Sampling and Sampling Techniques

Dr. G.Syamala, Department of Commerce, SPPU

Sample

Sample is the representation of the population.

The bigger the sample , more will be the accuracy
If sample is not accurate then the results will be wrong
either it will get underestimated or over estimated
So it is always in terms of SIZE
Sampling

1. The act, process, or technique of selecting a suitable sample

; specifically :  the act, process, or technique of selecting a
representative part of a population for the purpose of
determining parameters or characteristics of the whole
population
2:  A small part selected as a sample for inspection or analysis
3. It is the selection of part of an aggregate or totality known as
population on the basis of which a decision concerning the
population is made.
Sampling Concepts
• Population: It refers to any group of Individuals or objects that for the subject of study in a particular
survey
• Elements: Every single member of the population is element
• Sampling frame: Sampling frame comprises all the elements of a population with proper identification
that is available to us for selection at any stage of sampling.
• Eg;- the list of registered voters
the number of students in a University
the attendance sheet of a particular class
the payroll of an organization
• Sample: It is a subset of the population. It comprises only some elements of the population
• Sampling Unit: A Sampling unit is a single member of the sample. If a sample of 50 students is taken from a
population of 200 MBA then 50 is the sampling unit
• Sampling: It is a process of selecting an adequate number of elements from the population so that the
study of the sample will not only help in understanding the characteristics of the population but also will
help to generalize the results
Main objects of Sampling
• To obtain the maximum information about the population
with minimum efforts(e.g to estimate the unknown
characteristics of the population)
• To state the limits of accuracy of estimates based on sample
• To draw inferences on the behavior of the population
Sampling may be done with or without replacement. When
units are so chosen from the universe that the selected unit
will not figure again, the sampling is said to be done without
replacement, otherwise known as with replacement.
Methods of Sampling

Sampling

Non-Probability Probability
Non-probability sampling

It is a sampling technique where the samples are

gathered in a process that does not give all the
individuals in the population equal chances of being
selected.
In an non probability sample, items included as chosen
without regard to their probability of occurrence.
Convenience Sampling
In convenience
sampling, items are
selected based
only on the fact
that they are easy,
inexpensive or
convenient to
select.
Judgemental Sampling
In a judgement sample, you get the opinion of pre-selected
experts in the subject matter.
It is based on personal judgement that the elements is
representative of the population under study.
The sample is based upon judgement.
When using this method the researcher must be confident that
the chosen sample is truly representative of the entire
population.
 It includes a minimum No from a
Quota Sampling specified subgroup in the population.
The sample is based on certain
demographic characteristics such as
age, colour, occupation, gender,
education, income
Eg: There are 4000 students in UG and
3000 in PG and you want 100 as your
sample out of 7000.
So it will be 4000/7000x100= 57
3000/7000x100=43
Snowball Sampling
You select a sample and then you take reference from
him/her and collect data;
You talk to him and ask other person then he givens you
certain references.
Eg: Left handers, Sea drivers,
Probability Sampling
• Different units in your population have equal
probabilities of being chosen.
• Selection of sample items is based on chance in such
a way that each unit of population has an equal
chance of being included in the sample.
 Is to choose an
Simple Random Sampling
equally distributed
subset from a
2 larger population.
111 22 3 4
It is selecting by
55
5 chance but giving
6 7 88
equal opportunity
99 10 11 12 11 of getting selected

Out of 75 students 20 have to be selected

Systematic Sampling
Method in which sample members from a larger
population are selected according to a random
starting point and a fixed periodic interval. This
interval, called the sampling interval, is calculated by
dividing the population size by the
desired sample size.
Systematic Sampling
Step 1- Determine the sample size (say 10 houses)
Step 2- determine the value of k-th number as follows
K-th number= Total No, of items in the population
Your desired sample
= 120
10
=12th house
Step 3-Select first unit of the sample from 1 to k at random and then
include every k-th unit in the sample
For eg: from the first 12th house, first sample is selected at random
suppose with serial number 9. The houses with serial numbers
21,33,45,57,69,81,93,105,117 should be selected
Population is 1000 grocery shops in a small town and you need a
sample of 50. Choose 10th Shop as random. Calculate K value
and the no of shops as your sample?
1000/50=k= 20, Now you select a random form 1 to 20, say you
choose shop 10 as your first sample, then your second sample
will be 10+20=30, then you third sample will be
30+20=50,50+20=70 and so on……….. Till you reach the
sample.
Stratified Random Sampling It is a method of
sampling that involves the
division of a population
into smaller groups known
as strata. In stratified
random sampling,
or stratification, the strata
are formed based on
members' shared attributes
or characteristics.
Strata consists of similar
groups , so there is
homogeneity in the sample
Eg 1:A bank want to conduct a survey to understand the problems of their customers
They plan to divide the customers into Stratas
They plan for three Stratas:
Strata one is account holders having deposits above 10 lakhs
Strata two is account holders having deposits above 5 lakhs to 10 Lakhs
Strata three is account holders having deposit above 1 Lakh to 5 Lakhs
The entire population should be stratified in such a way that the elements are homogenous
within the strata and heterogeneous between strata
Eg 2: If the objective is to study or estimate how much people spend on cosmetics, the gender
could be the strata because both men and women use cosmetics
Generally stratification is done on the basis of demographic variables like age, income, education
and gender
Customers are stratified according to their income level, education, working, not working etc
Companies can be stratified according to size, industry, profits
Cluster Sampling Population is divided into
several clusters each
representative of the
population
A simple random sample of
clusters is selected.
All items in the selected
clusters can be used or items
can be chosen from a cluster
using another probability
sampling techniques.

There is heterogeneity within the clusters and homogeneity between clusters

Sampling error
It is a type of error which occurs when the sample
selected does not perfectly represent the population
The difference between a population parameter and
sample statistics
The difference between the population mean and
sample mean
 Difference between Sampling and Non sampling error
Point of difference Sampling error Non Sampling error
Meaning Sampling error is a type of An error occurs due to
error, occurs due to the sources other than
sample selected does not sampling, while conducting
perfectly represents the survey activities is known as
population of interest. non sampling error.

Cause Deviation between sample Deficiency and analysis of

mean and population mean data
Occurs Only when sample is Both in sample and census.
selected.
Sample size Possibility of error reduced It has nothing to do with the
with the increase in sample sample size.
size.
Census Method and Sample Method
Census Method: Information is collected from
the complete population
Eg; In a town there are 2 lakh people and you
want to know how many go to hill station in
Summer, you will have to collect it from all the
people
Sample Method: Only a part of the total group
is taken into consideration, they become a
representation
 Difference between Census Method and Sample Method
Point of Difference Census Method Sample Method

Items to be studied Each and every unit of universe is Only a portion or part is studied
studied
Suitability Where the areas of investigation is small Where the areas of investigation is large

Conclusion Conclusions are drawn on the basis of Conclusions are drawn on the basis of a
whole universe sample
Time It is more time consuming It is less time consuming

Number of Enumerators They require large amount of They don’t require large amount of
enumerators enumerators
Expensive It is more expensive It is less expensive
Determining Sample Size

The sample size actually depends upon the basic

characteristics of the Population, the type of
information required from the survey and the cost
involved. Therefore , a sample may vary in size for
several reasons.
THANK-YOU