre-line
plan.

Once the points are marked on the ground, formwork is done using wooden valve plates. Two
valve plates tie together to achieve 150mm depth.

Fig 3.1.1 PCC Formwork

After that, the area is hydrated with the water then the P.C.C. work is done. The PCC layer is
of 150 mm thickness and the concrete grade was M10 nominal mix design.

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 Table 3.1 M10 grade concrete mix design

Concrete Mix Design M10

Cement 220 kg/m3

Fine aggregate 913 kg/m3

Coarse aggregates (10mm) 505 kg/m3

Coarse aggregates (20mm) 710 kg/m2

Water 132 liters

Admixture 0.8% of Cement 1.76 kg (BASF

Chemical)

Density of concrete 2482 kg/m3

Characteristic compressive strength 10.00 kN /m2

3.2 Footing
After the PCC was done, the surveyor came to the site and marked the points of the column
on the PCC. From these points, reinforcement cage boundary points are marked using a
centre-line plan as shown in Fig 3.2

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 Fig 3.2 Foundational Layout of Block B

Column reinforcements are also cut and placed and tie with the binding wire.
Covers used in footing = 50mm

3.2.1 Footings details

As shown in Fig. 3.2 footing plan BRF1 footing size is 3650mm x 5920mm. It consists of
two columns BC2 and BC16, size of 300mm x 950mm.

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The height of the box is 850 mm. Grade of concrete = M25
After cutting reinforcement it is placed on its place as shown in Fig. 3.2.1 Pcc
reinforcement.
Then shuttering is done by laborers using steel shutters. Then steel is checked by the structure
engineer and dimension and alignment are checked by the site engineer using plumb-bob. as
cross-section shown in fig 3.2.2.

Fig 3.2.1 Footing Plan

Fig 3.2.2 Footing cross section

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 Table 3.2 M25 grade Concrete mix design

Concrete Mix Design M25

Cement 340 kg/m3

Fine aggregate 827 kg/m3

Coarse aggregate (10mm) 468 kg/m3

Coarse aggregate (20mm) 679 kg/m3

Admixture 1% of cement = 3.4 kg (BASF chemical)

Water 170 liters

Density of concrete 2488 kg/m3

Characteristic compressive 25.00 kN/m2

strength

3.2.2 Quantity Calculation

Quantity of concrete in PCC = (3.65+0.30) * (5.92+0.30) * 0.15
= 3.68 cmt Quantity of concrete in raft = 3.65 *5.92 * 0.15
= 18.36 cmt Total concrete quantity = 3.68 + 18.36
= 22.04 cmt

Top reinforcement x - direction = (3650-2*50)/200 + 1 = 19 nos

Top reinforcement y - direction = (5920-2*50)/200 + 1 = 31 nos
Bottom reinforcement x - direction = (3650-2*50)/100 + 1 = 37
nos Bottom reinforcement y - direction = (5920-2*50)/100 + 1 =
60 nos

Cutting length of bar in X - direction = 3650 - 2*50 + 2*350 = 4250mm = 4.25m

Cutting length of bar in Y - direction = 5920 - 2*50 + 2*350 = 6520mm = 6.52m

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3.3 Pedestal
Pedestal avoids the direct contact of column reinforcement to the footing.

After the construction of the footing pedestal is constructed the height of the pedestal decided
as follows:
The total height from the leveled surface to the basement slab bottom level is 1800mm.
Depth of footing (D) given in the drawing
height of pedestal = 1800 - D -150(bottom PCC) - 150(above footing
PCC) - 100 (trimix)
= 1400 - D
where D is the Depth of footing

Pedestal size is 75mm greater from both sides as shown in fig.3.4

After the construction of the pedestal, the starter is constructed as the actual column dimension.

3.4 Starter
Starters are provided on top of the pedestal, used to fix the size of the column throughout the
height.
For casting a starter wooden formwork was used size of 50mm depth as shown in Fig. 3.4
Cover of 40mm on each side is left from the column reinforcement.

Fig 3.4 Starter

3.5 Lift
Construction of lift is very important part for the building because lift wall is act as shear wall
which is helpful to resist earthquake load.
It is a rigid part of building which can reduce earthquake impact. It is a form of vertical
transportation between building floors. In the lift wall M35 grade of concrete was used.
Cross section of the lift is as shown in fig.3.5

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 Fig 3.5 Lift Cross section

3.6 Tie Beam

Tie beam which connects two or more columns in foundation is called as tie beam. Tie beams
do not convey any floor loads and carry axial compression.

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 Fig 3.6 Tie Beam

There are 3 types of tie beam provided to connect lift and staircase columns. The size of beams
are 300mm x 450mm and 230mm x 450mm. The plan of tie beam is as shown in fig.3.6

The reinforcement detail of the tie beam is as shown in fig.3.6.2 M25 grade of concrete was
used in concreting of tie beam.
Concrete calculation
Concrete calculation = TB1 = 2 * ( 0.3 * 0.450 * 8.55 ) = 2.31 cmt Concrete calculation = TB2
= 1 * ( 0.23 * 0.450 * 4.20) = 0.44 cmt
Concrete calculation = TB3 = 1 * ( 0.23 * 0.450 * 4.20) = 0.44 cmt
Total Concrete = 2.31 + 0.44 + 0.44 = 3.19 cmt

Steel calculation (TB2)

Length of bar = 4200 - 2*25 + 2*400 = 4950mm = 4.95m Length of stirrups = 2*180 + 2*400
= 1160mm = 1.16m

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 Table 3.3 Steel quantity of tie beam

Descript Dia. of No. of Length Dia. vise length

ion bar bar in m
8 12 16
Main 16 4 4.95 - - 19.8
bar
Main 12 2 4.95 - 9.9 -
bar
Stirrups 8 29 1.16 33.64 - -
Total 33.64 9.9 19.8
length
Unit wt. 0.39 0.89 1.57
Total 13.12 8.81 31.09
Total 53.02 kg
Weight
3.7 Column
Column transfers the compression load due to dead load and live load coming from slab and
beam.
After the construction of starter, backfilling is done and then compaction is done using
compactor. For the soil settlement watering is done and then leveling and dressing was done
by the labours.
After that PCC of 150mm thick was done over backfilled soil.
Reinforcement bar size of 16, 20, 25 mm are extended with the coupler, then rings of 8mm
dia. is inserted.

3.7.1 Formwork
Formwork of the column is done using plywood. Width of formwork is different from column
to column but total height of the wooden formwork is around 2.4m.
Then the props, bolts, wedges are attached for proper shuttering.
The alignment of the column is checked using plumb bob and adjust it by adjusting steel props.

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 Fig3.7.1 Column Formwork

3.7.2 Concreting
• Concreting of the column was done using M35 grade concrete.
• For the concreting Crane was used. The capacity of the bucket of the crane was 0.3 cmt.
• Concreting of the column in the basement took place in two parts first is 2.4 m and the other
0.8 m part cast afterwards
• After 24 hours formwork was removed and done curing properly for at least 14 days.
• Due to Plywood shuttering Surface of the column after concreting was smooth.

3.8 Staircase
After the column construction, the staircase of the C block was cast. Firstly only 1st flight and
the landing slab were cast.
Single flight has 12 risers and 11 treads and landing slab has 1 riser.
Riser = 150 mm , Tread = 300 mm
The width of the landing slab is 2215 mm and the thickness of the waist slab is 175mm. The
width of the waist slab is around 2025 mm.

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 Fig 3.8 Staircase

3.8.1 Formwork
•Then the formwork of the staircase was done using steel plates.
•To support that plates different sizes of wooden props were used on the site.
•Then the reinforcement was laid down as shown in Fig.3.8. At the same time reinforcement
of 2nd flight are also tied and rested over the steel of the lift wall.
•The wooden riser plates were placed in the first flight above 175 mm from the waist slab
bottom.

3.8.2 Concreting
After the formwork was done concreting took place.
Firstly the beam of the foyer at the first step was cast and then 1st flight and landing slab was
cast.
Curing was done using a gunny bag for 14 days.
After that deshuttering was done by removing props.

3.9 Roof Slab

3.9.1 Formwork
•First of all beam bottoms are prepared and laid down as per the drawing over the cap of the
column.
•Once the beam bottom is laid down, the sides of the beam are fixed using steel shutters and
checked alignment by line-dori.
•Then after shuttering of the slab was done using steel adjustable props. After all this
shuttering was fixed, checking of slope and alignment was done by the engineers.

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3.9.2 Reinforcement
After the shuttering, the reinforcement of beams is tied at the end of the column in support of
the column dowels.
•Rings are fixed and tied with the binding wire.
•Top extra bar provided of length of L/4 as shown in fig
•Utmost care should be taken at junctions so that overlapping of two or more beams is proper.
Secondary beams should rest on primary beams only and primary beams should rest on
columns only.
•The slab reinforcement is based upon what type of slab is either one-way or two-way. And
cutouts are provided for sunlight as shown in Fig.
•In a one-way slab main reinforcement is parallel to the shorter span of the slab with alternate
bent-up.
•It has two-way slab main reinforcement provided in both directions with alternate bent-up at
the end.
• The extra top bar is at a distance L/4 from the centre of beam.

Fig 3.9.2.1 Beam details

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 Fig 3.9.2.2 Slab Cutout

3.9.3 Concreting
•After the reinforcement was placed, concreting of the slab was started.
• The First Column-beam junction is cast with M35 grade of concrete with the help of a crane
bucket. And rest of the beams and slab portion are cast with M25 grade concrete
•For separating the junction small wooden props were used. The props were fixed between
gaps of reinforcement of the beam.
•Total thickness of slab is 150mm.
• The total quantity of concrete used for the B block slab is 157 cmt.

2
Chapter 4. MATERIALS, EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS

4.1 List of materials

Table 4.1 List materials used
1) Cement
2) Coarse Aggregate
3) Sand
4) Steel
5) Binding wire
6) AAC Block
7) Brick
8) AAC block adhesive
9) Formwork (PLYWOOD)
10) Chicken Mesh

4.1.1 Cement
A material used for hardening the structure and to give strength to the structure, the main
proportion in concrete for being used in construction. In other words, A chemical that binds
with other materials and then it is used to adhere or set with other materials like sand and
aggregate for using this on-site for casting structure. There are different type of cement used
as per chemical reaction hydraulic cement and non-hydraulic cement. The cement used on site
is PPC (Fly-ash based).
PPC Cement: By mixing pozzolanic ingredients with OPC, PPC (Portland Pozzolana Cement)
is created. Therefore, the OPC clinker, gypsum, and pozzolanic elements such as calcined
clay, volcanic ash, fly ash or silica fumes are the primary constituents.
On-site cement storage is carried out beneath the first-floor slab. The cement must be stored
in a suitably weather-tight structure to protect it from moisture and to reduce warehouse
degradation. It must also be stored in a way that makes it possible for thorough inspection and
identification. Before usage, the cement that has been kept on site for more than three months
must undergo a new test. Lump-free cement should be used. Check the cement's color; it
should be a light grey with a greenish tint. By placing your palm into the bag of cement, you
may determine its temperature; it should feel chilly.

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 Table 4.2 Difference between OPC and PPC
Sr No. OPC PPC
1) PPC is superior in terms of the initial The current strength is not superior to
strength. OPC.
2) Because it produces higher hydration Because it does not produce extra
heat, it is not appropriate for mass hydration heat, it is appropriate for bulk
concreting. concreting.
3) OPC cannot resist more wear and PPC can resist more wear and tear of
tear of weather. weather.
4) The price of OPC cement is more The price of PPC cement is more than
than PPC. OPC.
5) OPC is less practicable than PPC. OPC has better usability than PPC.
6) There three different grades of There is no grade in PPC cement
cement available in market. available in market.
7) It has lower fineness than PPC. So, it It has a finer texture than OPC. As a
has higher permeability resulting in result, it is more durable due to its
lower durability. decreased permeability.

4.1.2 Coarse aggregate

Aggregates are a gravel-like material that have a size difference of 0.1 to 60mm. It consists of
aggregates such as pieces of stone, un-virgin rock, and many more in it. When used in
conjunction with cement or other binding agents, aggregate is known as bound material; when
used alone, it is known as unbound material.
The quality of the aggregates used in concrete is one of the main determinants of its quality.
Aggregate makes roughly 70 to 80 percent of the entire volume. Shrinkage is decreased by
aggregate. Shrinkage is a volume change brought on by moisture loss. It must be tough,
powerful, thick, long-lasting and clean.

Table 4.3 Shapes of aggregate

1) Rounded aggregate

2) Irregular or partially rounded aggregate

3) Angle based aggregate
4) Crackly aggregate
5) Lengthened aggregate
6) Pan like aggregate

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 Table 4.4 Properties of aggregate
1) Strength

2) Hardness
3) Toughness
4) Durability
5) Shape of aggregates

Generally, on site coarse aggregate is used. The size of both type of different dimensions
coarse aggregate used on site is 20-25 mm and 5-10 mm. There are two sources of aggregate
in Rajkot BETI and KOTHARIA.

4.1.3 SAND
The naturally occurring sandstone substance, while it is crushed with the crusher called sand
is made up of tiny pieces of rock and mineral. Being between gravel and silt in terms of
coarseness and fineness defines it. Aggregate passing a 4.75mm sieve. The purpose of sand in
concrete mixtures is to fill in the spaces left by coarse aggregate.
Sand is made of millions of years of crushing of big rocks by water for making rocks into
sand. Additionally, the sand will be rendered rock-like by freezing and thawing throughout the
winter.

Table 4.5 Colors of sand

1) Greyish white color
2) Brownish black color
3) Peach white color
4) Orange Color
5) Grey Color
6) Light-reddish Color (Used on site)

4.1.4 Steel
Steel reinforcement is steel bars that are added to regular cement concrete to create reinforced
concrete. Thus, these buildings make up a steel-reinforced cement concrete structure (R.C.C.).
Rebars are the name given to steel reinforcement.

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 Table 4.6 General information about steel on site

1) Size of steel available at site 8mm,10mm,12mm,16mm,20mm

(Diameter)

2) Type of steel TMT

3) Brand MONO

4) Procurement Steel Trailer

5) Storage Under the first-floor slab

6) Use Reinforcement in RCC

7) Grade of steel Fe500

Table 4.7 Types of Steel bar

1) HRD Steel Bars
2) CWS Bars (Used on site)
3) Mild Steel Bars
4) PS Bars

Table 4.8 Advantages and Disadvantages

Sr Advantages Disadvantages
No.
1) Bonding with Concrete Reactive Nature of Steel Reinforcement
2) Recycling Property Expensive
3) Bent Property of Steel Reinforcement Melts at high temperature
4) Easily Available

4.1.5 Binding wire

It is used for tying works in the sector building construction. The binding wire is used to bind
reinforcement steel and steel components used in roof truss and it is used in junction for
making the structure stable. Mild is the material used for making the binding wire. During the
reinforcing process, binding wire is utilized to connect the reinforcement bars and stirrups to
one another. On site black annealed wire was used. It has low carbon steel wire.

The binding wire are flexible and reusable for many purposes for repetitive times. The tensile
strength of this wires extremely high when it is knotted around the reinforcement bars. The
annealing is the main advantage of binding wires for making them bent easily and application
can be easy for tying the bars. The binding wires cannot displace reinforcement while
concreting is done.

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 Fig 4.1.5.1 Simple tie–light works

Fig 4.1.5.2 Double tie-heavy works

4.1.6 AAC block

AAC stands for Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks. It is better red clay burnt bricks which
causes many hazardous impacts to the environment and this block can be seen on many
projects in India. The cost of this block is low and it is very eco-friendly for the
environmental purpose. The AAC block is made of foam concrete, sand, lime, Portland
cement, calcined gypsum, and aluminium powder. This above component is mixed and then it
is heated up and pressurized with an autoclave for definite as per the purpose. The surface of
these blocks is undulating because for the better grip of plaster.

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4.1.6.1 AAC block information (As per site)
The dimension of this block used on site is (600×225×200) mm. The Price is around 3700 per
cubic meter of this block. So, per cubic number of blocks are given is 37. Per block price is
100 Rs. The density of this block is 460kg/cub.mt.

Table 4.9 Features of AAC block

1) Color Greyish-white
2) Lightweight Half of the weight of the bricks
3) Fire resistance The fire resistance is around five hours
4) Energy efficiency One-fourth of cost of can be save for AC cost
5) Heating effectiveness Two times higher than bricks
6) Water soaking up About 10% of its weight
7) Noise reduction 42 dB
8) Reasonable price Nearly half of the cost of bricks

Fig 4.1.6.1 Dimensions of AAC block

4.1.7 Brick
The composition silica, alumina, lime, iron oxide and magnesia with optimal ratio of these
components. Then it is mixed aggregate and sand burnt at 1000© for harden and then the
molded manually by labor. The brick used on the site second class burnt bricks with no frog.
The dimensions of bricks used on the site is (220×100×100) mm. The bricks used to burn in
the kiln for expected temperature around 1000 C but in the process the temperature is not
control we can also get many overburnt bricks.

Table 4.10 Features of bricks

1) Price 10 Rs. / Unit
2) Classification Red clay burnt
3) Dimension (220×100×100) mm
4) Color Reddish-brown
5) Compressive strength 35 Mpa

2
 Fig 4.1.7 Dimensions of brick

4.1.8 AAC block adhesive

It is used joining the AAC block as an adhesive for proper finishing and strength. The
adhesive material has polymer base versatile components for giving the product durability,
fast process and great bonding. The adhesive is mixed with 25-30 percent water in it for better
plasticity and thickness of joint is taken 3-5mm for proper bonding. Firstly, we have taken a
bucket and add adhesive then we have stirred with mechanical stirrer for more plasticity.

The AAC block adhesive used on site is DUBOND company adhesive. The bag of adhesive is
of 50kg. The block adhesive is stored in the yard near the Tower-A. So, it can be harmed by
the weather. The price of each bag is 950 Rs.

Table 4.11 Advantages of block adhesive

1) Material used less
2) Fast construction
3) No need of curing
4) Site Cleanliness
5) Fast mixing
6) Less wastage
7) Heat Insulation
8) Less water used than cement mortar

4.1.9 Formwork (Plywood)

High-quality concrete may be cast using plywood formwork, which is lightweight, strong, and
environmentally friendly. Wherever a broad area has to be coated with a lightweight, long-
lasting substance, plywood formwork is appropriate. It is highly preferred in concrete pouring
molds used in buildings.

3
Plywood naturally has the ability to absorb moisture, creating a sponge look. This results in
panel movement, alters the material's weight and mechanical characteristics, and eventually
shortens its lifespan.

Table 4.12 Advantages of formwork

1) Gives superior concrete cast surface.
2) Favorable in terms of weight to strength
3) Low deflection because to the inherent stiffness
4) High strength
5) It is reusable
6) Due to its Criss cross pattern, plywood has double strength of
solid wood
7) Using common machining and fastening techniques, the part is
simple to fix and manufacture.
8) The availability of plywood in a wide range of sizes and
overlays is crucial for the environment.
9) Using common machining and fastening techniques, the part is
simple to fix and manufacture.

4.2.1 Column Feeder

The Column Feeder Machine is a specialized device used in commercial or industrial projects
for the automated pouring of concrete to the column formwork for the construction. A column
feeder machine's bucket is then readily transferred to the bucket of high-quality concrete
mixture that has been mixed by a concrete Mixer Miller and easily raised by a tower hoist lift.
After that, concrete is poured from this bucket into the discharge chute while moving
vertically. For concrete to be discharged or poured directly onto the column formwork, the
height and angle of this discharge chute can be changed. With a remote-control system, these
modifications are simple to manage.

Table 4.13 Specifications of column feeder

1) Motor Capacity 1.5 Hp Single Phase
2) Discharge Height 3.65 m
3) Bucket Capacity 150 Liters
4) Wheels Rubber wheels- 4 Nos.
5) Dimensions (3048 x 1067 x 4570) mm
6) Price 1,50,000 Rs. /Unit

3
 Fig 4.2.1 Column Feeder

4.2.2 Welding Machine

On-site steel welding and repairs utilize it. The metals are melted using an electric arc that is
produced by a power source between an electrode and the base material. The price of welding
machine is 40,000 Rs. /Unit.

4.2.3 Bar Bending machine

The bar bending machine is a sturdy, quick and cost-effective tool used to bend
reinforcing bars. It is semi-automatic. For various types of bends and stirrups, the automated
angle selection makes it possible to precisely bend at a pre-set angle in a single step.

Table 4.14 Specifications of Bar bending Machine

1) Automatic Grade Semi-Automatic
2) Min. and Max. Bending radius (6-20) mm
3) Disk speed 12 R/min.
4) Motor Power 3Hp
5) Dimension (750×620×860) mm
6) Price 90,000 Rs. /Unit

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 4.2.4 Bar Cutting Machine
Strong, sharp, and durable blades are also used in these machines; they have multiple cutting
edges, and quick, efficient bar-cutting machines can cut multiple rods at once. Bar cutting
machines operate using hydraulics, which makes them very accurate in their cutting. This
machine uses the concept of Shear forces for cutting bars.
The maximum Diameter the machine can cut:
32D: 1 Bar
20D: 2 Bars
12D: 3 Bars

Table 4.15 Specifications of Bar Cutting Machine

1) Automatic Grade Semi-Automatic
2) Min. and Max. Cutting Diameter (6-20) mm
3) Cutting Speed 32 T/min
4) Motor Power 4Hp
5) Dimension (1280×460×700) mm
6) Price 70,000 Rs. /Unit

4.2.5 Needle Vibrator

The Needle Vibrator is used for removing honeycomb formation in concrete for the proper
strength of concrete. The appropriate time for vibrating is a maximum of 15 seconds. Stick the
vibrating head into the concrete, wait for it to vibrate for 3–4 seconds in one location, then
move it to the next location. Repeat this step every 500 mm.
The different parts of the Needle Vibrator are: Electric Drive Unit, Supply Cable, Switch,
Locking Belt, FlexibleShaft, Pendulum, and Poker head.

Table 4.16 Needle Vibrator Specifications

1) Price 3500 Rs. /Unit
2) Diameter of Needle 35mm
3) Rpm 4000
4) Motor power 1Hp
5) Range of length 1500mm

4.2.6 Air blower

Cleaning is done on site using air blowers or air pressure. Air pressure is used to blast debris
off the slab shutters and beam bottoms prior to concreting the slab and beams. Utilized to
maintain the site tidy as well.

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 Table 4.17 Air blower Specifications
1) Motor Power 0.8 Hp
2) Rpm 13000
3) Weight 1Kg.
4) Price 2000 Rs. /Unit

4.2.7 Grinding Machine

It is generally used as cutting the metal tool but as the concrete is hardened, it is used as
Haking process. It is the process for making dent on beam and column and shear wall for
betterment of grip of plaster. The price of grinding machine 2500 Rs. /Unit. The Blade made
up of alloy and ceramic for better smooth dents on RRC structure.

4.2.8 Concrete mixer miller

Building materials most frequently used are made of concrete. In process the concrete making
we have to stir the concrete properly as per IS code. Concrete can be done properly and
rapidly by this equipment. Concrete miller mixers use centrifugal force concept for the
betterment of mixing. Use a concrete mixer to completely cover the aggregate and sand
grains.

3
4.3 Figures of Tool:

Fig 4.3.1 Plumb bob level Fig 4.3.2 Spirit Level

Fig 4.3.3 Wooden Float Fig 4.3.4 Level Checker (Depth Checker)

3
Fig 4.3.5 Hoe Fig 4.3.6 Hammer

Fig 4.3.7 Trowel

3
Chapter 5. RATE ANALYSIS

The process of determining the rate per unit of a particular item of work is known as Rate
Analysis.

5.1 Purpose of Rate Analysis

•To work out Actual Cost per unit of an item.
•To work out the Economic use of materials and processes in completing the particular item.
•To work out the cost of Extra Items, which are not provided in the contract bond, but are to
be done as per the directions of the department.
•To revise the Schedule of Rates due to an increase in the cost of materials and labors or due
to changes in technique.

5.2 Overhead Charges

•The overhead charges include telephone, stationary, establishment, light bill, and repairing.
•The factors that affect the major factors are Material and labor charges.
•The minor factors that affect the charges are site conditions specifications special equipment
etc.

5.3 Materials and Their Rates

Materials are basic requirement for any construction project and their cost make the major
difference in cost of construction. The following materials are observed on site and their
charges are as follows.

Table 5.1 Material rates

Material Rate

Cement 405/bag

Fine aggregate 600/ton

Coarse aggregate(20mm) 850/ton

Concrete with pressure pump 4800/cmt.

75000/ton (20mm)
+400 (12,16,25mm)
+1400 (10mm)
Steel +2800 (8mm)

Binding wire 90/kg

100/nos. (16 mm bar)

Coupler (including threading) 192.4/nos. (20mm
bar)

3
 Anti-termite 250/liter

Brick 8/nos

Gunny bag 10/nos.

0.3mm GI sheet 100/running foot

40 x 40mm MS hollow pipes 75/kg

Ply wood 55/sq.ft

Steel shutter 80/kg

Steel adjustable props 3000/nos.

Valve plate 600/cft.

The cost of equipment and rent is as follows.

Table 5.2 Equipment Rent/Cost

Chain Excavator 1500/hour

JCB 700/hour

Tractor 1500/day

Crane 2 lakhs/month

CTM (Compression Testing Machine) 70000

Weighbridge 3.5 lakhs

Engineers cabin 2 lakhs

3
The rate of the contract is as
follows.
Table 5.3 Rate of contract

Structure 3/sft

Architect 11/sft

Electrification 700/point

MEP 5 lakhs

Excavation 75/cmt

RCC 123/sft

Boundary wall with colored

coated sheet and fabrication 700/rft

3
5.4 Rate Analysis of Footing
The rate analysis of footing BRF1 as follows.

Table 5.4 Rate analysis of footing

Item
Item No. Measurement Rate unit Duration Amount
description

A Reinforcement 663.00 75 Kg 49725

Binding wire 1 90 Kg 90

Formwork 18.3 70 Smt 1281

B Skilled labour 3 800 Day 2 4800

Unskilled
1 350 Day 2 700
labour

Concrete with
C 22.44 4800 Cmt 107712
pressure pump
Cover block 110 3 Piece 330

Cost 164638

D Water charges 1% 1646.38

Total cost (A+B+C+D) 166284.38

4
Chapter 6. CONCLUSION

During this 4-month training, I got an opportunity to observe and learn many construction
activities like footing, excavation, anchoring, staircase, etc. As well as various aspects of the
construction industry and practice which I had never come across the course work.

Through this training, I found that practical knowledge and theoretical knowledge both have
equal importance in the real world. Only gaining theoretical knowledge in the classroom is
not enough to excel in any work and reach up to a satisfactory level.

There are many good aspects of construction like quality management, safety management,
record keeping, coordinating between various departments, and awareness about safety were
observed during the site training. Also, reading and understanding are crucial of the training
because as an engineer it is our first job to understand the drawings given to us.

Generally, in many cases, it is found that it is hard to deal with laborers to follow the rules
and regulations but if you teach them with proper guidance then it is easy to deal with them.
At the site, laborers are eager to learn new things.

At last, I am very thankful to our department for having incorporated such a good initiative
like on-site training in the core curriculum which has helped me to knock my ethical and has
burnt a spark within me to do good work in our construction field. Thus, this project has given
me a lot of knowledge and good experience, which will be very useful in my future career.