Physical Science Quarter 4 – Module 3: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

General Types of Intermolecular Forces

To help you fully understand the intermolecular forces of attraction and their effect on the properties of
substances, you must first understand the polarity of the molecules. Test your ability and apply the principles
you have learned in the previous lesson by completing the table below. The first two items were already done
for you as an example;

An intermolecular force of attraction (IMFA) is simply an attractive force between neighboring molecules.
There are three common types, namely: London dispersion forces, Dipole-dipole, and Hydrogen bonds.
London dispersion forces are present in molecules, regardless of the polarity. This is the weakest among the
intermolecular forces. They originate from the fluctuations of the electron distribution around the molecule over
time. Since larger molecules have larger electron clouds, they exhibit stronger dispersion forces than smaller
molecules. On the other hand, dipole-dipole forces are present only in polar molecules (i.e., those with a net
dipole moment). This kind of force is stronger than London dispersion forces because polar molecules have a
permanent uneven distribution of electrons. Hydrogen bond is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction that
occurs in molecules having a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom such as fluorine, oxygen, or
nitrogen. It is the strongest intermolecular force of attraction among the three.
Effect of Intermolecular Forces on the Properties of Substances
Intermolecular forces of attraction (IMFA) control how well molecules stick together. These affect many of the
measurable physical properties of substances. Read the poem below to have a preview of these properties.

When it comes to solubility, the solute and the solvent mix when they both exhibit the same intermolecular
forces of attraction. The melting and boiling points of substances with stronger IMFA are higher compared to
those with weaker IMFA. In the case of surface tension, molecules with stronger intermolecular forces of
attraction will exert greater cohesive forces and acquire less surface area (higher surface tension) than those
with weaker IMFA. Viscosity is also affected by intermolecular forces. Molecules with stronger intermolecular
forces of attraction have greater resistance to flow, and thus higher viscosity compared to those with weaker
IMFA. This is also true in capillary action. Capillary action is something that you observe when you dip a paper
towel in water, and the water "magically" climbs up the towel. The water molecules climb up the towel and drag
other water molecules along the way. A better capillary action indicates stronger intermolecular forces. This
trend however is different in evaporation. The lower the evaporation rate, the weaker the intermolecular forces.
IMFA – EFFECTS ON PROPERTIES Objective: Determine the effects of intermolecular forces of
attraction on the properties of substances.

Physical Science Quarter 4 – Module 3: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction(answer sheet)

Act.1 Multiple Choice: DIRECTIONS: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the best
answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is an intermolecular force of attraction that is present in non-polar molecules?
A. covalent bond B. hydrogen bond C. dipole-dipole forces D. London dispersion forces
2. Which of the following is the strongest intermolecular force of attraction?
A. ionic bond B. hydrogen bond C. dipole-dipole forces D. London dispersion forces
3. Which of the following molecules can exhibit hydrogen bonding?
A. HF B. NaF C. HCl D. NaBr
4. What best explains the unusually high boiling point of water?
A. There is a strong dipole-dipole bond between water molecules. B. Water is capable of hydrogen bonding.
C. Dispersion forces are present in all molecules. D. The shape of the polar bonds is asymmetrical.
5. A substance with weak intermolecular forces of attraction will exhibit which of the following?
A. Low heat of vaporization B. Slow evaporation C. Low vapor pressure D. High melting point
6. Which of the following pertains to London dispersion forces?
A. They are the weakest intermolecular force. B. They operate only in polar molecules.
C. They operate only in ionic compounds.
D. They are an attractive force between hydrogen and an electronegative atom.
7. Which statement about dipole-dipole forces is correct?
A. They are present in polar molecules. B. They are present in nonpolar molecules.
C. They are the weakest intermolecular force. D. They are the strongest intermolecular force.
8. For a given substance, which of the following phase transitions shows an increase in the intermolecular
forces of attraction? A. solid to liquid B. gas to liquid C. Liquid to gas D.
Solid to gas 9. What type of intermolecular force is present in all substances, regardless of polarity?
A. ionic bond B. hydrogen bond C. dipole-dipole forces D. London dispersion
forces 10. Which of the following can exhibit hydrogen bonding among themselves?
A. H2Te B. H2Se C. H2O D. H2S
11-15. Which five properties below indicate strong intermolecular forces in a liquid?
A. a lower evaporation rate B. a better capillary action C. a higher boiling
point D. a higher melting point E. a higher viscosity F. a greater surface tension G. a lower
boiling point

ACT.2 List down two problems that might be experienced by all life forms on earth if the evaporation rate is
very low and WHY?
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Physical Science Quarter 4 – Module 4: The Chemistry of Life (Biomolecules)
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Living organisms are primarily made up of organic compounds. The process of building organic molecules by
living organisms is called biosynthesis
Biomolecules (also known as macromolecules) are organic compounds that make up all living organisms.
They are all produced through the process of biosynthesis. As previously discussed, organic compounds are
carbon-rich molecules usually in association with hydrogen and oxygen. Organic and naturebased materials
that we use today are primarily rich in these four macromolecules. The four macromolecules are carbohydrates,
lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
Biomolecules are produced through a process known as biosynthesis. There are four types of biomolecules,
namely: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Let us describe each of them, focusing on their
function, importance, and practical examples.
CARBOHYDRATES are one of the most abundant macromolecules on Earth. Literally, the term means
“hydrates of carbons” because of its 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen of its simplest chemical
formula, respectively (e. g., C6H12O6 for glucose). A more generalized formula is Cm(H2O)n, where m is equal
to 3 or more, and m and n are not necessarily equal (e. g. C12H22O11 for sucrose or table sugar).
Carbohydrates are generally classified as simple or complex. Table 1 shows the difference between simple and
complex carbohydrates

LIPIDS are a large group of substances also found in living systems. They are insoluble in water but are soluble
in solvents that are nonpolar or have low polarity. Lipids have three major functions: 1. energy storage,
especially in animal systems 2. structural, as part of cellular membranes 3. as chemical messengers that
deliver signals from one part of the body to another There are several types of lipids based on their structure
but you would be more familiar with fats and oils, also known as triglycerides, or simply, “fats”. A fat molecule is
composed of long-chain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Glycerol is an organic compound with three carbons,
five hydrogens, and three hydroxyl groups, while fatty acids have long chains of hydrocarbons with a carboxyl
group. Can you identify these parts in Figure 1?

Fatty acids that make up fats are either saturated or unsaturated. Fats and oils may also be classified that way.
“Saturation/Unsaturation” of fats indicates the presence or absence of double bonds in the fatty acid chain.
Unsaturated fats have at least one pair of double-bonded carbons, are liquid at room temperature, and are
commonly extracted from plants. On the other hand, saturated fats do not have double-bonded hydrocarbons,
are solid even at room temperature, and present in animal fats.
NUCLEIC ACIDS are the most important biomolecules in the continuity of life. They store genetic information in
the cell, and are in the form of either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). Nucleic acids are
made up of nucleotides. Nucleotides have three components: pentose sugar (5-carbon sugar), phosphate
group, and nitrogenous base. Table 2 shows the features that differentiate DNA from RNA. Figure 2 shows the
parts of a nucleotide.
PROTEINS are some of the most complex macromolecules in terms of structure and function. Like
carbohydrates, proteins are also very abundant in living organisms. The building blocks of proteins are the
amino acids of which 20 are known. An amino acid has an amino group, a carboxylic group, and an R group or
side chain. Each amino acid has a different R group or side chain, which makes each amino acid unique.
Figure 3 below shows the parts of the amino acid molecule.

The different types of proteins are classified based on their function. Keratin in the hair is an example of a
structural protein, while hormones like insulin are regulatory proteins. Actin and myosin proteins are for
movement, and are called contractile proteins. Antibodies that are produced by the white blood cells are
called protective proteins, while hemoglobin which carries oxygen gas is an example of a transport
protein. Egg albumin is a storage protein that serves as nourishment for the developing embryo.

Physical Science Quarter 4 – Module 4: The Chemistry of Life (Biomolecules)

ACT 1.Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which biomolecule has a biological function as a first-line source of energy’?
A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Nucleic Acids D. Proteins
2. Which represents a carbohydrate? A. CnH2n+2 B. (CH2O)n C. CnH2n D. (C2HO)n
3. The following samples are simple carbohydrates except _______.
A. Cellulose B. Fructose C. Glucose D. Sucrose
4. Which statement below best describes a lipid? A. It is insoluble in water. B. It is always in gaseous
form. C. Its general structure is only made up of carbon and hydrogen.
D. It can form ionic compounds due to its ability to become ionic.
5. Which structure below is rich in lipid as manifested by its function?
A. Human muscle fibers B. Rigid cell wall of plant cells
C. Semi-permeable cell membrane D. Enzymes catalyzing substances
6. Which one is NOT a lipid? A. Cholesterol B. Lactase C. Triglyceride D. Waxes
7. What is primarily the function of a nucleic acid?
A. As storage of energy of the body B. As an energy source of the body
C. As structural molecules of most living organisms D. For storage and expression of genetic information
8. What does DNA mean? A. Dinucleotide adenine B. Dinucleic adenine
C. Deoxyribonucleic acid D. Diribonucleic acid
9. Which of the molecules below DOES NOT constitute a nucleic acid?
A. Amino acid B. Nitrogenous base C. Phosphate group D. Sugar

10. What group is attached to the left side of the central Carbon?
A. Amino group B. Hydrogen group C. Acid group D. Side Chains/Functional Groups
11. What makes an amino acid unique from one other? A. The form of attachment
B. The different side chains C. The manner of peptide bonding D. The presence of acids and bases
12. Which is rich in protein? A. Plant leaves B. Human hair C. Vegetable oil D. Table salt For nos.
13-15, choices are: A. Carbohydrate B. Lipid C. Nucleic Acid D. Protein
13. Which constitutes a plant fiber?
14. Which is a component of grease?
15. Which has amino acids as its building blocks?

ACT 2

Prepared by: Ma’am Alayon, Arnaly………..