Bones & Skeletal

System – Part 1
 OBJECTIVES
(students will be able to name/
describe)
➢ bones classification
➢ replacement embryonic skeleton model c bone
➢ nutrients necessary for bone growth
➢ hormones involved in bone growth & maint
➢ what is meant by "exercise" for bones
Basic Structure & Function Bone
 Skeletal System
• consists of bones & joints
• types of tissue present:
• bone tissue
• cartilage (mostly Hyaline cartilage)
• fibrous CT forming Ligaments, which
connect bone to bone
 FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON
• framework that supports body
• muscles attached to bones move skeleton
• protects internal organs from injury, ex:
• rib cage protects heart & lungs
• contains Red Bone Marrow, ie hemopoietic
(blood-forming) tissue
 Fx’s SKELETON, cont:
• Storage site for excess Calcium
• Calcium is removed from bone to maint
norm blood Ca level, which is essential
for blood clotting & proper fx’ing of
muscles & nerves
 Bone Hardness & Flexibility
• Bone is 1 of hardest materials in body, yet is
very light; able to resist tension & shear forces
• Engineers know cylinder (like a long bone) is
1 of strongest structures for its mass
• hardness of bone due to inorganic calcium
salts in gd substance
• flexibility of bone due to organic matrix of
collagen fibers
 Skeleton, cont
• made up of 206 bones connected at
joints ie articulations
 2 Skeleton Subdivisions

Axial Skeleton:
• Bones lie around
body's center of
gravity
Appendicular Skeleton:
• bones of limbs
(appendages), includes
hip & shoulder bones
Cartilage in Skeleton

Knuckle Bone Dog Treat

 Cartilages of Skeleton
• limited distribution in adults, c main loc’s:
1. Articular cart’s: cover bone ends at movable jts
2. Costal cart’s: connect ribs to sternum (breastbone)
3. Laryngeal cart: largely constructs larynx (voice box)
4. Tracheal & Bronchial cart’s: reinforce passageways of
resp syst
5. Nasal carts: support
external Nose
6. Intervertebral Discs: separate
& cushion bones of spine
(vertebrae)
7. External Ear cart: supports
External Ear
 Cartilage Structure
• consists primarily of gelatinous (sugar-protein)
matrix, c elastin & Collagen fibers
• contain no nerves & ~ no BVs
• Cartilage surrounded by covering of dense CT
called Perichondrium, which:
– resists distortion of cartilage when subjected to pressure
– plays a role in cartilage growth & repair
Components / Histology of Cartilage
 Types Skeletal Cartilage

• Hyaline Cartilage

• Elastic Cartilage

• Fibrocartilage
 Hyaline Cartilage

• provides sturdy
support c some
resilience or "give."
• Most skeletal carts
are composed of
hyaline cart
 Elastic Cartilage

• more flexible than

hyaline cart
• tolerates repeated
bending better
• only fd in external ear &
epiglottis (which flops
over & covers larynx
when we swallow)
 Fibrocartilage Cartilage
• consists of rows of
Chondrocytes
alternating c rows of
thick collagen fibers
• has great tensile
strength & can
withstand heavy
compression
• Forms intervertebral
discs & carts c-in knee
jt
Bone Histology
 Bone Tissue
• Bone is a tissue
• Bone Cells = Osteocytes
• Bone Matrix – made of Calcium Salts & Collagen
• Calcium salts:
• Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
• Calcium Phosphate (Ca3(P04)2)
• gives bone its strength
 Bone Matrix
• made of Ca Salts & Collagen
• is non-living, but ’s constantly:
• Ca taken from bone into blood & replaced
by Ca from diet.
• Norm’ly, amt Ca removed from bone
replaced by equal amt Ca redeposited
• fx osteocytes: regulate amt
Ca that is deposited in,
or removed from, bone matrix
 2 Types Bone

1.Compact Bone
2. Spongy (Cancellous) Bone
Compact Bone
 Compact Bone
• looks solid & is adapted to withstand
• Weight baring
• Torsion Stresses
• has very precise structure
• made of Osteons or Haversian Systems:
• microscopic cylinders of bone matrix c Osteocytes in
concentric rings
around central
Haversian Canals
 Microscopic View Compact Bone, cont
Osteon (aka Haversian System):
• is structural unit of Compact Bone
• Includes central canal & all concentric
lamellae surrounding it
 Microscope: Compact Bone
• Although homogenous, it is riddled c passages
carrying BV’s, Nerves, & Lymph vessels ,
bringing nutrients & removing wastes
• Compact bone organized around its blood supply
 Microscope: Compact Bone
Central (Haversian) Canal
• runs parallel to long axis of bone
• carries BV’s, nerves, & lymph vessels thru
bony matrix
 Microscopic View Compact Bone, cont
Perforating (Volkmann's) Canals:
• canals run at right angles to shaft
• Provides communication path betw bone
interior & external surface
 Microscope: Compact Bone, cont
Osteocytes
• mature bone cells, that live in Lacunae
(chambers), which are arranged in
concentric circles (Concentric Lamellae)
around central canal
 Compact Bone, cont
• BV’s loc’d Haversian Canals
• Innermost Osteocytes in contact c these BV’s
& receive nutrients & oxygen, which they
then pass to osteocytes in outer rings via
cytoplasmic extensions loc’d in
Canaliculi (tiny tunnels)
 Compact Bone, cont
• Osteocytes look like spiders, c "legs" of
adjacent spiders in contact; live in little
hollowed out caves/lakes called Lacunae
• these "legs" are cytoplasmic extensions
passing thru microscopic Canaliculi, or
"little canals" in matrix
 Microscopic View Compact Bone, cont
Canaliculi:
• tiny canals radiating outward:
– from central canal to lacunae of 1st lamella
– from lamella to lamella lacunae

• Form transportation network thru hard

bone matrix, connecting
all living cells of
osteon to nutrient supply
 Microscopic View Compact Bone, cont
Canaliculi & Osteocytes
• radiating cell membrane processes of osteocytes
(called filopodia) project into canals & attach to
other cell process via gap junctions, thru which
nutrients can pass
• Osteocytes don’t entirely fill up the canaliculi. The
remaining space (periosteocytic space) is filled c
periosteocytic fluid, which contains subs too large
to pass thru gap jx’s, ex: calcium & phosphate
ions

EM Scope: Osteocyte in Lacuna

Spongy Bone
 Spongy Bone
• looks like sponge with visible holes & cavities
• Osteocytes, matrix, & BV’s present but not
arranged in Haversian systems

Spongy Bone
 Spongy Bone
• cavities in spongy bone often contain
Red Bone Marrow, which produces
RBCs, platelets, & WBCs

Spongy Bone
 Bone

SEM x-sec finger bone: periosteum pink (outer), bone yellow,

bone marrow red
Bone, unlike Cartilage is very Vascular
Gross Bone Structure
CLASSIFICATION of BONES by SHAPE
1. Long Bones
2. Short bones
3. Flat bones
4. Irregular bones
Long Bone
Anatomy
 Lone Bone Anatomy Terms
Articular Cartilage:
• Covers ends of Long Bones
ie the Epiphyseal surf’s
in place of periosteum
• hyaline cartilage
• Provides smooth surf
to minimize friction at jts
 DIAPHYSIS of LONG BONE
• Diaphysis = shaft
• made of compact bone
• hollow canal c-in shaft, called Medullary
(Marrow) Cavity, which contains Yellow
bone marrow, which is mostly adipose tissue
• fd in bones of arms, legs,
hands, & feet (but not
wrists & ankles)
 EPIPHYSIS of Long Bones

• Epiphyses = ends of long bones

• made of spongy bone covered c thin layer
compact bone
• contains red bone marrow
in children's bones, but is
largely replaced by
yellow bone marrow
in adults
 Lone Bone Anatomy Terms
Red Bone Marrow:
• In infant fd thru out marrow cavities
• invol’d in forming blood cells, ie
Hematopoiesis
• in adult confined to interior of epiphyses, &
spaces betw trabeculae of spongy bone
 Other BONE Types
Short bones = bones of wrists & ankles.
Flat bones = Ribs, Shoulder Blades, Hip
bones, & Cranial Bones.
Irregular bones - Vertebrae & Facial Bones
 Short Bones
• cube shaped
• contain more spongy bone than compact
• Ex: tarsals & carpals
 Flat Bones
• Thin c 2 flat layers compact bone sandwiching a
layer of spongy bone between them
• Although name "flat bone,“ many flat bones are
curved
• ex: skull, ribs,
scapula, sternum,
facial bones, hip bones
 Irregular Bones
• Bones not falling into 1 of above categories
are classified as Irregular Bones
• Ex: vertebrae
 2 Other Bone Sub-Types
Sesamoid Bones:
• special types short bones formed c-in tendons
• Ex: patellas (kneecaps)

Sutural Bones:
• tiny bones betw cranial bone

Except for patellas, the sesamoid & sutural

bones are not included in bone count of 206,
because they vary in # & loc in diff individ’s
 Other BONE Types, cont

Short, flat, & irregular bones are all made of

spongy bone covered c thin layer of compact
bone.
• Red bone marrow fd c-in spongy bone
 Bone Coverings

• joint surfaces of bones

covered c Articular Cartilage,
which provides
smooth surface
• Rest bone covered c CT
Periosteum
 Periosteum
• fibrous CT Mem c collagen fibers that merge c
those of tendons & ligaments
anchors these structures
• contains both:
➢ BVs that enter bone
➢ Osteoblasts that
become active if
bone is damaged or
being remodeled
 Long Bone Anatomy Terms
Periosteum:
• fibrous CTmem covering bone surf, except at jts where
bone covered c Artic. Cart.
• BV’s & nerves travel thru periosteum into bone
• Osteoblasts (bone-forming/secreting cells) & Osteoclasts
(bone-destroying cells) loc’d on inner (osteogenic) layer of
periosteum
Sharpey’s Fibers:
perforating fibers of
Periosteum that penetrate
into bone & secure
Periosteum to Bone
Embryo & Bone
 EMBRYONIC GROWTH of BONE
• Bone matrix made by cells called Osteoblasts
(blast cell is a "growing" or "producing" cell,
& osteo means "bone")
EMBRYONIC GROWTH of BONE, cont
In embryonic skeleton:
• osteoblasts differentiate from fibroblasts that
are present
• production of bone matrix, called
Ossification
 EMBRYONIC GROWTH of BONE
• Embryo, skeleton 1st made of:
cartilage & fibrous CT
 EMBRYONIC GROWTH of BONE
• Embryo: most of skeleton 1st made of:
cartilage which gets replaced by bone in
process called Endochondral Ossification
• but parts of skeleton 1st made of fibrous CT
which gets replaced by bone in process
called Membranous Ossification
Note: Large part Cranial & Face Bones 1st
made of Fibrous CT
only & is gradually
replaced by bone

Purple: Membranous Os.

Blue: Endochondral Os.
 Infant Skull Formation
• cranial & facial bones are 1st made
of Fibrous CT (some parts)
•~ 3rd month of fetus, fibroblasts
(spindle-shaped cells) differentiate
into osteoblasts, which produce bone
matrix in Fibrous CT & in Cartilage
• From each center bone grows
radialy as Ca salts deposit in
fibrous/cartilage model
 Infant Skull Formation, cont
• Ossification is not complete at birth
• baby has areas of fibrous CT remain betw
bones of skull. These areas called Fontanels
 Infant Skull Fontanels (aka “Soft Spots”)
• permit compression of baby's head during
birth s breaking thin cranial bones or
harming brain
• also permit growth of brain after birth
• by age 2, all fontanels have ossified, & skull
becomes solid / more effective protective
covering for brain
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
 Rest Embryo Skeleton formation

• rest embryonic skeleton is 1st made of cartilage

• Bone matrix gradually
replaces
original cartilage
 Rest Embryo Skeleton formation

•ossification begins in 3rd month in long bones

• Osteoblasts produce bone matrix in:
➢Primary (1st) center of diaphyses of long bones, followed by 2ndary centers in
epiphysis
➢ & in center of short, flat, & irregular bones
 Endochondral (Cartilage) Ossification
• Except for collar bones (clavicles), all bones of
body inferior to skull in embryo form this way
• Steps:
– uses hyaline cartilage as model / template
for bone construction
– req’s bk down Hyline
cartilage 1st, then
– formation bone begins at
Primary Ossification Center
(in middle of long bone)
– Secondary Ossification
Centers (in ends of long bones)
 Primary Ossification Steps
1. BVs invade perichondrium &
cover hyaline cartilage model &
convert it to periosteum
2. Osteoblasts form (from
Mesenchymal Cells) at inner
surface of periosteum & secrete
bone matrix around hyaline
cartilage forming a Bone Collar
 Primary Ossification Steps, cont.
3. Cartilage in shaft center calcifies (chondrocytes hypertrophy
& release Calcium matrix) &
then starts to deteriorate
(due to inability to get
nutrients) and then
hollows out, forming
internal cavity.
 Primary Ossification Steps, cont.
3. A Periosteal Bud (blood vessels, nerves,
red marrow elements, osteoblasts, and
osteoclasts invades cavity. Osteoblasts
and forms Spongy Bone, which is removed
by Osteoclasts, producing the Medullary
Cavity.

This process proceeds in

both directions from primary
ossification center.
Deeper Look at Long Bone Ossification

127-million-year-old baby bird fossil:

Still largely made of Cartilage / Beginning to Ossify
 Bone Growth in Length:
(Type of Endochondral Ossification)
 Rest Embryo Skeleton formation, cont
• at birth, ossification is not yet complete and
continues thru-out childhood
• growth occurs in epiphyseal discs at junction
of diaphysis & epiphysis
 Long Bone Growth in Length
• Epiphyseal Disc (aka Growth Plate) is cartilage
• bone grows in length by:
1. adding more cartilage on epiphysis side, &
2. Osteoblasts producing bone matrix to
replace cartilage on diaphysis side
• as osteoblasts become surrounded by bone
change into maintenance
mature cells,
called Osteocytes
 Rest Embryo Skeleton formation, cont
• betw ages 16 - 25 yrs (influenced by
estrogen or testosterone), all cartilage
matrix of epiphyseal discs replaced by
bone matrix. This is called closure of
Epiphyseal Disc, & bone lengthening
process stops
 Bone Growth in Length
• length growth occurs at Epiphyseal Plate
 Bone Growth in Length, cont.
• side of epiphyseal plate facing epiphysis
(outer face) contains Resting Cartilage cells
• cells of epiphyseal plate facing diaphysis
(inner face) arranged in 4 zones (where
cartilage is being replaced by bone)
 4 Zones Bone Growth in Length at Epiphyseal Plate

1. Proliferation Zone: Chondrocytes

do mitosis to lay new cart on
epiphyseal side of plate

2. Hypertrophic Zone: older Cart

Cells Enlarge & begin secrete
Ca Matrix
 4 Zones Bone Growth, cont

3. Calcification Zone: cart is

now Calcified so Cart Cells die
(can’t get nutrients); Matrix
deteriorates so BV’s invade
cavity, & bring Osteoblasts

4. Ossification Zone:
Osteoblasts secrete new bone
 As Osteoblasts become surrounded by bone
(ie once calcification occurs): they change
into maintenance mature cells, called
Osteocytes which:
• live in the lacunae
• regulate Ca going in & out of bone matrix
Bone Remodeling

Open-pit coal mine in Germany

 Remodeling in Bone
Osteoclasts ("destroying“ cells in bone)
• large cells c sev nuclei & "ruffled skirt"
appearance
• secrete acids & enz’s to dissolve & digest bits
of bone matrix, which allows body reabsorb
minerals & AAs from bone (process called
Resorption)
 Remodeling in Bone, cont
• Osteoclasts very active in embryonic long
bones, & reabsorb bone matrix in center of
diaphysis to form Marrow Canal
• BVs grow into marrow canals of embryonic
long bones & red bone marrow (RBM)
 Remodeling in Bone
After birth, RBM replaced mainly by yellow
bone marrow (YBM), except
➢ RBM remains in spongy bone of short,
flat, & irregular bones
 Remodeling in Bone, cont
• Bone remodeling never really "finished“
• Thru-out life, bone matrix undergoes
remodeling
• Calcium is removed by osteoclasts to raise
blood Ca levels or Ca salts are deposited by
osteoblasts to
lower blood
Ca levels
 Bone Density
• bones reach peak density in early
adulthood, after which bone density slowly
declines
Factors affecting Bone Growth &
Maintenance
 FACTORS that AFFECT BONE
GROWTH & MAINTENANCE
1. Heredity:
• Genes determine maximum
height, c genes inherited from both
parents
• Many genes are involved
FACTORS that AFFECT BONE
GROWTH & MAINTENANCE, cont
2. Nutrition:
• Calcium, phosphorus, & protein part of
bone matrix
• Vit D needed for efficient absorption of
Ca & Phos by small intestine
• Vit D deficiency causes Rickets
• Vits A & C do not become part of
bone but are nec for bone matrix
formation
 FACTORS that AFFECT BONE
GROWTH & MAINTENANCE, cont
3. Hormones
• endocrine glands produce hormones that
contribute to bone growth & maintenance
These include:
• Growth Hormone (cell division)
• Thyroxine (protein synthesis)
• Parathyroid Hormone (Ca metabolism)
• Insulin (energy production)
• Sex Hormones Estrogen/Testosterone
(cessation of bone growth by promoting
closure of Epiphyseal Discs)
 Growth Hormone during Bone Growth

• incr’s Chondrocyte activity/mitosis

• incr’s Osteoblast activity/mitosis
• incr’s Protein Synthesis:
➢ Collagen (fd in Cartilage/Bone)
➢ Enz’s used in Cartilage & Bone formation
 Growth Hormone during Bone Growth
• Lack GH in child decr’s bone Lengthening at
Epiphyseal Plate (Dwarfism)
• Excessive GH in child incr’s bone
Lengthening at Epiphyseat Plate (Gigantism)
 FACTORS that AFFECT BONE
GROWTH & MAINTENANCE, cont
4. Chemical communication from other tissues:
• adipose tissue produces Leptin, that stim’s
osteoblasts to produce bone matrix
 FACTORS that AFFECT BONE
GROWTH & MAINTENANCE, cont

5. Adipose tissue (E-storage tissue)

• communicates c wt-bearing tissue (ie Bone) &
tells bone Osteoblasts to make protein
Osteocalcin:
➢ decr’s fat storage by adipose tissue
➢ incr’s insulin production by pancreas
➢Both of these responses help body maint
normal weight
 FACTORS that AFFECT BONE
GROWTH & MAINTENANCE, cont
6. Cells in sm intest make Serotonin (gut
serotonin):
• unlike Brain Serotonin (which affects mood),
Gut Serotonin:
➢ not affect brain
➢ inhibits osteoblasts from producing
bone matrix
 FACTORS that AFFECT BONE
GROWTH & MAINTENANCE, cont
5. Weight Bearing Exercise or "stress"-for
bones:
• bearing wt is just what bones specialized to
do
Without this normal stress, bones lose calcium
faster than it is replaced.
Exercise need not be
strenuous; it can be as
simple as walking that is done
in normal daily activities
 FACTORS that AFFECT BONE
GROWTH & MAINTENANCE, cont
Strenuous exercise (bear more wt than body's
own weight) remodels bones; they will
become thicker & stronger as more matrix is
deposited (given sufficient ca & phos in diet).
 FACTORS that AFFECT BONE
GROWTH & MAINTENANCE, cont
Bones that do not get even minimal exercise,
such as pts confined to bed, will be remodeled
as well, but they will lose matrix & become
thinner & more fragile, ie Osteoporosis
Bone Repair
 4 Stages of Bone Repair
1. Hematoma Formation
2. Bone Generation / Soft Callous
3. Bone Callous Formation
4. Bone Remodeling
 Bone Repair: 1. Hematoma Formation
• BV’s in broken bone tear & hemorrhage, & form clotted
blood / hematoma at Fx site
• Bone cells deprived of nutrients begin to die.
 Bone Repair: 2. Bone Generation
• c-in days, caps grow into hematoma
• Phagocytic cells clear away dead cells
• Fibroblasts form into chondroblast cells & Osteoblasts
enter area & begin to reform bone
– Fibroblasts devel into Chondroblasts & make Collagen
Fibers & Cartilage
that connect bone ends
• Process results in forming
Fibrocartilaginous Callus
(c both hyaline &
fibrocartilage), ie Soft Callus
 Bone Repair: 3. Bone & Callus Formation
• Osteoblasts in area & begin to reform bone
• Fibrocartilaginous callus is converted to
Bony Callus of Spongy Bone
• takes ~ 2 months for broken bone ends to firmly join
• repair similar to Endochondral
Bone Formation, where
cartilage becomes ossified
 Bone Repair: 4. Bone Remodeling
• Bony Callus is remodeled by:
➢ osteoclasts,which remove excess material
on Exterior of bone & c-in Medullary Cavity,
➢ & Osteoblasts, which lay down new bone

• Compact bone is added

to outside
• Remodeling can take
 Common Bone
Diseases / Conditions
 FACTORS that AFFECT BONE
GROWTH & MAINTENANCE, cont
Bones that do not get even minimal exercise,
such as pts confined to bed, will be remodeled
as well, but they will lose matrix & become
thinner & more fragile, ie Osteoporosis
 Osteoporosis
• dis’s where Bone Resorption faster than
Bone Deposition
• common in elderly, esp’ly Post-menapausal
females (in whom Estrogen levels are now
decreased)
 Osteomalacia
• Includes disorders in which bone is POORLY mineralized
• ie not enough Ca is deposited, so bones are weak
• due to diet deficient in Ca or Vit. D
• ex: Rickets

• Note: Vit. D activation

involves steps in
Kidney & Liver
 Rickets
• Poor Ca deposits in bones of growing
children
• Devel major deformities in Bone, ex:
Bowed Legs & Fx’s
• Due to diet deficient in Ca or Vit. D
 LAB
IMAGES for
BONES &
BONE
HISTOLOGY
Bone Shape
Long Bones
Bone Shape
Short Bones
 Bone Shape
Irregular Bones
Bone Shape
Flat Bones
 Bone Shape
Sesamoid Bones
Long Bone Structure
 Bone: Compact

3
4
SKELETON Intro
&
SKULL / BONES
 OBJECTIVES
(students will be able to
name/describe)

➢ general layout of bones of human skeleton

➢ be able to point to on diagrams or skeleton
models & state fx of bones of:
Skull & Face
 HUMAN SKELETON
2 divisions:
1. Axial Skeleton:
➢ forms axis of body
2. Appendicular Skeleton
➢ appendages (limbs)
& their supports,
including:
• Scapula
• Clavicle
• Hip bones
• Bones of arms & legs
 AXIAL SKELETON
Consists of:
➢ Skull
➢ Vertebral Column
➢ Rib Cage
 LIGAMENTS
• connects bone to bones across joints
• are strong cords or sheets of fibrous CT
 LIGAMENTS, cont
Are nec to:
➢ keep our bones in proper position
➢ keep us upright
➢ to bear weight
Sprain:
• = stretching or tearing
ligaments of jt
• although bones not
broke, jt is weak &
unsteady
The body has 206 bones in total.
SKULL
 SKULL
• consists of 8 cranial bones & 14 facial bones
• also in head:
• 3 sm bones in each middle ear cavity
• Hyoid bone that supports base of tongue
➢does not articulate c any other bone in
body
 SKULL
• Cranial Bones form braincase & is lined c
Meninges
that encloses & protects
brain, eyes & ears
• Cranial Bones include:
➢ Frontal Bone (1)
➢ Parietal Bones (2)
➢ Temporal Bones (2)
➢ Occipital bone (1) form floor of braincase
}
➢ Sphenoid Bone (1) & orbits (sockets)
➢ Ethmoid Bone (1)
 Inner Skull Cranial Fossa
(named by Location)

Anterior Middle Posterior

Cranial Cranial Cranial
Fossa Fossa Fossa
 FRONTAL BONE
• forms forehead & anterior part of top of skull
& roof of Orbit
 PARIETAL BONES
• Parietal means "wall"
• 2 large bones form post. Superior (top)
& much of Lateral side walls of skull
 TEMPORAL BONES
• on side of skull & each contains:
➢ External Auditory Meatus
(ear canal)
➢ Middle Ear Cavity
➢ Inner Ear Labyrinth
 OCCIPITAL BONE
• lower, posterior part braincase
• its Foramen Magnum = large opening for
spinal cord
• 2 Condyles (rounded projections) on sides of
foramen magnum, which articulate c
Atlas (1st cervical vertebra)
 SPHENOID BONE
• shaped like a bat
• Greater Wing visible on sides of skull
betw frontal & temporal bones
• body of bat has depression called
Sella Turcica (Turkish Saddle), which
encloses Pituitary Gland
 SPHENOID BONE

Keystone Bone of Cranium:

Forms jt c all Cranial Bones
 ETHMOID BONE - Parts
• vertical top projection called
Crista Galli ("rooster's comb")
anchors Cranial Meninges
• Cribiform Plate forms roof
Nasal Cavities
• Lateral Plate (Arms) form inner side walls Orbit
• Perpendicular Plate runs down & forms
upper part nasal septum
ETHMOID BONE, cont.
ETHMOID BONE, cont.
 CRANIAL BONE JOINTS (SUTURES)
• all of jts betw cranial bones are immovable
joints called Sutures
Note: Joint (or articulation) = any jx of 2 bones
 SUTURES
• serrated, or sawtooth edges of adjacent bones
fit into each other & interlock to prevent sliding
or shifting of bones if skull is subjected to
a blow or pressure
 CRANIAL SUTURES
Sagittal Suture: betw 2 parietal bones,
along midline top of skull
Coronal Suture: betw Frontal & Parietal bones
Squamous Suture: betw Parietal & Temporal
bones
Lambdoid Suture:
betw Occipital &
Parietal bones
SUTURES, cont
FACE
 Facial Bones
• 14 facial bones
• only 1, the Mandible is movable
• mandible forms a Condyloid jt c each
temporal bone
• other jts betw facial bones all sutures
 Mandible (lower Jawbone) Processes
• Condylar Process: jt of mandible c
mandibular fossa of Temp. Bone
• Coronoid process: Jutting ant. part of ramus;
site of muscle attachment
• Alveolar Process: Sup margin of mandible;
contains sockets for teeth
 Mandible Foramen
Mental Foramen: opening on body, lat to midline; transmits Mental
BVs & Nerves to lower jaw
Mandibular Foramen: Opening on inner medial aspect of
Mandibular ramus
• Passage for nerve invol’d c Tooth Sensation (Mandibular br CN V)
• site where dentist
injects Novocain to
prevent pain while
working on lower
teeth
 Maxillae
= 2 upper jaw bones, which form:
• Face cornerstone / keystone:
articulates c all face bones except Mandible
• forms ant part hard palate (roof mouth)
• Sockets for roots of upper teeth
• Inf. wall/floor Orbit
Maxillae
Maxillae
 Nasal Bones

• are 2 bones form bridge nose where they

articulate c frontal bone
• rest of nose is supported by cartilage
 Lacrimal Bones
• on medial side of each orbit
• Lacrimal Canal contains
Lacrimal Sac, passageway for
tears into nasal cavity
 Zygomatic Bones
• 2 bones that form point of cheeks
• articulate c maxilla, frontal, & temporal
bones

Zygomatic Bone
 Zygomatic Bones
• forms lateral inferior wall of orbit
 Palatine Bones
• 2 bones forming post part
hard palate
• shaped like a swing
c ropes of swing joined
to
legs of bat/sphenoid
 Vomer Bone
• plow-shaped
• forms lower part of nasal septum
• articulates c perpendicular plate of
Ethmoid bone
 Conchae = Turbinates
• 6 on either side in Nasal Cavity
➢ sup & mid conchae:
come off Ethmoid Bone
➢ inf conchae: comes off Maxilla
• curls down from sides of nasal cavities
• help incr surf area nasal mucosa
 SINUSES
Paranasal Sinuses:
• air cavities loc’d in maxillae, frontal,
sphenoid, & ethmoid bones
• they open into nasal cavities
• lined c ciliated epithelium, which is
continuous c mucosa of nasal cavities
 SINUSES, cont
Paranasal Sinuses Fx’s:
• make skull lighter in wt, because air is lighter
than bone
• provide resonance for voice, meaning more
air to vibrate & thus deepen pitch of voice
 SINUSES, cont
• indiv’s are aware of their sinuses only when
sinuses get "stuffed up," which means that
mucus they produce can not drain into
nasal cavities
• This may happen during upper resp inf’s
ex: colds, or allergies such as hay fever.
 MASTOID Sinuses
Mastoid process of each temporal bone
contains sinuses that:
• open into middle ear
• before avail antibiotics, middle ear
infection often caused Mastoiditis,
infection of these sinuses.
 3 Auditory Bones
• Loc’d c in each middle
ear cavity 3 bones called:
➢ Malleus
➢ Incus
➢ Stapes
• part of hearing process
• transmit vibrations from
eardrum to receptors in
inner ear
3 Auditory Bones
 LAB
IMAGES
for Bones of
SKULL &
FACE
Skull & Face Bones
1

7
2

11

5
 Inner Skull Cranial Fossa

Anterior Middle Posterior

Cranial Cranial Cranial
Fossa Fossa Fossa
 Inner Skull
4
1

2
6

3
 Orbital Bones
1 6

8
2

3
9

4 5
10