S11

S11 Longitudinal strength standard

(1989)
(Rev. 1
1993) S11.1 Application
(Rev.2
Nov.2001) This requirement applies only to steel ships of length 90 m and greater in unrestricted service. For ships
having one or more of the following characteristics, special additional considerations will be given by
each Classification Society.
(i) Proportion L/B ≤ 5, B/D ≥ 2,5
(ii) Length L ≥ 500 m
(iii) Block coefficient Cb < 0,6
(iv) Large deck opening
(v) Ships with large flare
(vi) Carriage of heated cargoes
(vii) Unusual type or design

▲
S11.2 Loads

S11.2.1 Still water bending moment and shear force

S11.2.1.1 General

Still water bending moments, Ms (kN-m), and still water shear forces, Fs (kN), are to be calculated at
each section along the ship length for design load conditions and ballast conditions as specified in
S11.2.1.2.
For these calculations, downward loads are assumed to be taken as positive values, and are to be
integrated in the forward direction from the aft end of L. The sign conventions of Ms and Fs are as shown
in Fig. 1.

Fs: (+)

Aft Fore

Ms: (+)

Fig. 1 Sign Conventions of MS and Fs

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S11.2.1.2 Load Conditions

S11
cont’d In general, the following load conditions, based on amount of bunker, fresh water and stores at departure
and arrival, are to be considered for the Ms and Fs calculations.

General cargo ships, container ships, roll-on/roll-off and refrigerated cargo carriers, bulk carriers, ore
carriers:
– Homogeneous loading conditions at maximum draught
– Ballast conditions
– Special loading conditions e.g., container or light load conditions at less than the maximum
draught, heavy cargo, empty holds or non-homogeneous cargo conditions, deck cargo conditions,
etc., where applicable.

Oil tankers:
– Homogeneous loading conditions (excluding dry and clean ballast tanks) and ballast or part
loaded conditions
– Any specified non-uniform distribution of loading
– Mid-voyage conditions relating to tank cleaning or other operations where these differ
significantly from the ballast conditions.

Chemical tankers:
– Conditions as specified for oil tankers
– Conditions for high density or segregated cargo.

Liquefied gas carriers:

– Homogeneous loading conditions for all approved cargoes
– Ballast conditions
– Cargo conditions where one or more tanks are empty or partially filled or where more than one
type of cargo having significantly different densities are carried.

Combination Carriers:
– Conditions as specified for oil tankers and cargo ships.

Ballast conditions involving partially filled peak and other ballast tanks are not permitted to be used as
design conditions where alternative filling levels would result in design stress limits being exceeded. The
partial filling of such tanks is, however, permitted in service to satisfy operational requirements
providing design stress limits are satisfied for all conditions intermediate between empty and full.

S11.2.2 Wave loads

S11.2.2.1 Wave bending moment

The wave bending moments, Mw, at each section along the ship length are given by the following
formulae:

Mw (+) = + 190 M C L2 B Cb x 10-3 (kN - m) ... For positive moment

Mw (+) = - 110 M C L2 B (Cb + 0,7) x 10-3 (kN - m) ... For negative moment

where, M = Distribution factor given in Fig. 2

C = 10,75 – [
100 ]
300 - L 1.5
for 90 ≤ L ≤ 300

or 10,75 for 300 < L < 350

▲

or 10,75 – [ ]
L - 350 1.5 for 350 ≤ L ≤ 500
150
L = Length of the ships in metres, defined by S2
B = Greatest moulded breadth in metres
Cb = Block coefficient, defined by S2, but not to be taken less than 0,6

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S11
cont’d 1,0

0
0,0 0,4 0,65 1,0
Aft Forward
end of L end of L
Distance from the aft end of L in terms of L

Fig. 2 Distribution factor M

S11 2.2.2 Wave shear force

The wave shear forces, Fw, at each section along the length of the ship are given by the following
formulae:

Fw (+) = + 30 F1 C L B (Cb + 0,7) x 10-2 (kN) ... For positive shear force
Fw (–) = – 30 F2 C L B (Cb + 0,7) x 10-2 (kN) ... For negative shear force

Where, F1, F2 = Distribution factors given in Figs. 3 and 4

C, L, B, Cb = As specified in S11.2.2.1

1,0

0,92 x 190 Cb
110 (Cb + 0,7)

F1 0,7

0
0,0 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,85 1,0
Aft Forward
end of L end of L
Distance from the aft end of L in terms of L

Fig. 3 Distribution factor F1

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S11 0,92
cont’d
190 Cb
110 (Cb + 0,7)

F2 0,7

0
0,0 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,85 1,0
Aft Forward
end of L end of L
Distance from the aft end of L in terms of L

Fig. 4 Distribution factor F2

▲
S11.3 Bending strength

S11.3.1 Bending strength amidships

S11 3.1.1 Section modulus

(i) Hull section modulus, Z, calculated in accordance with S5, is not to be less than the values given
by the following formula in way of 0,4 L midships for the still water bending moments Ms given
in S11.2.1.1 and the wave bending moments Mw given in S11.2.2.1, respectively:

Ms + Mw
x 10 3 (cm 3 )
σ
where, σ = 175 /k (N/mm2)
k = 1,0 for ordinary hull structural steel
k < 1,0 for higher tensile steel according to S4.

(ii) In any case, the longitudinal strength of the ship is to be in compliance with S7.

S11 3.1.2 Moment of inertia

Moment of inertia of hull section at the midship point is not to be less than

Imin = 3CL3B (Cb + 0,7) (cm4)

Where C, L, B, Cb = As specified in S11.2.2.1.

S11.3.2 Bending strength outside amidships.

The required bending strength outside 0,4 L amidships is to be determined at the discretion of each
Classification Society.
▲

S11.4 Shearing strength

S11.4.1 General

The thickness requirements given in S11.4.2 or S11.4.3 apply unless smaller values are proved
satisfactory by a method of direct stress calculation approved by each Classification Society, where the
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 S11

calculated shear stress is not to exceed 110/k (N/mm2).

S11
cont’d S11.4.2 Shearing strength for ships without effective longitudinal bulkheads

(i) The thickness of side shell is not to be less than the values given by the following formula for the
still water shear forces Fs given in S11.2.1.1 and the wave shear forces Fw given in S11.2.2.2,
respectively:
0,5 Fs + Fw S
t = τ I x 102 (mm)

where, I = Moment of inertia in cm4 about the horizontal neutral axis at the section under consideration
S = First moment in cm 3, about the neutral axis, of the area of the effective longitudinal
members between the vertical level at which the shear stress is being determined and the
vertical extremity of effective longitudinal members, taken at the section under
consideration
τ = 110/k (N/mm2)
k = As specified in S11.3.1.1 (i)

(ii) The value of Fs may be corrected for the direct transmission of forces to the transverse bulkheads
at the discretion of each Classification Society.

S11.4.3 Shearing strength for ships with two effective longitudinal bulkheads

The thickness of side shell and longitudinal bulkheads are not to be less than the values given by the
following formulae:

For side shell:

(0.5 - φ) (Fs + Fw ) + ∆ Fsh S
t = τ I x 102 (mm)

For longitudinal bulkheads:

φ (Fs + Fw ) + ∆ Fbl S
t = τ I x 102 (mm)

where, φ = ratio of shear force shared by the longitudinal bulkhead to the total shear force, and given by
each Classification Society.
∆ Fsh, ∆ Fbl = shear force acting upon the side shell plating and longitudinal bulkhead plating,
respectively, due to local loads, and given by each Classification Society, subject to the sign
convention specified in S11.2.1.1
S, I, τ = As specified in S11.4.2 (i)
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S 11.5 Buckling strength

S11
cont'd
S 11.5.1 Application

These requirements apply to plate panels and longitudinals subject to hull girder bending and shear
stresses.

S 11.5.2 Elastic buckling stresses

S 11.5.2.1 Elastic buckling of plates

1. Compression

The ideal elastic buckling stress is given by:

 t b 
2

σ Ε = 0.9m E (N/mm 2 )
 1000s 
For plating with longitudinal stiffeners (parallel to compressive stress):
8.4
m= for (0 ≤ Ψ ≤ 1)
Ψ + 1.1
For plating with transverse stiffeners (perpendicular to compressive stress):

  s2
2
2.1
m = c 1+    for (0 ≤ Ψ ≤ 1)
  l   Ψ + 1.1
where

E = modulus of elasticity of material

= 2.06 x 10 5 N/mm 2 for steel

tb = net thickness, in mm, of plating, considering standard deductions equal to the values given in
the table here after:
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 S11

S11
cont'd
Structure Standard deduction Limit values min-max
(mm) (mm)

- Compartments carrying dry bulk 0.05 t 0.5 - 1

cargoes
- One side exposure to ballast and/or
liquid cargo
Vertical surfaces and surfaces sloped
at an angle greater than 25o to the
horizontal line

- One side exposure to ballast and/or

liquid cargo
Horizontal surfaces and surfaces
sloped at an angle less than 25o
to the horizontal line
- Two side exposure to ballast and/or
liquid cargo 0.10 t 2-3
Vertical surfaces and surfaces sloped at
an angle greater than 25o to the
horizontal line

- Two side exposure to ballast and/or

liquid cargo
Horizontal surfaces and surfaces sloped 0.15 t 2-4
at an angle less than 25 to the horizontal
o

line
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s = shorter side of plate panel, in m,

S11
cont'd l = longer side of plate panel, in m,

c = 1.3 when plating stiffened by floors or deep girders,

= 1.21 when stiffeners are angles or T-sections,

= 1.10 when stiffeners are bulb flats,

= 1.05 when stiffeners are flat bars,

ψ = ratio between smallest and largest compressive σa stress when linear variation across panel.

2. Shear

The ideal elastic buckling stress is given by:

 t b 
2
τ E = 0.9k t E (N/mm 2 )
 1000s 

 s
2

K t = 5.34 + 4 
 l
E, tb, s and  are given in 1.

S 11.5.2.2 Elastic buckling of longitudinals

1. Column buckling without rotation of the cross section

For the column buckling mode (perpendicular to plane of plating) the ideal elastic buckling stress is
given by:
Ia
σ E = 0.001E (N/mm 2 )
Al2
Ia = moment of inertia, in cm4, of longitudinal, including plate flange and calculated with thickness
as specified in S 11.5.2.1.1,

A = cross-sectional area, in cm2, of longitudinal, including plate flange and calculated with
thickness as specified in S 11.5.2.1.1,

 = span, in m, of longitudinal,

A plate flange equal to the frame spacing may be included.

2. Torsional buckling mode

The ideal elastic buckling stress for the torsional mode is given by:
π 2 EL w  2 K  I
σ E = 4 2  m + 2  + 0.385E t (N/mm )
2

10 I p l  m  Ip
Cl4
K= 10 6
π 4 EI w
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S11 m = number of half waves, given by the following table:

cont'd

0< K < 4 4 < K < 36 36 < K < 144 (m-1) 2m2 <K≤ m2 (m+1)2

m 1 2 3 m

I t = St Venant' s moment of inertia, in cm 4 , of profile (without plate flange)

h w t w 3 −4
= 10 for flat bars (slabs)
3
1  t 
=  h w t w 3 + bf t f 3  1− 0.63 f  10 −4 for flanged profiles
3  bf  

I p = polar moment of inertia, in cm 4 , of profile about connection of stiffener to plate

h w 3 t w −4
= 10 for flat bars (slabs)
3
 h 3t  −4
=  w w + h w bf t f 10
2
for flanged profiles
 3 

I w = sectional moment of inertia, in cm 6 , of profile about connection of stiffener to plate

h w 3 t w3 −6
= 10 for flat bars (slabs)
36
t b 3h 2
= f f w 10 −6 for " Tee" profiles
12
=
b f 3 h w2
12(b f + h w )
[ 2 2
]
2 t f (b f + 2b f h w + 4h w ) + 3t w bf h w 10
−6
for angles and bulb profiles

hw = web height, in mm,

tw = web thickness, in mm, considering standard deductions as specified in S 11.5.2.1.1,

bf = flange width, in mm,

tf = flange thickness, in mm, considering standard deductions as specified in S 11.5.2.1.1. For bulb
profiles the mean thickness of the bulb may be used.
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S11

 = span of profile, in m,
S11
cont'd s = spacing of profiles, in m,

C = spring stiffeness exerted by suporting plate p

k p Et p 3
= 10 −3
 1.33k p h w t p 3 
3s  1+ 
 1000st w 3 

kp = 1 - ηp not to be taken less than zero

tp = plate thickness, in mm, considering standard deductions as specified in S 11.5.2.1.1.

σa
ηp =
σ Ep
σa = calculated compressive stress. For longitudinals, see S 11.5.4.1,

σEp = elastic buckling stress of supporting plate as calculated in S 11.5.2.1,

For flanged profiles, kp need not be taken less than 0.1.

3. Web and flange buckling

For web plate of longitudinals the ideal elastic buckling stress is given by:

t 
2

σ E = 3.8E  w  (N/mm 2 )
 hw 

For flanges on angles and T-sections of longitudinals, buckling is taken care of by the following
requirement:
bf
≤ 15
tf
bf = flange width, in mm, for angles, half the flange width for T-sections.
tf = as built flange thickness.
▲

S 11.5.3 Critical buckling stresses

S 11.5.3.1 Compression

The critical buckling stress in compression σc is determined as follows:

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 S11

S11 σF
cont’d
σC = σE when σE ≤
2
 σ  σF
= σ F  1− F  when σE >
 4σ E  2
σF = yield stress of material, in N/mm2 σF may be taken as 235 N/mm2 for mild steel,

σE = ideal elastic buckling stress calculated according to S 11.5.2.

S 11.5.3.2 Shear

The critical buckling stress in shear τc is determined as follows:

τF
τC = τE when τ E ≤
2
 τ  τF
= τ F  1- F  when τ E >
 4τ E  2
σF
τF =
3
σF = as given in S 11.5.3.1,

τE = ideal elastic buckling stress in shear calculated according to S11.5.2.1.2.

S 11.5.4 Working stress

S 11.5.4.1 Longitudinal compressive stresses

The compressive stresses are given in the following formula:

Ms + Mw
σa = y ⋅105 N/mm 2
In
30
= minimum
k
Ms = still water bending moment (kN.m), as given in S 11.2.1,

Mw = wave bending moment (kN.m) as given in S 11.2.2.1,

In = moment of inertia, in cm4, of the hull girder,

y = vertical distance, in m, from neutral axis to considered point.

k = as specified in S 11.3.1.1 (i).

Ms and Mw are to be taken as sagging or hogging bending moments, respectively, for members above or
below the neutral axis.

Where the ship is always in hogging condition in still water, the sagging bending moment (Ms + Mw) is
to be specially considered.
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S11 S 11.5.4.2 Shear stresses

cont'd
1. Ships without effective longitudinal bulkheads

For side shell

0.5 | Fs + Fw | S
τa = ⋅ ⋅102 N/mm 2
t I
Fs, Fw, t, s, I as specified in S 11.4.2

2. Ships with two effective longitudinal bulkheads

For side shell

| (0.5 − φ )(Fs + Fw ) + ∆Fsh | S
τa = ⋅ ⋅10 2 N/mm 2
t I
For longitudinal bulkheads
| φ (Fs + Fw ) + ∆Fbl | S
τa = ⋅ ⋅10 2 N/mm 2
t I
Fs, Fw, ∆Fsh, ∆Fb, t, S, I as specified in S 11.4.3.

S 11.5.5 Scantling criteria

S 11.5.5.1 Buckling Stress

The design buckling stress σc of plate panels and longitudinals

(as calculated in S 11.5.3.1) is not to be less than:
σ c ≥ βσ a
where
β =1 for plating and for web plating of stiffeners (local buckling)

β = 1.1 for stiffeners

The critical buckling stress τc of plate panels (as calculated in S 11.5.3.2) is not to be less than:

τc ≥ τa
▲
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