Sampling Technique and Sampling Distribution

✓ Sampling is the process of learning about the population on the basis of the sample drawn from it.

✓ Thus in the sampling technique instead of entire unit of the population only part of the population is studied and the conclusion is drawn on
that basis for entire population.

Terminology:-

Population: The total of cases under consideration in the given investigation

Census: The process of gathering data from every element in the population

Sample: is part of the population interest

Sampling : the method of selecting sample from the population

Statistic

Parameter

Sampling frame: the list of all possible units in the reference population

Sample size: the number of observation in the specific sample

Sampling error: The difference between sample statistic and the population parameter
 Sampling Technique and Sampling Distribution
✓ The method of gathering information about the population by taking the representative of the
population is called sample.

✓ The activities that the investigator is conduct, to get representative sample from the population is Called
sampling technique.

✓ Sampling is related with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a population to estimate the
characteristics of whole population.

✓ The two main advantages of sampling are the faster data collection and lower cost.

✓ Each observation measures one or more properties of observable subjects distinguished as independent
individuals.

✓ In engineering research, sampling is widely used forgathering information about a population.

 Sampling Technique and Sampling Distribution
Objective:- To draw inferences about population parameters on the basis of sample information.
 Sampling Techniques
✓ The method for the selection of individuals on which information are to be made
can be conducted by different sampling techniques.

✓ The following points need to be considered in selection of individuals.

A. Investigations may be carried out on an entire group or a representative
taken out from the group.
B. Whenever a sample is selected it should be a random sample.
C. While selecting the samples the heterogeneity within the group should be
kept in mind and proper sampling technique should be applied.
 Reason for Sampling
✓ Cost/economy: unit cost of collecting data in the case of census is significantly less than in the case of
sampling.

✓ Timelines: Due to the larger size of the population total time involves in the case of census is
significantly higher than the sample.

✓ Large population size: some times it is impossible to cover entire population in the investigation.

✓ Inaccessibility of the total population: sometimes accessibility of the population may not be easy due
to disease, conflict, abnormality, … in that case sample is necessary.

✓ Distractive nature of tests: strength of wires

✓ Accuracy: in census monitoring and quality control mechanism may be not easy like that of sampling.
 Sampling Methods
There are two principal methods to draw the sample from the population: probability sampling
and non probability sampling

1. Probability random sampling:

In the case of the probability sampling each observation in the population have equal chance of
being selected to become part of the sample.

2. Non-Probabilistic sampling

in the case of the non-probability sampling each observation in the population have no equal
chance of being selected to become part of the sample.
 Sampling Techniques
Purposive Sampling:- In this technique, sampling units are selected according to the purpose.
Purposive sampling provides biased estimate and it is not statistically recognized. This technique
can be used only for some specific purposes.

Random Sampling:- In this method of sampling, each unit included in the sample will have
certain pre assigned chance of inclusion in the sample. This sampling provides the better estimate
of parameters in the studies in comparison to purposive sampling.

Random sampling can be:-

1. Simple random sampling 4. Systematic random sampling

2. Stratified random sampling 5. Multistage random sampling

3. Cluster random sampling

 Simple Random Sampling
SRS: is a method of probability sampling in which every unit in the population has an equal
nonzero chance of being selected (included part of sample). The probability is given by n/N.

There are two methods to select a simple random sample:-

1. Lottery Method:- each population item is numbered 1 to N on slips of identical cards (size,
shape, color..) then place and mix in some container and select as many cards as needed in a
blinded fold selection.

2. Random Number Method:- it is possible by generating numbers using computer

 How to use random number technique?
a. Assign a unique number to each population element in the sampling frame.

b. Choose the random starting position by closing your eyes and placing your finger on a number
in the table.

c. Select serial number across rows or down columns or diagonally from the starting point

d. Discard numbers that are not assigned to any population element and ignore numbers that
have already been selected.

e. Repeat the selection process until the required number of sample elements is selected
 Stratified Random Sampling
First the population is divided into subgroups called strata and sample is selected from each
stratum using simple or systematic random sampling.

The stratum is made depending on various homogeneous characteristics sex, age group, region ….

Step 1 Divided the population in to homogeneous mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive
groups using some stratification variable.

Step2 select an independent simple random sample from each stratum.

Step 3 form the final sample by consolidating all sample elements.

 Systematic Sampling
In this sampling only one random number is needed throughout the entire sampling process.
Elements of the population will be arranged in some order and the elements to be included in the
sample will be selected at a constant interval.

Skip interval K = total population / total sample

Then the first number in b/n 1 and K is selected using simple random sampling.

The 𝑗𝑡ℎ unit is selected at first and then the next number will be (𝑗 + 𝐾)𝑡ℎ , (𝑗 + 2𝐾)𝑡ℎ ,
(𝑗 + 3𝐾)𝑡ℎ , …… until the required sample is obtained.
 Cluster Sampling
Can be used if the population is homogeneous and very large in size.

Dividing the population in to groups or clusters then one or more clusters are chosen at random
and individual within the chosen cluster is sampled

Step 1: Defined population is divided in to number of mutually exclusive and exhaustive

heterogeneous clusters.

Step 2: select an independent simple random sample of clusters using simple random sampling
 Non-Probabilistic sampling
There are many types of non random sampling technique

Convenience sampling: drawn based on the convenience of the researcher. Doesn’t lead to any
conclusion.

Judgement sampling: Sample is selected by the researcher experience

Quota Sampling: it is based on the decision makers to contain a certain number of items oin the
sample.
 Sampling Distribution
What is the importance of sampling distribution?
 Sampling Distribution
What is the importance of sampling distribution?
 Sampling Distribution
What is the importance of sampling distribution?
 Properties of the Sampling Distribution of the mean
What is the importance of sampling distribution?
 Properties of the Sampling Distribution of the mean
What is the importance of sampling distribution?
 Central limit theorem and sampling distribution of the mean
CLT
 Con’t…….
CLT
 Con’t…….
The mean length of life of certain brand reinforcement metal is 41.5 years with the standard
deviation of 2.5 years what is the probability that a simple random sample of size 50 drawn
from this population will have the mean between 40.5 and 42 ?
Con’t…….
Example
Con’t……
Example
Sampling distribution of sample proportion
Sample proportion
 Con’t..
Sample proportion
 Con’t..
Sample proportion