We are IntechOpen,

the world’s leading publisher of

Open Access books
Built by scientists, for scientists

7,300
Open access books available
191,000
International authors and editors
210M Downloads

Our authors are among the

154
Countries delivered to
TOP 1%
most cited scientists
14%
Contributors from top 500 universities

Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index

in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI)

Interested in publishing with us?

Contact book.department@intechopen.com
Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected.
For more information visit www.intechopen.com
Chapter

Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)

Modeling of Municipal Solid
Waste (MSW) Management
Systems in Kosodrza, Community
of Ostrów, Poland: A Case Study
Dariusz Sala and Bogusław Bieda

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to perform the life cycle assessment (LCA) limited
to life cycle inventory (LCI) related to municipal solid waste operating in Kosodrza,
community of Ostrów, in Poland. The current LCI is a representative for year 2015
by application of PN-EN ISO 14040. The system boundary was labeled as gate-to-
gate. The data used in this study, involving consumption of energy and fuels, water,
materials, and waste, is obtained from (i) site-specific measured or calculated
data and (ii) secondary data taken from integrated permit issued by Marshal of
the Podkarpackie region in Rzeszów for the establishment of municipal services
in Ostrów by entering the records concerning the waste landfill in Kosodrza. This
study is based on the deterministic approach to LCI. Hence, uncertainty analysis is
not carried out. The LCI model can be used in full LCA study.

Keywords: Poland, life cycle inventory, life cycle assessment, municipal solid waste
management, landfill

1. Introduction

The traditional consideration of waste as a pollution has progressively shifted

toward a new perspective, in which waste is regarded as a resource that could sup-
port societies to become more sustainable [1].
LCA as a tool to analyze waste management systems appeared in the early 1990s.
A number of models for LCA of waste management have been developed, and
some of these models are commercially available, while others are affordable only
to researchers [2]. All models are developed within the framework of LCA of waste
management, and most models also include some kind of economic accounting [2].
Moreover, in [2], a summary of key features of waste management LCA models is
presented. Among them are:

• Integrated waste management-2 (IWM-2), updated version of the IWM-1,

released by Procter and Gamble in 1995. The IWM-2 and IWM-1 have been
used in many case studies in Europe, North and South America and Australia.

1
Municipal Solid Waste Management

• IWM Canada was developed in Canada in partnership between Environment

Canada and two industry associations. The model is built on an Excel platform
and runs with a Visual Basic interface. The model has been used by municipali-
ties across Canada by more than 250 registered users in evaluating environmen-
tal and economic impacts of existing or planned waste management systems. In
the City of London, the model has been used in the implementation of a continu-
ous improvement system for waste management, and it is used by universities.

• ORWARE model (organic waste research) was developed in collaboration with

several Swedish research institutes and universities. ORWARE was first devel-
oped as a tool for systems analysis of organic waste management. ORWARE is
implemented in Matlab and in Excel. Several projects have been commissioned
by Swedish municipalities, and also it is used in education at universities.

• Solid waste management (ISWM, MSW-DST). The MSW-DST was designed to

explore and evaluate the environmental aspect and cost of integrated MSW
strategies. The model has been applied in local and regional MSW planning
and evaluation for cities, counties and states across the Unites States. This
model has also been used by the US Navy to develop an improved waste man-
agement plan that meets environmental targets at reduced cost.

• WISARD was first developed in 1999 by Ecobilan on behalf of Eco-Emballages

in France and the Environment Agency of England and Wales. WISARD has
been used by more than 50 local authorities and others in the United Kingdom
in the development of regional and MSW strategies, and it has also been used
in the development of the Scottish National Waste Plan.

• Municipal solid waste management system assessment tool LCA-IWM is a result

of a project funded by the European Fifth Framework Program and consists of
decision support tools: the waste prognostic tool and the municipal solid waste
management system (MSWMS) assessment tool. MSWMS has been applied
in case studies of different cities in fast-growing regions in Europe; some
examples are Xanthi (Greece), Kaunas (Lithuania), Wrocław (Poland), Nitra
(Slovakia) and Reus (Spain).

• Environmental assessment of solid waste systems and technologies (EASEWASTE)

was developed by researchers at the Technical University of Denmark. Detailed
scope of EASEWASTE is presented in [2]. EASEWASTE is designed to compare
different waste management strategies, waste treatment methods and waste
process technologies and to identify significant sources of environmental
problems of the system.

• Waste and resources assessment tool for the environment (WRATE) was designed
to address environmental aspects and impacts of municipal solid waste
management (MSWM), and it was developed on behalf of the Environment
Agency for England and Wales, Scottish Environment Protection Agency
and Department of Environment. The default database includes 160 waste
management technology datasets and energy mix for 40 countries (average
and marginal) over a 20-year forecast. Moreover, WRATE also includes a
database on materials and their inventories (Ecoinvent database), a default
waste composition (national UK waste composition) and the most used impact
assessment methods. Detailed scope in terms of material and energy flows and
processes is illustrated in [2].

2
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Modeling of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management Systems…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84347

Figure 1.
Components of a life cycle assessment (LCA) according to International Organization for Standardization (Source: [9]).

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the environmental management tech-

niques, which aims to assess potential hazards to the environment of products,
processes or entire systems. LCA as a tool to analyze waste management systems
appeared in the early 1990s. It is worth noting that among researchers and deci-
sion makers, the use of LCA to analyze and develop waste management strategies
has increased considerably over the last few years [2]. Moreover, LCA is a useful
framework for assessing environmental performances [3]. The role of LCA has
been increasing as it was proposed in many EU and Polish official documents [4].
Currently the LCA methodology is more and more frequently used as a tool for
evaluating the environmental performance of products or services [5].
The LCA description is based on the ISO standard series 14040-14044 (2006)
[6] and the guidelines provided by Guinée [7]. According to ISO, LCA is used for
hot spot analysis, product or process improvement, comparative assertion, market-
ing and environmental policy.
In accordance with the ISO 14040 (2006) [7] standard, describing the principles
and framework, LCA consists of the four phases [8] as illustrated in Figure 1 [9].
Life cycle inventory (LCI), the second valuable step of LCA, is the most effective
quantitative environmental assessment tool [10].

2. Methods

2.1 Goal and scope of the study

The goal definition describes the purpose of the study and the decision process
to which it provides environmental decision support [8], and the scope includes the
way the object of investigation is modeled. The functional unit and system bound-
aries are also determined at this step. The scope definition of an LCA study must
address the following issues:

• the object of the study-functional unit;

• the system boundaries;

• the assessment criteria to be applied;

3
Municipal Solid Waste Management

• the time scale of the study; and

• the technologies representing the different processes as presented by Hauschild

and Barlaz [8].

Detailed issues (e.g., functional unit, system boundaries, time scale of the study,
technologies representing the different processes) in scope definition of an LCA study is
discussed by Hauschild and Barlaz [8].

2.2 Functional unit

The functional unit (FU), central concept in LCA [11, 12], is the measure of the
performance delivered by the system under study [12], and definition of a FU is
essential in LCA [13]. According to [8] for the LCA of waste management systems,
the FU of the study could include:

• quantity of waste to be managed;

• composition of the waste;

• duration of the waste management systems; and

• quantity of the waste management (legal emission limits, requirement for residual
products).

For the purpose of this study, a suggested FU is defined as amount of waste to

be stored during the year—waste other than hazardous—and recovered and stored
during the year at Kosodrza landfill (see Figure 2). Time coverage is year 2015.

2.3 Data quality

The problem of data quality in building an LCI, which is the foundation of any
LCA [14], is discussed in [11]. Collection of LCI data is one of the most important

Figure 2.
LCI system boundary of the gate-to-gate for the MSW landfill considered in this study (source: photo from
waste landfill in Kosodrza management communication).

4
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Modeling of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management Systems…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84347

stages in an LCA study [15]. Moreover, data quality is multidimensional and not
necessarily quantitative [14]. LCI required a lot of data [12, 16] that are well cor-
related to the study context [14].
The paucity (reliability) of data can be a strong impediment in the conduct of
LCA and explain the bias in choice of waste types to study [17].
The data used in this study involving consumption of energy and fuels,
water, materials and waste are obtained from (i) site-specific measured or
calculated data and (ii) secondary data taken from integrated permit issued
by Marshal of the Podkarpackie region in Rzeszów for the establishment of
municipal services in Ostrów (e.g., Figure 3) by entering the records concern-
ing the waste landfill in Kosodrza (e.g., Figure 4), dated October 31, 2015,
and its subsequent amendments [18]. Integrated permit has been issued at the
request of the interested party.
The present LCI, as mentioned above, is representative for year 2015 by applica-
tion of PN-EN ISO 14040:2009 [19].
A full publication of the inventory data used in this study is documented in [18].
In this case study, the system evaluated does not include anything upstream from
the waste landfill operation.
As this study was based on the deterministic approach to LCI, uncertainty
analysis was not carried out. However, very few assessments include effects of
the waste composition, and waste LCAs often rely on poorly justified data from
secondary sources, and uncertainty on LCA results associated with selection of
waste composition data have been performed [20]. The LCI model can be used in
full LCA study.

Figure 3.
Waste landfill in Kosodrza, in the community of Ostrów (source: [18]).

5
Municipal Solid Waste Management

Figure 4.
Landfill for waste other than hazardous and inert wastes with separate hazardous waste facilities containing
asbestos in Kosodrza (source: BIP based on https://www.google.pl/maps).

3. LCI of a modern MSW landfill

According to [20] the composition of waste materials has fundamental influ-

ence on environmental emissions associated with waste treatment, recycling and
disposal and may play an important role also for the LCA of waste management
solutions.
According to [21] to carry out a LCA, there is a need for LCI data in order
to ensure a representative assessment. Major LCA methodological steps,
including among others inventory analysis, are illustrated in [1], based on EC
[22, 23]. LCI data on waste management processes involves recycling, source
separation, collection, transport and upgrading of recyclables, and it is readily
available [24].
Several definitions of solid waste exist. In the review given in [3], waste, accord-
ing to [25], is neither water (wastewater) nor airborne (flue gases). According to
[26] urban solid waste is defined as the waste generated by household, businesses,
industries, institutions and markers, as well as the waste coming from the cleaning
of streets and public areas [26].
It should be noted that Environmental Research and Education Foundation
(EREF), a non-profit organization, is one of the largest sources of funding solid
waste research in North America; it defines solid waste as [27]:

• municipal solid waste (e.g., residential, commercial, institutional);

• construction and demolition debris;

• certain industrial wastes (e.g., exploration and production waste, coal ash);
and

• other wastes typically managed by the solid waste industry or generated by

the public not included in the above list (e.g., electronic waste, disaster debris,
etc.).

Agricultural wastes (that are not handled by the waste industry), nuclear waste
and land-applied wastewater treatment sludge are generally not included in this
definition [27].

6
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Modeling of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management Systems…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84347

4. LCI of municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems in

Kosodrza, community of Ostrów

The consumption of energy and fuels, water, chemicals and waste obtained from
secondary data taken from integrated permit issued by Marshal of the Podkarpackie
region in Rzeszów for the establishment of municipal services in Ostrów by entering the
records concerning the waste landfill in Kosodrza is given in Tables 1–4, respectively.
The maximum amount of waste to be disposed of through storage during the
year will be:

• hazardous waste: 3000 Mg/year (10 Mg/day);

• nonhazardous waste: 156,393 Mg/year (500 Mg/day); and

• in the event of a situation deviating from the normal one—an additional

18,000 Mg/year of other waste.

Total amount of waste accepted for processing in landfill recovery processes is:

• the total amount of waste recovered in R5 processes per year will amount to
20,030 Mg/year (the amount of waste used to build inert layers on the landfill
cannot exceed 6700 Mg/year); and

• the total amount of waste subjected to recovery in the R3 process will amount
to 12,450 Mg/year during the year.

4.1 The leachate process

The integrated permit was issued for the operation of installations for the
disposal of nonhazardous and inert waste with the capacity to receive more

No Specification Unit Amount

value
1 Gas oil Mg/year 117
2 Tap water Technological m3/year 1000
utilization
Sanitary utilization m3/year 75
3 Chemical reagents used for the reverse disinfectant sanitizer Mg/year 1.5
osmosis process purification plant
Sulfuric acid Mg/year 100
Hydrated lime Mg/year 40
Chlorinated lime Mg/year 0.2
Citric acid Mg/year 3.0
Sodium hydroxide Mg/year 20
4 Electric power kWh/ 300,000
year
5 Hard coal Mg/year 3.7

Table 1.
Type of energy, water, chemicals, and fuels—landfill for waste other than hazardous and inert wastes with
separate hazardous waste facilities containing asbestos in Kosodrza.

7
Municipal Solid Waste Management

No Type of waste Quantity of

waste
1 Inorganic wastes 1000
2 Furnace linings and refractories from non-metallurgical processes 23
3 Other wastes 70
4 Mixed wastes from construction, renovation and dismantling 6000
5 Non-composted municipal solid waste 20,000
6 Other unused waste (waste from the mechanical and biological treatment plant) 50,000
7 Digested wastes of anaerobic decomposition of municipal solid waste 2003
8 Screenings 3000
9 Content of sand traps 2000
10 Sludges from non-biological treatment of industrial wastewater 4000
11 Solid wastes from preliminary filtration and screenings 500
12 Glass 2000
13 Other wastes (including mixed substances and objects) 50,000
from mechanical treatment of waste
14 Other non-biodegradable waste 6000
15 Waste from marketplaces 3000
16 Sludges from septic tanks used to collect impurities 800
17 Waste from sewer manholes 800
18 Municipal waste not included in other subgroups 7000
19 Insulation materials containing asbestos 3000
20 Construction materials containing asbestos 3000

Table 2.
Types and amount of waste to be stored during the year—waste other than hazardous (all values in Mg/year).

No Type of waste Quantity of waste

1 Waste sands and loams 100

2 Waste resulting from cutting and rock cutting 100

3 Slag, bottom ash and boiler dust 300

4 Fly ash from coal 100

5 Defective ceramics, bricks, tiles and building ceramics (after thermal 200
processing)

6 Worn (used) tires 200

7 Waste of concrete and debris from demolition and renovation 1000

8 Brick rubble 1000

9 Wastes of other ceramic materials and equipment items 560

10 Mixed or segregated waste from concrete, brick rubble and waste ceramic 3000
materials

11 Plasters removed 500

12 Concrete parts and aggregates not containing asphalt 100

13 Soil and soil, including stones 5000

14 Dredging spoil 80

15 Torn rubble (aggregate) 40

8
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Modeling of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management Systems…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84347

No Type of waste Quantity of waste

16 Construction materials containing gypsum 200

17 Compost not meeting the requirements (unsuitable) 10,000

18 Stabilized municipal sewage sludge 2200

19 Sludges from water clarification 100

20 Minerals (e.g., sand, stones) 2500

21 Other non-specified fractions collected selectively (ashes and slags) 200

22 Soil and soil, including stones 2000

23 Waste from cleaning streets and squares 3000

Table 3.
Type and quantity of waste recovered during the year (Installation - Landfill for waste other than
hazardous and inert wastes with separate hazardous waste facilities containing asbestos in Kozodrza - all
values in Mg/year).

No Type of waste Quantity

of waste

1 Packaging made of paper and cardboard 440

2 Plastic packaging 1200

3 Wood packaging 600

4 Metal packaging 440

5 Multi-material packaging 230

6 Glass packaging 1200

7 Packaging from textiles 220

8 Paper and cardboard 1500

9 Ferrous metals 600

10 Non-ferrous metals 500

11 Plastics and rubber 4000

12 Glass 2000
13 Other wood 500

14 Textiles 40

15 Other wastes (including mixed substances and articles) from mechanical treatment 110
of waste containing dangerous substances

16 Other wastes (including mixed substances and articles) for mechanical processing 21,000
of waste—oversize fraction with a grain size greater than 80.0 mm with the
properties of combustible waste—preRDF
17 Other wastes (oversize fraction with a grain size greater than 80.0 mm—ballast) 14,000

18 Other wastes (biodegradable fraction) 25,000

19 Compost not meeting the requirements (not suitable to be used) 11,250

20 Other unmentioned waste (sieve fraction from stabilizer screening) 13,750

21 Other wastes (including fiberboard, leftover wood contaminated plastic) 700

22 Waste of concrete and debris from demolition and renovation 20,000

23 Brick rubble 2000

24 Iron and steel 100

25 Worn (used) tires 220

9
Municipal Solid Waste Management

No Type of waste Quantity

of waste
26 Other engine, gear and lubricating oils 1.8

27 Sorbents, filter materials, wiping cloths (e.g., rags, dishcloths) and protective 0.3
clothing

28 Oil filters 0.2

29 Other unlisted items (air filters) 0.2

30 Worn out (used) devices containing hazardous elements 0.3

31 Lead-acid batteries and accumulators 0.2

Note: The waste mentioned in No. from 1 to 18 will be generated as a result of processing in the installation for
mechanical waste treatment, the waste mentioned in No. 19 will be generated as a result of processing in the installation
for biological waste treatment, the waste mentioned in No. from 20 to 23 will be generated as a result of the operation of
the large-size waste disassembly point, the waste mentioned in No. from 22 to 24 will be generated as a result of crushing
construction debris, the waste mentioned in No. 25 will be generated as a result of the plant’s ongoing operation (arising
as part of its current operation, machinery and equipment) and the waste mentioned in No. from 26 to 31 will be
generated in connection with maintaining the efficiency of installations for mechanical and biological waste treatment.

Table 4.
Types and quantities of waste to be generated during the year and the source of waste generation (all values in
Mg/year).

than 10 tonnes of waste per day and a total capacity of over 25,000 tonnes, with
separate asbestos-containing hazardous waste units in Kosodrza, Ostrow com-
mune (see Figure 4).
Description of the current installation and method of purification/pretreatment
of the leachate in the landfill from the integrated permit is given below. The leachate
process is performed in the two leachate tanks:

• leachate tank named ZRO1; and

• leachate tank named ZRO2.

The ZRO1 leachate tank is used to retain leachate arising within the existing
quarters No. 1–8; it can be used to pump out leachates from the ZRO2 reservoir, i.e.,
from quarters No. 9, 10, 11, and 12.
Earth tank, insulated with 1.0 m thick, surface reinforced with a wreath and
reinforced concrete grate, filled with openwork plates. The walls of the tank were
made of grids made of reinforced concrete beams, 30 × 30 cm, creating grid
structures over the bottom. Grill grates and slopes above the crown were secured
with openwork concrete tiles 100 × 75 × 12.5 cm, on a geotextile with a weight of
400 g/m2 and densified ballast made of gravel material. The bottom of the tank is a
20-cm-thick reinforced concrete slab.
ZRO2 reservoir located in the north-western part of the land designated for the
extension of the landfill in the resulting triangle between the existing quarters No.
8, the factory road to quarters No. 9–12 (e.g., Figure 5) and A1 and A2 and the area
of the leachate treatment plant.
Terrain open tank protected escarpments and the bottom triangular in plan.
The structure of the tank bottom and walls will be sealed with a 1.0 m thick
layer, 1.5 mm thick foil and geotextile g = 400 g/m2, reinforced with a concrete
construction.
The ZRO2 tank is the main retention reservoir for leachate from quarters
No. 9–12. The leachate from quarters No. 9–12 will flow gravitationally to the
P6 pumping station, from where they will be pumped into the ZRO2 leachate
retention reservoir.

10
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Modeling of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management Systems…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84347

Figure 5.
New quarter No. 12 (source: [18]).

4.2 Container sewage wastewater treatment plant (CSWTP)—leachate treatment

plant in reverse osmosis technology

Container sewage wastewater treatment plant (CSWTP) with a capacity of 30 m3/d

includes system called a single-stage membrane process ensuring obtaining the leach-
ate parameters enabling them to be safely transported to the municipal sewage treat-
ment plant. The treatment plant operates on the basis of the reverse osmosis process
(e.g., Figure 6), the essence of which consists in passing the leachate from the storage
site through a semipermeable membrane under the influence of the pressure set on the
inlet side of the effluent.
Membrane separation is a purely physical separation; separated components
do not undergo any chemical or biological transformation. The applied solution
is a pilot solution for cooperation with the existing pretreatment plant in order to
increase the cleaning effects. The effect of the treatment plant is to obtain purified
leachate (permeate) and leachate residue (concentrate).
The sewage treatment plant works in a continuous system and cleanses the
effluents from the ZRO2 reservoir, i.e., from quarters 9 to 12. The treatment plant
will be controlled by means of a computer program and will work in an automatic
system. The computer will monitor, through systematic conductivity measurement,
the quality of treated leachate discharged into the environment. If the conductivity

Figure 6.
The treatment plant based on the reverse osmosis process (source: [18]).

11
Municipal Solid Waste Management

rises above the programmed value, the installation will automatically stop, and a
cleaning program for filters or modules will start.
Sewage plant is located in a paved square for turning vehicles. Container of
treatment plant with dimensions of 12.2 × 2.5 m is set on a separate foundation.
The container is made of steel construction with a layer casing made of trapezoid
sheet metal from the outside and a polypropylene plate from the inside of the con-
tainer. The addition between the layers is a mineral wool insulation layer. Tight floor is
made of chemically resistant material. The container has mechanical ventilation.

5. Literature review

The LCA literature on waste treatment can be found in [3]. According to [28], the
annual total solid waste generation worldwide is approximately 17 billion tonnes, and
it is expected to reach 27 billion by 2050 [1, 17]. Based on [29] in this amount, about
1.3 billion tonnes are currently municipal solid waste generated by world cities, which
are anticipated to generate up to 2.2 billion tonnes by 2025 primarily due to popula-
tion growth, increasing urbanization and socio-economic development of low- and
middle-income countries [1]. The waste management problem in the EU is character-
ized by increasing per capita production of waste materials, the need for high levels of
investment in physical infrastructure (incinerators, recycling facilities and landfills),
institutional barriers, a wide range of stakeholders and a dynamic policy arena.
In this section we describe several studies with numerous examples demonstrating
the waste management. Ref. [3] illustrates development of the regionalised municipal
solid waste incineration model in France, which can be adapted to regional charac-
teristics and incineration conditions in order to provide the best representation and
most accurate predictions of MSW incineration in a given geographic area [3]. The
world’s largest center for urban waste by 2007, according to [30], was operational in
Amsterdam in the Netherlands. This includes the city’s sewage treatment plant and
the expanded waste-to-energy plant for solid waste (SW) [30].
Details about Latin America, as a region strongly affected by the lack of equality
in income distribution and big differences in the quantity of the waste generated
daily and in its composition, can be found in [26].
Moreover, according to work presented by Savino [26], the regional assess-
ment report on municipal solid waste management (MSWM), published by Pan
American Health Organization (PAHO) in 2005, says: “The composition of waste
in Latin America, although it varies among the different centers of population,
maintains a strong component of foodstuff waste, with average values from 50 to
70% in weight, while around 25% of waste components is made up of paper, card-
board, metal, textile, leather, rubber and wood.” According to studies carried out
by national member International Solid Waste Association (ISWA) in Argentina,
presented in [26], the percentages are as follows:

• adequate final disposition of SW in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires at

sanitary landfill 45%;

• the rest of Argentina 55%;

• adequate final disposition in sanitary landfill 10%;

• waste disposal in controlled sites 10%; and

• uncontrolled open-air dumps 35% [26].

12
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Modeling of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management Systems…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84347

The composition of waste in Buenos Aires is presented and shown in Figure 7.

The case of the sanitary landfill in Buenos Aires is illustrated in Figure 8.
In paper [31] a systemic approach for MSWM at both the household and the
non-household level has been developed. It summarizes state-of-the-art available
tools and compiles a set of guidelines for developing waste management master
plans at the municipal level, and it provides a framework in the MSWM field for
municipalities in Greece and other countries facing similar problems under often
comparable socio-economic settings [31] [ZOTOS]. Moreover, the Hellenic State
has defined sufficiently the legislative and political framework for MWSM, in frame
of related EU legislative approaches, and the 4R (reduce-reuse-recycle-recover)
concept is well promoted by the “National Planning of SWM”(Hellenic) constituted
of two Joint Ministerial Decision, legislated in 1997 and 2000, respectively [30]. It is
interesting to note that SWOT analysis is performed for MSWM (e.g., [31]).
In China landfill density cannot be as high as in developed countries because
its population distribution and economic development are quite different [32].
The amount of MSW collected by local authorities in China has increased in
parallel with rapid urbanization. The average rate of increase in the amount
of MWS collected annually is about 6% [32]. Moreover, the overall status of

Figure 7.
Composition of waste in Buenos Aires (source: [26]).

Figure 8.
Sanitary landfill Norte III in Buenos Aires (source: [26]).

13
Municipal Solid Waste Management

Figure 9.
Landfill site in Beijing City (source: [32]).

MSW treatment in China is still at the developing stages, with waste collection
going from incomplete to complete collection and waste treatment going from
decentralized disposal to sanitary landfilling [32]. Landfill site in Beijing City is
presented in Figure 9.

6. Conclusions

The present LCI modeling of municipal solid waste management (MSWM)

systems in Kosodrza, community of Ostrów, Poland case study was given according
to PN-EN ISO 14040.
This study is focused on the operational results recorded in 2015, as defined in
the goal and scope.
It should be noted that LCI work was performed using the secondary data
obtained from integrated permit legislated for waste landfill in Kosodrza, commu-
nity of Ostrów in Poland.
The results may be useful for MSWM in Poland. In the methodological
approach regarding databases, boundaries were transparent and fully docu-
mented. Moreover, the results of this study can help MSW management authori-
ties and practitioners to solve environmental and technical aspects and decision
makers to understand the nature of the LCA. In addition to LCI, these data can
be used to assess life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) as the next step of LCA
methodology, and finally, full LCA should be conducted. The LCIA provides
the analysis of collected data to evaluate contributions to various environmental
impact categories. The final LCA of a modern MSW landfill should include the
uncertainty of waste compositions.
The LCI study allows to identify and understand LCA approach from the view
of further research work with a view to reduce the negative impact of waste on the
environment as well as to reduce the negative impacts on ecosystems, on human
health or on natural resources.
However this study has examined a case at the country level. This case study
could be used by other domestic and international LCA studies of solid waste
management systems.
The results obtained from this study can move the LCI on the waste manage-
ment process one step forward and will assist in developing environmental aware-
ness in the development of the National Waste Plan.

14
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Modeling of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management Systems…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84347

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Marek Gubernat (Municipal Services Office in

Ostrów) and Henryk Stolarczyk (Municipal Services Office in Ostrów) for sup-
plying data on the MSWM in Ostrów. Relevant figures are reprinted with given
sources. This publication and research was funded from subvention for the mainte-
nance and development of research potential granted to AGH University of Science
and Technology, Management Department, Kraków, Poland.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

The research does not involve human participants and/or animals.

Author details

Dariusz Sala* and Bogusław Bieda

Management Department, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków,
Poland

*Address all correspondence to: dsala@zarz.agh.edu.pl

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.

15
Municipal Solid Waste Management

References

[1] Laurent A, Clavreul J, Bernstad Life cycle assessment; An operational

A, Bakas I, Niero M, Gentil E, et al. guide to the ISO standards; Part 3:
Review of LCA studies of solid Scientific Background. Den Haag and
waste management systems—Part Leiden, The Netherlands: Ministry
II: Methodological guidance for a of Housing, Spatial Planning and
better practice. Waste Management. Environment (VROM) and Centre of
2014;34:589-606 Environmental Science (CML); 2001.
Available from: http://www.leidenuniv.
[2] Björklund A, Finnveden G, Roth nl/cml/ssp/projects/lca2/lca2.html
L. Application of LCA in waste [Accessed 2018-11-15]
management. In: Christensen TH, editor.
Solid Waste Technology & Management. [8] Hauschild MZ, Barlaz MA. LCA in
Vol. 1. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing waste management: Introduction to
Ltd.; 2011. pp. 137-160 principle and method. In: Christensen
TH, editor. Solid Waste Technology &
[3] Déchaux C, Nitschelm L, Giard Management. Vol. 1, 2011. Chichester:
L, Bioteau T, Sessiecq P, Aissani Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2011. pp. 113-136
L. Development of the regionalised
municipal solid waste incineration [9] Jungbluth N, Keller R, Doublet G,
(RMSWI) model and its application to König A, Eggenberger S. Report on life
France. International Journal of Life cycle assessment, economic assessment,
Cycle Assessment. 2017;22:1514-1542 potential employment effects and
exergy-based analysis: Part I—LCA.
[4] Nunez P, Jones S. Cradle to gate: Life Deliverable 7.3. SUSMILK—Re-design
cycle impact of primary aluminium of the dairy industry for sustainable
production. International Journal of Life milk processing, Seventh Framework
Cycle Assessment. 2016;21:1594-1604 Programme: Project no. 613589. Funded
by EC. 2016. 2002;20:16-22
[5] Grzesik K, Bieda B, Kozakiewicz R,
Kossakowska K. Goal and scope and [10] Millet D, Bistagnino L,
its evolution for life cycle assessment Lanzavecchia C, Camous R, Poldma
of rare earth elements recovery from T. Does the potential of the use of LCA
secondary sources. 17th International match the design team needs? Journal of
Multidisciplinary Scientific Cleaner Production. 2007;15:335-346
GeoConference SGEM 2017, www.sgem.
org, SGEM2017 Conference Proceedings, [11] Bieda B, Skalna I, Gaweł B, Grzesik
29 June–5 July, 2017. Vol. 17(41). pp. 107- K, Henclik A, Sala D. Life cycle
114. DOI: 10.5593/sgem2017/41/S18.014 inventory processes of the integrated
steel plant (ISP) in Krakow, Poland—
[6] International Organization for Continuous casting of steel (CCS) a
Standardization (ISO). Environmental case study. International Journal of Life
management—Life cycle assessment— Cycle Assessment. 2018;23:1274-1285
Principles and framework. ISO
14040:2006. 2006. Available from: [12] Sonnemann G, Castells F,
https://infostore.saiglobal.com/ Schumacher M. Integrated Life-Cycle and
en-gb/Standards/ISO-14040- Risk Assessment for Industrial Processes.
2006-R2016--614392_SAIG_ISO_ CRC Press Company. Boca Raton, Fl,
ISO_1409806/. [Accessed 2019-01-28] USA: Lewis Publishers; 2004. p. 392

[7] Guinée JB, Gorrée M, Heijungs R, [13] Gómez P, Elduque D, Sarasa

Huppes G, Kleijn R, de Koning A, et al. J, Pina C, Javierre C. Influence of

16
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Modeling of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management Systems…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84347

composition on the environmental [20] Bisinella V, Götze R, Conradsen K,

impact of a cast aluminum alloy. Damgaard A, Christensen TH, Astrup
Materials. 2016;9(6):412. DOI: 10.3390/ TF. Importance of waste composition
ma9060412 for Life Cycle Assessment of waste
management solutions. Journal of
[14] Seto KE, Panesar DK, Churchill Cleaner Production. 2017;164:1180-1191
CJ. Criteria for the evaluation on life
cycle assessment software packages [21] Brogaard LK, Damgaard A, Jensen
and life cycle inventory data with MB, Barlaz M, Christensen TH. Evaluation
application to concrete. International of life cycle inventory data for recycling
Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. systems. Resources, Conservation and
2017;22:694-706 Recycling. 2014;87:30-45

[15] Finnveden G, Hauschild MZ, Ekvall [22] European Commission (EC)—

T, Guinée J, Heijungs R, Hellweg S, Joint Research Centre—Institute for
et al. Recent development in life cycle Environment and Sustainability.
assessment. Journal of Environmental International Reference Life Cycle Data
Management. 2009;91:1-21 System (ILCD) Handbook—General
guide for Life Cycle Assessment—
[16] Morales M, Quintero J, Aroca Detailed guidance. 1st ed. EUR 24708
G. Environmental assessment of the EN. Luxembourg, LU: Publications
production and addition of bioethanol Office of the European Union; 2010
produced from Eucalyptus globulus
to gasoline in Chile. International [23] European Commission (EC)—
Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Joint Research Centre—Institute for
2017;22:525-536 Environment and Sustainability.
Supporting Environmentally Sound
[17] Laurent A, Bakas I, Clavreul J, Decisions for Waste Management—A
Bernstad A, Niero M, Gentil E, et al. technical guide to Life Cycle Thinking
Review of LCA studies of solid waste (LCT) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
management systems—Part I: Lessons for waste experts and LCA practitioners.
learned and perspectives. Waste EUR 24916 EN. Luxembourg, LU:
Management. 2014;34:573-588 Publications Office of the European
Union; 2011
[18] BIP (Biuletyn Informacji
Publicznej). Pozwolenie zintegrowane. [24] Merrild H, Larsen AW, Christensen
2014. Available from: http:// TH. Assessing recycling versus
www.bip.podkarpackie.pl/index. incineration of key materials in
php/informacja-o-srodowisku/ municipal waste: The importance of
pozwolenia-zintegrowane/ efficient energy recovery and transport
wydane/1522-gminny-zaklad-uslug- distances. Waste Management.
komunalnych-sp-z-o-o-w-ostrowie- 2012;32(5):1009-1018
skladowisko-odpadow-komunalnych-z-
wydzielonymi-kwaterami-na-odpady- [25] Christensen TH. Solid Waste
niebezpieczne-zawierajace-azbest-w- Technology & Management. Chichester,
kozodrzy [Accessed 2018-12-8] UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 2011

[19] PN-EN ISO 14040. Environmental [26] Savino AA. Large population –
Management—Life Cycle Assessment— more sanitation. The state of urban
Principles and Framework. 2009. solid waste management in Latin
Available from: http://sklep.pkn.pl/ America. Waste Management World.
pn-en-iso-14040-2009p.html [Accessed 2008. Available from: https://waste-
2018-12-8] management-world.com/search?q=Savi

17
Municipal Solid Waste Management

no+AA.+Large+population+%E2%80% com/a/all-the-waste-in-china-the-
93+more+sanitation.+The+state+of+urb development-of-sanitary-landfilling.
an+solid+waste+management+in+Latin [Accessed 2019-01-28]
+America. [Accessed 2019-01-28]

[27] EREF. Environmental Research &

Education Foundation. 2018. Available
from: https://erefdn.org/research-
grants-projects/how-to-apply-for-
grant/ [Accessed 2018-11-15]

[28] Karak T, Bhagat RM, Bhattacharyya

P. Municipal solid waste generation,
composition, and management: The
world scenario. Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology.
2012;42:1509-1630

[29] Hoornweg D, Bhada-Tata P. What

a Waste—A Global Review of Solid
Waste Management. Washington DC,
USA: World Bank; 2012. Available
from: https://siteresources.worldbank.
org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/
Resources/336387-1334852610766/
What_a_Waste2012_Final.pdf Accessed
2018-12-8

[30] McCarthy T, Mulder M, van Berlo

M. A symbiotic solution. Integrating
urban waste and sewage management.
Waste Management World. 2007.
Available from: https://waste-
management-world.com/a/a-symbiotic-
solution. [Accessed 2019-01-28]

[31] Zotos G, Karagiannidis A,

Zampetoglou S, Malamakis A,
Antonopoulos IS, Kontogianni S,
et al. Developing a holistic strategy
for integrated waste management
within municipal planning: Challenges,
policies, solutions and perspectives
for Hellenic municipalities in the
zero-waste, low-cost direction. Waste
Management. 2009;29(5):1686-1692.
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.11.016

[32] Haiyun X. All the waste in

China – the development of sanitary
landfilling. Waste Management
World. 2008. Available from:
https://waste-management-world.

18