INDUSTRIAL ORIENTED MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON
ENVIRONMENTAL
SURVEILLANCE AND LOCATION TRACK

submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BY
V. SINDHUJA (21281A0434)
CH. PRADEEP (22285A0402)
MA. RIZWAN PASHA (22285A0411)
G. ASHWITHA (21281A0428)
P. SATHWIKA (21281A0431)

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. E. SWAPNA
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(Sponsored by Kamala Education Society, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, Telangana,
Accredited by NBA (CSE, ECE & EEE) and accredited by NAAC with A++ Grade)
SINGAPUR, HUZURABAD, KARIMNAGAR, TELANGANA – 505 468

2024–2025
 KAMALA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
SINGAPUR, HUZURABAD
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to JNTU-Hyderabad, Accredited by NAAC with A++,
TCS and ISO 9001 :2015 Certified, Accredited by NBA (EEE, ECE, CSE)

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this is a bonafide record of the project work entitled
“SHIPPING CONTAINER WITH ENVIRONMENTAL SURVELLIENCE
AND LOCATION TRACKING” is a work carried out by V. SINDHUJA
(21281A0434), CH. PRADEEP (22285A0402), MA. RIZWAN PASHA
(22285A0411), G. ASHWITHA (212810428), P. SATHWIKA (21281A0431)
In the partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Technology in

Electronics and Communication Engineering by Jawaharlal Nehru Technological

University, Hyderabad during the academic year 2024-2025.

Project Guide Head of the Department Principal

Mrs. E. SWAPNA DR. B. RAMESH DR. K. ESWARAIAH

Assistant Professor Professor Professor

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to all
people who extend their support with timely suggestions and indispensable help which made
this project feasible.

We extend our sincere thanks to Mrs. E. SWAPNA, Asst. prof for their expert advice,
timely feedback, and continuous encouragement, which were crucial in guiding this project to
completion.

we would also like to thank our project coordinator Dr. M. SHYAM SUNDAR,
Associate professor for his continuous encouragement and timely advice throughout the
project development.

Our special thanks to Dr. B. RAMESH, Professor and Head of the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering for providing the necessary resources and
infrastructure to work on this project.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to Dr. K. ESWARAIAH, Principal, KITS

Singapur, who guided us in successfully completing our mini project.

Finally, we express our thanks to all the teaching and non-teaching staff of the
department for their suggestions and timely support.

V. SINDHUJA (21281A0434)
CH. PRADEEP (22285A0402)
MA. RIZWAN PASHA (22285A0411)
G. ASHWITHA (21281A0428)
P. SATHWIKA (21281A0431)

iv
 ABSTRACT

The IoT-enabled shipping container with environmental monitoring and location

tracking is an innovative solution aimed at ensuring the safe transportation of goods. The
system is built around a NodeMCU microcontroller, which integrates various sensors, output
devices, and communication modules. Environmental sensors such as the DHT11 monitor
temperature and humidity, while a gas sensor detects harmful gases that may compromise the
safety of the cargo. Additionally, a light sensor provides security by detecting unauthorized
access, such as tampering or container breaches. These sensors continuously collect data to
ensure optimal conditions inside the container.
To provide real-time feedback, the system incorporates an LCD display for local
monitoring of environmental parameters. In critical situations, such as high gas
concentrations or extreme temperature changes, a buzzer alerts nearby personnel, while
exhaust fans are activated to regulate the internal environment. The system also features a
GPS module for real-time location tracking, ensuring the container's position is continuously
monitored throughout transit. The NodeMCU microcontroller facilitates data transmission to
a cloud server using its Wi-Fi capabilities, enabling remote access via a web or mobile
interface.
This project combines IoT technology with embedded systems to address key
challenges in the logistics industry. By integrating environmental monitoring, location
tracking, and alert mechanisms, the system ensures the safety, security, and efficiency of
transported goods. The ability to provide real-time updates and notifications about anomalies,
such as security breaches or adverse environmental conditions, enables stakeholders to take
timely action, reducing risks and enhancing the reliability of the supply chain.

v
 CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES ix

Chapter1: INRODUCTION
1.1 Overview of the project 01
1.2 Existing System 01
1.3 Proposed System 02
Chapter 2: EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
2.1 Introduction to embedded systems 04
2.2 Characteristics of Embedded Systems 04
2.3 Components of Embedded Systems 05
2.4 Types of Embedded Systems 05
Chapter 3: HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 Node MCU 06
3.2 DHT11 Sensor 11
3.3 Mq2 Gas Sensor 12
3.4 LDR Module 14
3.5 16 * 2 Alphanumeric Lcd 16
3.6 WIFI Module 20
3.7 Buzzer 23
3.8 Exhaust Fan 24
Chapter 4: WORKING PRINCIPLE 26

vi
Chapter 5: SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 Arduino Software 28
Chapter 6: RESULTS 36
Chapter 7: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 39
Chapter 8: APPLICATIONS 40
Chapter 9: CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE 42
REFERENCES 43

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure names page no

Fig 3.1.1 ESP8266 WI-FI Module 07

Fig 3.1.2 Block Diagram 08
Fig 3.1.3 Pin description of Node MCU 09
Fig 3.2.1 DHT11 Sensor 11
Fig 3.3.1 MQ2 Gas Sensor 12
Fig 3.3.2 MQ2 Gas Sensor Module 13
Fig 3.3.3 Pin-out diagram of the MQ-2 gas sensor module 13
Fig 3.4.1 IR sensor 14
Fig 3.4.2 Fig 3.4.2 Overview of IR sensor 15
Fig 3.5.1 Block diagram of 16x2 LCD Display 17
Fig 3.5.2 16x2 LCD Display pinout diagram 18
Fig 3.6.1 ESP8266 ESP-01 module 20
Fig 3.6.2 ESP8266 Pinout diagram 21
Fig 3.7 Buzzer 23
Fig 3.8 Exhaust Fan 24
Fig 4.1 Block Diagram 27
Fig 5.1.1 USB Cable 28
Fig 5.1.2 Arduino with Battery 32

viii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.3 Technical specifications of MQ2 Gas Sensor 13

Table 3.5 Pin description of LCD Display 19

ix
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVER VIEW OF THE PROJECT

Due to the convergence of technology in the recent era, digital information may now
reach a destination placed over a long distance with reasonable simplicity and reliability.
However, due to carrier speed and capacity limits, the same cannot be said for physical
items. For example, shipping cargo between New York and Los Angeles takes a long time
and effort. Typically, these containers convey things that could be damaged in a variety of
ways during transportation, including excessive temperatures, humidity, sunlight exposure,
or, more historically, unexpected jolts or shocks to fragile items of the ship.This paper
proposes a monitoring and tracking system to keep customers informed about their
purchases by providing information on the state of the environment in which they are being
transported, independent of the mode of transportation until the item is delivered. The
proposed system is intelligent, cost-effective, and secure.

1.2 EXISTING STSTEM

Currently, the management and monitoring of shipping containers largely rely on

basic manual inspection or limited sensor-based systems that may not provide real-time
updates or complete environmental monitoring. Existing systems typically focus on GPS-
based location tracking for logistics purposes, with some incorporating basic temperature
sensors. However, they lack the integration of multiple environmental sensors such as
humidity, gas detection, and light intensity, which are crucial for ensuring the safety of goods
during transport.

In many traditional systems, temperature and humidity monitoring are done with
standalone devices that provide periodic readings, but they do not offer real-time tracking or
alerts when conditions exceed safe levels. Additionally, while some systems have GPS
tracking, they are often not integrated with real-time data from environmental sensors,
limiting the ability to respond promptly to any anomalies.Gas leak detection is another area
where existing systems are often inadequate. In most cases, containers may be equipped with
basic alarms for detecting gas leaks, but these are not connected to centralized cloud systems

1
for real-time alerts, and there’s often no automated mechanism to mitigate the risks, such as
ventilation systems or immediate rerouting.
Lighting conditions inside containers are rarely monitored in current systems, even
though improper lighting can lead to cargo damage, especially for sensitive materials. Light
intensity monitoring is generally overlooked, and containers may not have automatic
adjustments for light exposure, leading to potential harm to products.Furthermore, location
tracking in existing systems typically relies solely on GPS, without incorporating geofencing
or providing historical tracking. There are limited capabilities for monitoring deviations from
the planned route or providing alerts when the container is off-course.

Drawbacks of the Existing System

 Limited Environmental Monitoring: Most systems monitor only temperature and

sometimes humidity, without considering factors like gas leaks or light intensity, which
can be critical for certain types of cargo.
 Lack of Real-Time Alerts: Many systems lack the capability to send real-time alerts to
authorities or stakeholders when conditions exceed safe limits, leading to delayed
responses.
 Inadequate Automation: Existing systems often rely on manual checks or basic alarms,
with no automated systems for correcting environmental issues, such as activating
cooling or ventilation systems.
 No Integrated Location Tracking with Environmental Data: GPS tracking and
environmental monitoring are typically not integrated, meaning authorities cannot get a
full picture of the container's condition during transit.

1.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The IoT Enabled Shipping Container with Environmental Monitoring and Location
Tracking system employs a range of sensors to ensure the safe transportation of goods. These
include a Temperature and Humidity Sensor (DHT11), which tracks temperature and
humidity levels, a Gas Sensor for detecting harmful gases such as carbon monoxide and
methane, and a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) that measures light intensity. The system
also features a GPS Module for real-time location tracking of the container. Data from these
sensors is continuously sent to a cloud server, which updates a website, making the

2
information accessible to concerned authorities. If any monitored parameter exceeds preset
thresholds, the system automatically triggers alerts to notify the relevant parties.

If the system detects high temperatures beyond the defined limit, such as exceeding
40°C, it automatically sends an alert and activates cooling systems, such as ventilation fans,
to regulate the temperature inside the container. If the temperature continues to rise, the
system will prompt personnel to take additional corrective measures. Similarly, if humidity
levels exceed safe limits, the system will trigger dehumidifiers to reduce moisture levels. If
gas levels surpass the safety threshold, the system will immediately send a warning and
activate safety measures, such as ventilation fans, to clear the hazardous gases from the
container. In critical cases of high gas concentration, emergency protocols like rerouting the
container may be initiated.

When the LDR detects inadequate or excessive light intensity, the system will alert
the authorities to take corrective actions, such as adjusting the lighting or using shielding to
protect sensitive cargo from UV exposure. These automated responses help mitigate potential
risks and ensure that the environment within the container remains stable.

The GPS Module continuously tracks the container’s location and sends real-time
updates to the cloud server. If the container deviates from its designated path, an alert is
immediately triggered. The system stores the location history, allowing stakeholders to track
the container’s movements throughout the shipment. In case of any deviations, the GPS
system can issue emergency alerts to ensure timely action is taken.

3
 CHAPTER 2

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

An embedded system is a specialized computing system designed to perform

dedicated tasks or functions. Unlike general-purpose computers, which can handle a wide
range of applications, embedded systems are developed for specific applications, often
operating within larger devices. These systems are built to be highly efficient, reliable, and
responsive to real-time constraints.
Embedded systems are integral components in various domains, including consumer
electronics, automotive, industrial automation, healthcare, telecommunications, and more.
Their primary goal is to optimize the performance and functionality of the device they control
while consuming minimal power and resources.

2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded systems possess distinct characteristics that set them apart from general-
purpose computing systems:
Dedicated Functionality: Designed for specific tasks, embedded systems are optimized for
efficiency and performance in executing a particular function.
Real-time Operation: Many embedded systems require real-time responses, meaning they
must process inputs and produce outputs within a defined time frame.
Reliability and Stability: Embedded systems are expected to function reliably without
failure for long periods, often in challenging environments.
Small Size and Low Cost: To fit into the devices they control, embedded systems are usually
small in size and cost-effective in design.
Power Efficiency: Since many embedded systems are used in portable devices, minimizing
power consumption is crucial to extend battery life.

4
2.3 COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An embedded system typically consists of the following key components:
Microcontroller/Microprocessor: The core processing unit of an embedded system,
responsible for executing instructions. Microcontrollers integrate the CPU, memory, and
peripherals into a single chip, making them suitable for embedded applications.
Memory: Embedded systems use both volatile memory (RAM) for temporary data storage
and non-volatile memory (ROM, EEPROM, or Flash) for storing the program code.
Input/Output (I/O) Interfaces: I/O interfaces enable communication between the embedded
system and external devices or sensors. Examples include communication protocols like
UART, SPI, and I2C.
Sensors and Actuators: Sensors collect data from the environment, while actuators act on
the physical world based on the processed data.
Software/Firmware: The program or code that runs on the microcontroller or processor to
control the system's operation. It includes the embedded software, which is developed in
languages like C, C++, or assembly.
Communication Interfaces: Embedded systems often use communication interfaces like
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or Ethernet to connect with other devices or networks, especially in IoT
applications.

2.4 TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded systems can be categorized based on their performance and functional
requirements:
Real-time Embedded Systems: These systems must respond to events or data inputs within
strict time constraints. They are further classified as:
Hard Real-time Systems: Where failure to meet timing constraints could lead to critical
errors.
Soft Real-time Systems: Where performance is degraded but not severely affected by missed
deadlines.
Stand-alone Embedded Systems: Operate independently without the need for external
systems. Examples include calculators and washing machines.
Networked Embedded Systems: Connected to a network to communicate with other
systems or devices. Common in IoT devices and smart systems.

5
 CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 NODE MCU

Node MCU is a low-cost open source IoT platform. It initially included firmware
which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SOC from Expressive Systems. ESP8266 is a micro
controller with inbuilt Wi- Fi module and sends data to IOT device server.

The general features of this board are as follows:

 It is a user-friendly (easy to use) & low-cost Wi-Fi microchip.

 It works as access point (hotspot) or a station (Wi-Fi).

 Programmability with Arduino IDE.

 Micro controller: Tensilica 32-bit RISC CPU Xtensa LX106
 Operating Voltage: 3.3V

 Input Voltage: 7-12V

 Digital I/O Pins (DIO): 16

 Analog Input Pins (ADC): 1

 UARTs: 1

 SPIs: 1

 I2Cs: 1

 Flash Memory: 4 MB

 SRAM: 64 KB

 Clock Speed: 80 MHz

 USB-TTL based on CP2102 is included onboard, Enabling Plug n Play PCB Antenna

 Small Sized module to fit smartly inside your IoT projects

6
Description:
Node MCU is an open-source platform based on ESP8266 which can connect
objects and let data transfer using the Wi-Fi protocol. In addition, by providing some of the
most important features of micro controllers such as GPIO, PWM, ADC, and etc, it can solve
many of the project'sneeds alone. The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a self-contained SOC with
integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give any micro controller access to your Wi-Fi
network. The Node MCU ESP8266 development board comes with the ESP-12E module
containing the ESP8266 chip having Tensilica Xtensa 32-bit LX106 RISC microprocessor.
This microprocessor supports RTOS and operates at 80MHz to 160 MHz adjustable clock
frequency. Node MCU has 128 KB RAM and 4MB of Flash memory to store data and
programs. Its high processing power with in-built Wi-Fi / IOT and Deep Sleep Operating
features make it ideal for IoT projects.

Node MCU can be powered using a Micro USB jack and VIN pin (External Supply
Pin). It supportsUART, SPI, and I2C interface.

Fig 3.1.1 ESP8266 WI-FI module

The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a self-contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol
stack that can give any micro controller access to your Wi-Fi network. The ESP8266 is
capable of either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from
another application processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT
command set firmware, meaning, you can simply hook this up to your Arduino device and
get about as much Wi-Fi abilityas a Wi-Fi Shield offers (and that's just out of the box)! The
ESP8266 module is an extremely cost-effective board with a huge, and ever growing,
community.

7
 This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and storage capability that
allows it to be integrated with the sensors and other application specific devices through its
GPIOs with minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high
degree of on-chip integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including the front-end
module, is designed to occupyminimal PCB area. The ESP8266 supports APSD for VoIP
applications and IOT co-existence interfaces, it contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to
work under all operating conditions, and requires no external RF parts.

Fig 3.1.2: Block Diagram

ESP8266 Arduino Core:

As Arduino.cc began developing new MCU boards based on non-AVR processors
like the ARM/SAM MCU and used in the Arduino Due, they needed to modify the ARDUINO
NODE so thatit would be relatively easy to change the IDE to support alternate tool chains to
allow Arduino C/C++ to be compiled for these new processors. They did this with the
introduction of the Board Manager and the SAM Core. A "core" is the collection of software
components required by the Board Manager and the Arduino IDE to compile an Arduino
C/C++ source file for the target MCU's machine language. Some ESP8266 enthusiasts
developed an Arduino core for the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SOC, popularly called the "ESP8266 Core
for the Arduino IDE “. This has become a leading software development platform for the
various ESP8266-based modules and development boards, including Node MCU’s.

8
Arduino Node MCU: ESP8266 description

Fig 3.1.3: Pin description of Node MCU

 A0 PIN: A 10 KΩ Potentiometer is chosen as the analog input device with its end
terminals connectedto 3.3V and GND and the Wiper Terminal connected to A0 Pin
of Node MCU. The analog voltage is converted to digital values and displayed on
the Serial Monitor.
 RSV RESRVED PINS: A pin that has been identified as "reserved for future use" and
to whichneither memory cards nor host systems shall make electrical connections.
 GPIO9 AND GPIO10: Also called SD2 and SD3 (digital pins). These are used while
boot up process. There are certain pins that output a 3.3V signal when the ESP8266
boots. This may be problematic if you have relays or other peripherals connected to
those GPIO’s. These GPIO’s output is a HIGH signal on boot.
 SPI PINS: SD1, CMD, SD0, CLK. These four pins are available for SPI
communication. The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous serial

9
 communication interface specification used for short-distance communication,
primarily in embedded systems.

These SPI’s also support the following general-purpose SPI features:

1. timing modes of the SPI format transfer

2. Up to 80 MHz and the divided clocks of 80 MHz
3. Up to 64-Byte FIFO
 GND: These are 3 ground pins of NodeMCU-ESP8266 This pin is provided to prevent
any accidental damage to equipment and the person handling it caseany short circuit or
body earth occurs in the equipment.
 POWER PINS: They are four pins - Vin and three 3.3V Power supply -3.3 V(3V3):
 Vin: External Power Supply Regulated 3.3V can be supplied to this pin to power the
board.Vin can be used to directly supply the Node MCU/ESP8266 and its peripherals.
Power delivered on Vin is regulated through the onboard regulator on the Node MCU
module – you can also supply 5V regulated to the VIN pin.3.3V pins arethe output of the
onboard voltage regulator and can be used to supply power to external components.
 CONTROL PINS: EN, RST
These pins or button resets the micro controller.
 EN: The ESP8266 chip is enabled when EN pin is pulled HIGH. When pulled LOW the
chipworksat minimum power.
 RST: pin is used to reset the ESP8266 chip.
 FLASH: While uploading the code, press the flash button. Keep the flash button
pressed while you click once on reset. You may now release the flash button. The
ESP8266 will be in flash mode.
 Micro-USB: Node MCU can be powered through the USB port.
 UART PINS: TX, RXUART stands for Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter.
It is a physical circuit in a micro controller, or a stand-alone IC. A UART's main purpose
is to transmit and receive serial data.
 DIGITAL PINS: D0-D8 Pins which are also called as GPIO pins (general purpose
input - output) digital pins used to read data from some components (sensors) and write
data to other components (actuators). A digital pin can have only 2 states: LOW or
HIGH. You can consider them as binary pins.A GPIO is a signal pin on an integrated

10
 circuit or board that can be used to perform digital input or output functions. By design
it has no predefined purpose and can be used by the hardware.

3.2 DHT11 SENSOR

DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor is available as a sensor and as a module.

The difference between this sensor and module is the pull-up resistor and a power-on LED.
DHT11 is a relative humidity sensor. To measure the surrounding air this sensor uses
a thermistor and a capacitive humidity sensor.

Working Principle of DHT11 Sensor

DHT11 sensor consists of a capacitive humidity sensing element and a thermistor for
sensing temperature. The humidity sensing capacitor has two electrodes with a moisture
holding substrate as a dielectric between them. Change in the capacitance value occurs with
the change in humidity levels. The IC measure, process this changed resistance values and
change them into digital form.

For measuring temperature this sensor uses a Negative Temperature coefficient

thermistor, which causes a decrease in its resistance value with increase in temperature. To
get larger resistance value even for the smallest change in temperature, this sensor is usually
made up of semiconductor ceramics or polymers.

The temperature range of DHT11 is from 0 to 50 degree Celsius with a 2-degree

accuracy. Humidity range of this sensor is from 20 to 80% with 5% accuracy. The sampling
rate of this sensor is 1Hz.i.e. it gives one reading for every second. DHT11 is small in size
with operating voltage from 3 to 5 volts. The maximum current used while measuring is
2.5mA.

Fig 3.2 DHT11 Sensor

11
Applications
This sensor is used in various applications such as measuring humidity and
temperature values in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. Weather stations also
use these sensors to predict weather conditions. The humidity sensor is used as a preventive
measure in homes where people are affected by humidity. Offices, cars, museums,
greenhouses and industries use this sensor for measuring humidity values and as a safety
measure.

3.3 MQ2 GAS SENSOR

The MQ2 sensor is one of the most widely used in the MQ sensor series. It is a MOS
(Metal Oxide Semiconductor) sensor. Metal oxide sensors are also known as chemiresistors,
because sensing is based on the change in resistance of the sensing material when exposed to
gasses.

Fig 3.3.1 MQ2 Gas Sensor

The MQ2 gas sensor operates on 5V DC and consumes approximately 800mW. It can
detect LPG, Smoke, Alcohol, Propane, Hydrogen, Methane and Carbonmonoxide concentrati
ons ranging from 200 to 10000 ppm.

Note that the MQ2 gas sensor detects multiple gases, but cannot identify them! That
is normal; most gas sensors operate in this manner. Therefore, it is best suited for measuring
changes in a known gas density rather than detecting which one is changing.

12
MQ2 Gas Sensor Module Hardware Overview

The MQ2 gas sensor is simple to use and has two different outputs. It not only
provides a binary indication of the presence of combustible gasses, but also an analog

representation of their concentration in air.

Fig 3.3.2 MQ2 Gas Sensor Module

The sensor’s analog output voltage (at the A0 pin) varies in proportion to the
concentration of smoke/gas. The higher the concentration, the higher the output voltage; the
lower the concentration, the lower the output voltage.

Table 3.3 Technical specifications of MQ2 Gas Sensor

Operating voltage 5v

Load resistance 20kohm

Heat resistance 33ohm+5%

Heating Consumption <800mW

Sensing Resistance 10kohm-60kohm

Concentration Range 200-10000ppm

Fig 3.3.3 pin-out diagram of the MQ-2 gas sensor module

13
VCC supplies power to the module. Connect it to the 5V output of your Arduino.

GND is the ground pin.

D0 indicates the presence of combustible gasses. D0 becomes LOW when the gas
concentration exceeds the threshold value (as set by the potentiometer), and HIGH otherwise.

A0 Produces an analog output voltage proportional to gas concentration, so a higher

concentration results in a higher voltage and a lower concentration result in a lower voltage.

3.4 IR SENSOR
Infrared (IR) sensors are devices that detect and measure infrared radiation emitted or
reflected by objects. Infrared radiation, part of the electromagnetic spectrum, is invisible to
the human eye but can be felt as heat. IR sensors are widely used in various industries due to
their ability to sense motion, measure temperature, and detect objects without direct contact.
These sensors are cost-effective, energy-efficient, and compact, making them essential in
modern applications such as robotics, security, healthcare, and consumer electronics.

Fig 3.4.1 IR sensor

How IR Sensors Work

IR sensors operate by detecting infrared light or heat. Depending on their type, they
either emit IR radiation and detect reflections or solely measure the naturally emitted IR
radiation from objects. Active IR sensors emit IR light using an LED or laser diode and detect
the reflected signal to determine the distance or presence of an object. In contrast, passive IR
(PIR) sensors only detect the IR radiation naturally emitted by warm objects, such as humans
or animals, making them ideal for motion detection.

14
 The sensor typically consists of an IR emitter, such as an LED or laser, and a detector,
such as a photodiode or thermopile. A processing unit converts the detected radiation into an
electrical signal, which is analysed to extract useful information like temperature or proximity.

Types of IR Sensors

1. Proximity Sensors: Measure the distance between the sensor and an object based on
reflected IR signals.

2. Thermal IR Sensors: Measure the heat emitted by objects without direct contact.

3. Photoelectric Sensors: Use IR light to detect interruptions in a beam, often used in

industrial automation.

4. PIR Sensors: Detect movement by sensing changes in infrared radiation levels.

Fig 3.4.2 Overview of IR sensor

Applications of IR Sensors

IR sensors are versatile and find applications in numerous domains:

Security Systems
 Motion detectors use PIR sensors to sense intruders by detecting changes in IR radiation.
 IR cameras provide night vision capabilities for surveillance.
Consumer Electronics

15
 Remote Controls: Emit IR signals to control devices like TVs, air conditioners, and
sound systems.
 Smartphones: Incorporate IR blasters for device control and sensors for facial
recognition.

Healthcare

 IR Thermometers: Measure body temperature without physical contact.

 Pulse Oximeters: Use IR light to determine oxygen saturation in blood.
Automotive
 Collision Avoidance Systems: Detect obstacles using active IR sensors.
 Driver Monitoring: Measure drowsiness by detecting temperature variations or eye
movements.
Robotics
 Used in line-following robots, obstacle avoidance systems, and environment mapping.

3.5 16 * 2 ALPHANUMERIC LCD

Liquid crystal display is very important device in embedded system. It offers high
flexibility to user as he can display the required data on it. A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a
thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid
crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly. LCDs therefore need a light source and are
classified as "passive" displays. Here the lcd has different memories to display data, those are
discussed below.

16
 Fig 3.5.1 Block diagram of 16x2 LCD Display

Display Data RAM

Display Data RAM (DDRAM) stores display data in the form of 8-bit character codes,
with an extended capacity of 80 x 8 bits, or 80 characters. The portion of DDRAM not used
for display purposes can be utilized as general data RAM. Any data sent to DDRAM is
displayed on the LCD. For LCDs like 1x16, only 16 characters are visible on the screen, so
any characters written beyond the 16th are stored in DDRAM but are not visible to the user.

Character Generator ROM

One might wonder how an ASCII value sent to DDRAM is rendered on the LCD. The
answer lies in the CGROM (Character Generator ROM). CGROM generates 5 x 8 dot or 5 x
10 dot character patterns from 8-bit character codes. It is capable of generating 208 5 x 8 dot
character patterns and 32 5 x 10 dot character patterns. User-defined character patterns can
also be created using a mask-programmed ROM.

Busy Flag
Busy Flag is a status indicator flag for LCD. When a command or data is sent to the
LCD for processing, this flag is set (i.e. BF =1) and as soon as the instruction is executed
successfully this flag is cleared (BF = 0). This is helpful in producing and exact amount of
delay for the LCD Processing.

17
 To read Busy Flag, the condition RS = 0 and R/W = 1 must be met and The MSB of
the LCD data bus (D7) act as busy flag. When BF = 1 means LCD is busy and will not accept
next command or data and BF = 0 means LCD is ready for the next command or data to
process.

Instruction Register (IR) or Data Register (DR)

The HD44780 controller contains two 8-bit registers: the Instruction register and the
Data register. The Instruction register is responsible for sending commands to the LCD, such
as the LCD shift command, clear command, or address setting. The Data register stores the
data intended for display on the LCD. When the enable signal is asserted, the data on the pins
is latched into the Data register. This data is then automatically transferred to the DDRAM
and displayed on the LCD. The Data register is also used for sending data to the CGRAM.
The destination address for the data is determined by the instruction sent to the LCD.

Schematic

Fig 3.5.2 16x2 LCD Display pinout diagram

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 Table 3.5 Pin description of LCD Display

Circuit Description
Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is
connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain output.
While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there are a few which don't.
Therefore, by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is more
portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull up
resistors.

No effort is made to configure the data bus for reverse direction. Instead, the R/W line
of the LCD panel is hardwired into write mode, eliminating any possibility of bus conflicts on
the data lines. However, this configuration prevents reading the LCD's internal Busy Flag,
which indicates whether the last instruction has been processed. To address this limitation,
known delays are introduced into the program.

The 10k potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. A bench power supply
set to 5V or an onboard +5V regulator can be used. It is recommended to include a few
decoupling capacitors, especially if the circuit experiences issues with proper functionality.
The 2-line x 16-character LCD modules are available from various manufacturers and are
generally compatible with the HD44780.

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3.6 WIFI MODULE
The ESP8266 is an affordable Wi-Fi module that can be easily integrated into IoT
devices. Several projects utilizing this module are featured, including the creation of Smart
Home Electronics such as a Smart Mailbox and interfacing with Arduino. This tutorial
provides guidance on setting up the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module for use with Arduino. The
ESP8266 is available in various models, each offering different functionalities.

Figure 3.6.1 ESP8266 ESP-01 module

ESP-01 Features – Spark fun:

 802.11 b/g/n
 Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP
 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
 Integrated PLLs, regulators, DCXO and power management units
 +19.5dBm output power in 802.11b mode
 Power down leakage current of <10uA
 1MB Flash Memory
 Integrated low power 32-bit CPU could be used as application processor
 SDIO 1.1 / 2.0, SPI, UART
 STBC, 1×1 MIMO, 2×1 MIMO
 A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4ms guard interval
 Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
 Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)

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 The first thing to notice about the ESP8266 is its unusually spaced header pins. The
module has 8 pins with different functions, arranged in a 4×2 pattern, making it impossible to
directly plug the module into a breadboard. To prototype projects on a breadboard, male-
female jumper wires are needed to connect the pins on the ESP8266 to the breadboard rows.
For a more compact prototyping setup, breadboard breakouts for the ESP8266, like the one
shown here, can be purchased. For this project, I opted to use jumper wires.

Fig 3.6.2 ESP8266 Pinout diagram

RX: UART serial communication receive pin

GPIO 0: GPIO pin (unused in this project)

GPIO 1: GPIO pin (unused in this project)

GND: Connection to Ground

VCC: Connection to 3.3V Vcc (Vcc cannot exceed 3.3V!)

RESET: Reset pin (pull down to reset)

CH_PD: Chip enable and power down pin

TX: UART serial communication transmit pin

Note that the maximum voltage input for the ESP8266 is 3.3V. Any input voltage
greater than 3.3V will damage the module! To program settings on the ESP8266, it must be
connected to a serial terminal on a computer to send special commands. Required settings
include the SSID and password for the Wi-Fi network the module will be connected to.
connecting the ESP8266 to a computer and configuring its settings require a USB to serial

21
adapter with 3.3V logic, along with a serial terminal program. The Arduino and the Arduino
IDE’s serial monitor can be used for this purpose by connecting the ESP8266 module to the
Arduino and uploading a custom sketch to the Arduino.

A couple of features of this circuit stand out immediately

The ESP8266 module is powered by a 3.3V regulated power supply. As mentioned
earlier, the ESP8266 has a maximum voltage input rating of 3.3 volts, and using a power
supply with a higher voltage could damage the module. When connecting the ESP8266 to the
power supply, make sure to connect the Vcc and Ground pins to the power supply lines, as
well as the ground line of the power supply to the Arduino’s ground pin. Since the Arduino is
powered via the USB connection to the laptop, establishing a common ground creates a
shared reference, which helps to compare voltages and accurately interpret digital high and
low signals.

Second, the receive (RX) line of the ESP8266 module is connected to the output of a
resistor voltage-divider circuit to shift the serial communication logic level. This adjustment
changes the logic high of of 5 volts from the Arduino to a logic high of 3.3 volts for the
ESP8266 module. Since the ESP8266 operates at 3.3V logic, directly connecting it receive
line to the Arduino’s transmit line can cause damage. No level shifting is required for the
ESP8266’s transmit line, as its 3.3V logic high is sufficient to register as a logic high on the
Arduino.

Finally, there are two pull-up resistors on the ESP8266’s CH_PD and RESET pins.
These are specified by the module’s creators to ensure that the device functions properly
while it is being used. To reset the ESP8266 or disable it, these pins must be pulled down.
However, to prevent unintended resets or disablement, these pins are pulled high using 10kΩ
pull-up resistors.

3.7 BUZZER
There are many ways to communicate between the user and a product. One of the
best ways is audio communication using a buzzer IC. So, during the design process,
understanding some technologies with configurations is very helpful. So, this article
discusses an overview of an audio signalling device like a beeper or a buzzer and its working
with applications.
An audio signalling device like a beeper or buzzer may be electromechanical or
piezoelectric or mechanical type. The main function of this is to convert the signal from audio

22
to sound. Generally, it is powered through DC voltage and used in timers, alarm devices,
printers, alarms, computers, etc. Based on the various designs, it can generate different
sounds like alarm, music, bell & siren.

Fig 3.7 Buzzer

The pin configuration of the buzzer is shown below. It includes two pins namely
positive and negative. The positive terminal of this is represented with the ‘+’ symbol or a
longer terminal. This terminal is powered through 6Volts whereas the negative terminal is
represented with the ‘- ‘symbol or short terminal and it is connected to the GND terminal.
Electromechanical
This buzzer was launched in the year 1831 by an American Scientist namely Joseph
Henry but, this was used in doorbells until they were eliminated in 1930 in support of musical
bells, which had a smooth tone.
Piezoelectric
These buzzers were invented by manufacturers of Japanese & fixed into a broad
range of devices during the period of 1970s – 1980s. So, this development primarily came
due to cooperative efforts through the manufacturing companies of Japanese. In the year 1951,
they recognized the Application Research Committee of Barium Titanate that allows the
corporations to be cooperative competitively & bring about numerous piezoelectric creations.
Specifications
The specifications of the buzzer include the following.
 Colour is black
 The frequency range is 3,300Hz

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 Operating Temperature ranges from – 20° C to +60°C
 Operating voltage ranges from 3V to 24V DC
 The sound pressure level is 85dBA or 10cm
 The supply current is below 15mA
3.8 EXHAUST FANS
Exhaust fans are mechanical ventilation devices designed to expel stale air, excess
heat, moisture, and Odors from a space, replacing it with fresh air. They are essential for
maintaining a healthy and comfortable environment, preventing issues like mold growth,
poor air quality, and overheating. Available in various sizes and designs, exhaust fans serve
residential, commercial, and industrial purposes.
In homes, exhaust fans are widely used in kitchens to remove smoke and cooking
Odors, as well as in bathrooms to eliminate moisture and prevent mold. Ceiling-mounted or
wall-mounted models are common, providing efficient ventilation in confined spaces.
Window exhaust fans are versatile, functioning as both exhaust and intake fans to ensure
adequate airflow in living spaces.
Industrially, exhaust fans play a critical role in maintaining air quality in factories,
workshops, and warehouses by removing dust, fumes, and heat. They are also integral to
electronics, cooling heat-generating components like CPUs and microcontrollers, ensuring
stable operation in devices and systems. For agricultural applications, exhaust fans regulate
temperature and humidity in greenhouses and livestock enclosures, fostering optimal
conditions for growth and productivity.

Fig 3.8 Exhaust Fan

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 The advantages of exhaust fans are numerous. They improve air quality by
expelling pollutants and allergens, regulate temperature to enhance comfort, and prevent
moisture buildup that can lead to structural damage or health risks. Additionally, exhaust fans
are energy-efficient, reducing the reliance on costly cooling systems like air conditioners.
Their quiet operation and customizable designs make them a valuable addition to any space.
Choosing the right exhaust fan depends on factors such as the size of the space,
airflow requirements, and installation type. By selecting a fan tailored to specific needs, users
can ensure efficient ventilation, making exhaust fans a vital component of modern living and
working environments.

25
 CHAPTER 4
WORKING PRINCIPLE

Fig 4.1 Block diagram

The IoT-enabled shipping container system is designed to monitor environmental

conditions, ensure safety, and provide real-time location tracking during transit. The entire
system operates around a NodeMCU microcontroller, which serves as the core processing
unit. This microcontroller interfaces with multiple sensors, output devices, and
communication modules to ensure seamless functioning.

The system begins with a power supply that ensures uninterrupted power for all the
connected components. This is crucial for real-time monitoring and tracking, as any failure in
power supply could compromise the data collection and communication processes. The
NodeMCU microcontroller, known for its built-in Wi-Fi capability, acts as the central unit,
gathering data from various sensors and processing it for decision-making and IoT
communication.

To monitor the environment inside the container, the system incorporates several
sensors. The gas sensor detects the presence of harmful gases, ensuring the safety of goods
and personnel by identifying potential hazards like chemical leaks or fire risks. The light

26
sensor plays a security role, detecting unauthorized access by sensing light intrusion, which
could indicate tampering or opening of the container. The DHT11 sensor measures
temperature and humidity levels, providing essential data to monitor and maintain the optimal
environmental conditions required for the safe transportation of goods such as perishable
items or sensitive equipment.

The output devices in the system include an LCD display, a buzzer, and exhaust fans.
The LCD display provides real-time readings of temperature, humidity, and gas levels,
offering on-site visibility of the container's condition. In case of critical situations, such as the
detection of harmful gases or unauthorized access, the buzzer is activated to alert nearby
personnel. Additionally, the system uses exhaust fans to regulate air quality and maintain a
stable internal temperature whenever the environmental conditions exceed safe thresholds.

A significant feature of the system is the GPS module, which provides real-time
location tracking of the shipping container. This module communicates with the NodeMCU
to send geolocation data to the cloud. This ensures that stakeholders can monitor the
container's position and movement throughout the transit process, enabling better logistics
management and reducing the risk of theft or loss.

The integration of IoT capabilities allows the system to transmit data to a cloud server using
the NodeMCU's built-in Wi-Fi module. The collected data, including environmental
parameters and location information, is uploaded to the cloud and can be accessed remotely
through a web interface or mobile application. This remote accessibility provides
stakeholders with real-time insights into the container's conditions and location, enhancing
transparency and decision-making.

Moreover, the system is designed to trigger alerts and notifications in case of any anomalies.
For instance, if the gas levels exceed safe limits, if the temperature or humidity goes beyond
acceptable ranges, or if the container deviates from its predefined route, the system promptly
notifies the concerned authorities. These alerts enable quick corrective actions, preventing
potential damage to the goods and ensuring safe and secure transportation.

27
 CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 ARDUINO SOFTWARE

Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform that combines easy-to-use hardware
and software. Arduino boards can read inputs such as light on a sensor, a finger on a button,
or a Twitter message and convert them into outputs, like activating a motor, turning on an
LED, or publishing content online. Instructions for the board are written in the Arduino
programming language (based on Wiring) and uploaded via the Arduino Software (IDE),
based on Processing. Over the years, Arduino has powered thousands of projects, ranging
from everyday objects to advanced scientific instruments. It has built a global community of
makers, including students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals, who have
contributed to a vast pool of knowledge that benefits both beginners and experts. Arduino
originated at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as a simple tool for rapid prototyping,
designed for students with no background in electronics or programming. As it gained
popularity, the Arduino board evolved to meet new needs, expanding from basic 8-bit boards
to solutions for IoT, wearables, 3D printing, and embedded systems. All Arduino boards are
open-source, allowing users to build and adapt them to their specific needs. The software is
also open-source and continues to grow through contributions from the global community.

Why Arduino?
Thanks to its simple and accessible user experience, Arduino has been used in thousands
of different projects and applications. The Arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet
flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Teachers and
students use it to build low-cost scientific instruments, to prove chemistry and physics
principles, or to get started with programming and robotics. Designers and architects build
interactive prototypes, musicians and artists use it for installations and to experiment with
new musical instruments. Makers, of course, use it to build many of the projects exhibited at
the Maker Faire, for example. Arduino is a key tool to learn new things. Anyone - children,
hobbyists, artists, programmers - can start tinkering just following the step-by-step
instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas online with other members of the Arduino community.
There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for physical
computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Net media's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handy board, and

28
many others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of
microcontroller programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also
simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for
teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other systems:

● Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other

microcontroller platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be
assembled by hand, and even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than$50.

● Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and
Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
● Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for
beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For
teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so students
learning to program in that environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.

● Open-source and extensible software – The Arduino software is released as open-source

tools, allowing experienced programmers to extend its functionality. The language can be
expanded using Python libraries, and those who wish to explore the technical details can
transition from Arduino to the AVR C programming language, which forms its foundation.
Additionally, it’s possible to integrate AVR-C code directly into Arduino programs if
desired.

● Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards are published
under a Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own
version

● Of the module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can
build the breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it works and save
money.

How to download the Arduino Software (Ide):

The latest version can be downloaded from the official page, where both Installer
(.exe) and Zip packages are available. The Installer is recommended as it automatically sets
up everything needed to use the Arduino Software (IDE), including the necessary drivers. On
the other hand, the Zip package requires manual installation of the drivers.

29
 Once the download is complete, proceed with the installation and make sure to allow
the driver installation process when prompted by the operating system.

Installation:
This section provides simple steps to set up the Arduino IDE on a computer and prepare the
board to receive programs through a USB cable.

Step 1 − Ensure that the Arduino board is ready (choose the preferred model) along
with a USB cable. For models like Arduino UNO, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, Arduino
Mega 2560, or Diecimila, a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug) is required, similar to the
one used for connecting a USB printer, as shown in the image below.

Fig 5.1.1 USB Cable

For an Arduino Nano, an A to Mini-B USB cable is required instead, as shown in the image
below.

Step 2 − Download Arduino IDE Software.

Different versions of the Arduino IDE are available for download on the official
Arduino website. Select the version compatible with the operating system (Windows, macOS,
or Linux). Once the download is complete, unzip the file.

Step 3 − Power up the board.

The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove, and Arduino Nano automatically draw power
from either the USB connection to the computer or an external power supply. For the Arduino
Diecimila, it is necessary to ensure that the board is configured to draw power from the USB
connection. The power source is selected using a jumper, a small piece of plastic that fits onto
two of the three pins between the USB and power jacks. Verify that the jumper is placed on
the two pins closest to the USB port.

Connect the Arduino board to the computer using the USB cable. The green power
LED (labeled PWR) should light up.

30
Step 4 − Launch Arduino IDE.
After downloading the Arduino IDE software, unzip the folder. Inside the folder, the
application icon with an infinity label (application.exe) can be found. Double-click the icon
to start the IDE.

Step 5 − Open first project.

Once the software starts, two options are available:
● Open an existing project example.
To create a new project, select File → New.

To open an existing project example, select File → Example → Basics → Blink.

31
One example, named Blink, is selected here. It toggles the LED on and off with a time delay.
Any other example from the list can also be chosen.

Step 6 − Select Arduino board.

To avoid errors while uploading a program to the board, select the correct Arduino
board name that matches the board connected to the computer. Navigate to Tools → Board
and choose the appropriate board. The Arduino Uno board is selected for this tutorial, but the
board name must match the one in use.

Step 7 − Select serial port.

Select the serial device of the Arduino board by navigating to the Tools → Serial Port
menu. This will likely be COM3 or higher, as COM1 and COM2 are typically reserved for
hardware serial ports. To identify the correct port, disconnect the Arduino board and reopen
the menu. The entry that disappears should correspond to the Arduino board. Reconnect the
board and select the appropriate serial port.

32
Step 8 − Upload the program to the board.
Before explaining how to upload a program to the board, it is important to demonstrate the
function of each symbol in the Arduino IDE toolbar.

A − Used to check if there is any compilation error.

B − Used to upload a program to the Arduino board.
C − Shortcut used to create a new sketch.
D − Used to directly open one of the example sketches.
E − Used to save the sketch.
F − Serial monitor used to receive serial data from the board and send the serial data to the
board.

Simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds, and the RX
and TX LEDs on the board will begin flashing. If the upload is successful, the message
"Done uploading" will appear in the status bar.

33
 Note: For an Arduino Mini, NG, or other similar boards, the reset button on the board
must be pressed physically immediately before clicking the upload button in the Arduino
Software.

Connecting a Battery
For stand-alone operation, the board is powered by a battery instead of through the
USB connection to the computer. The external power can range from 6 to 24 V (for example,
a car battery could be used), with a standard 9 V battery being a convenient option. While it is
possible to attach the leads of a battery snap directly to the Vin and Gnd connections on the
board, it is preferable to solder the battery snap leads to a DC power plug and connect it to
the power jack on the board. A suitable plug is part number 28760 from www.jameco.com.

Fig 5.1.2: Arduino with battery

Disconnect the Arduino from the computer. Connect a 9 V battery to the Arduino
power jack using the battery snap adapter. Verify that the blinking program runs. This
confirms that the Arduino can be powered by a battery and that the downloaded program runs
without needing a connection to the host PC.

Connect the Arduino to the computer using the USB cable. The battery is not needed
at this time. The green PWR LED will light up. If a program was already burned into the
Arduino, it will run. Open the Arduino development environment. In Arduino terminology,
programs are referred to as "sketches," but they will be referred to as programs here. In the
editing window that comes up, enter the following program, paying attention to where semi-
colons appear at the end of command lines.

34
void setup ()
{
Serial. Begin (9600);
Serial. println("Hello World");
}
void loop () {}

35
 CHAPTER 6
RESULTS
SHIPPING CONTAINER WITH ENVIRONMENTAL SURVELLIANCE AND
LOCATION TRACKING

 The shipping container with environmental surveillance and location tracking system
consists of various components as shown in the figure.

36
 The above figure shows how shipping container with environmental surveillance and
location tracking system works when power supply of 5 volts is given.

 Input is given to the Arduino through a connecting cable, then the Arduino turns on
indicating a glowing light, along with the Arduino the liquid crystal display turns on and
displays a template which shows the current humidity, temperature, gas and light sensor
values.

 If any of the conditions exceeds the preset thresholds (Humidity-85, Temperature-40) or

if the system detects any harmful gases, it displays high humidity, high gas on LCD and
it automatically turns on the exhausted fan to reduce the temperature or humidity.

37
 The system sends the SMS notification to the customer about the changes in the
environmental conditions.

 Along with the environmental monitoring the system also tracks the location of the
container and sends the SMS to the customer.

38
 CHAPTER 7

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages:
1. Real-time tracking of cargo location and condition.
2. Enhanced security with alerts for unauthorized access or tampering.
3. Optimized logistics leading to reduced delays and improved efficiency.
4. Cost savings through the prevention of spoilage and damage.
5. Increased customer satisfaction with reliable and transparent deliveries.
6. Predictive maintenance reduces downtime and prolongs container life.

Disadvantages:
1. Data security risks and vulnerability to cyberattacks.
2. Connectivity issues in remote locations or during long sea voyages.
3. Battery life limitations for IoT sensors during extended shipments.

39
 CHAPTER 8
APPLICATIONS

1. Enhanced Visibility and Tracking

 Real-Time Location Updates: GPS integration enables precise tracking of container

movements, ensuring transparency and minimizing losses.
 Route Optimization: Helps in selecting efficient routes, reducing delays and fuel
consumption.

2. Environmental Condition Monitoring

 Preservation of Goods: Tracks temperature, humidity, and other conditions to

maintain the quality of perishable or sensitive items like food, pharmaceuticals, and
chemicals.
 Damage Prevention: Alerts for abnormal conditions (e.g., extreme temperatures,
vibrations) to mitigate risks during transit.

3. Secure and Tamper-Proof Transportation

 Tampering Alerts: Notifies stakeholders of unauthorized container access or

breaches.
 Asset Protection: Monitors valuable or sensitive goods, enhancing security and
minimizing theft.

4. Optimized Cold Chain Logistics

 Refrigerated Shipments: Ensures constant monitoring of cooling systems for items

requiring strict temperature control.
 Spoilage Alerts: Prevents losses by notifying supply chain managers of fluctuations
in environmental conditions.

5. Compliance and Reporting

 Regulatory Requirements: Automates data collection to meet safety and

environmental regulations for shipping hazardous materials.
 Auditable Logs: Stores environmental and location data in cloud systems for
compliance verification and reporting.

40
6. Disaster Management and Relief Operations

 Efficient Aid Delivery: Tracks containers carrying emergency supplies to ensure

timely distribution.
 Condition Monitoring: Guarantees the integrity of critical supplies, like vaccines or
food, in disaster zones.

7. Smart Logistics and Automation

 Port and Warehouse Integration: Facilitates automated identification and

management of containers in ports and warehouses.
 Data-Driven Decisions: Leverages analytics from IoT data to improve inventory
management and streamline supply chains.

8. Sustainability and Green Shipping

 Reduced Carbon Footprint: Promotes fuel-efficient logistics and route planning to

cut emissions.
 Eco-Friendly Monitoring: Tracks and reports environmental impact metrics,
supporting green initiatives.

9. Specialized Use Cases

 Livestock Transport: Monitors conditions like ventilation and temperature to ensure

animal welfare.
 Defense and Military: Secures shipments of sensitive equipment and supplies with
tamper detection and real-time tracking.

10. Customer-Centric Applications

 Improved Satisfaction: Offers real-time tracking and condition reports to customers,

boosting trust in delivery services.
 On-Time Deliveries: Enhances last-mile logistics with precise tracking and alerts for
delivery schedules.

41
 CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Conclusion
The concept of environmental monitoring using IoT was proposed in this project to
monitor the city and assess the potential damages that may impact people's way of life. An
IoT-based system was implemented as a proof of concept. The system successfully
demonstrated the ability to access data without relying on an embedded system. However,
there are some limitations to this approach. The system currently detects issues 90% of the
time, and ensuring accurate detection remains a challenge. Future improvements may focus
on exploring enhanced methodologies to reduce the likelihood of missed breaches.

Future scope

1. AI and Predictive Analytics: Advanced AI algorithms will optimize routes, predict

delays, and proactively manage environmental conditions within containers.

2. Blockchain Integration: Combining IoT with blockchain technology will enhance

supply chain transparency, providing secure, immutable records and reducing fraud.

3. 5G Connectivity: The adoption of 5G networks will ensure faster, more reliable

communication for real-time tracking and monitoring, even in remote areas.

4. Energy-efficient IoT Devices: Future IoT sensors may be powered by solar energy or
energy-harvesting technology, increasing battery life and reliability for long journeys.

5. Sustainability and Green Logistics: IoT-enabled containers will reduce the carbon
footprint by optimizing routes, cutting fuel consumption, and minimizing waste in the
supply chain.

42
 REFERENCES
[1] B.S Rao, D. K. S Rao and M.N Ome, “Internet of Things (IOT) Based Weather
Monitoring system,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and
Communication Engineering, vol. 5, pp.312-319, September 2016.

[2] Prof. C. H. Chavan, Mr. V. Karande \"Wireless Monitoring of Soil Moisture, Temperature
and Humidity utilizing Zigbee in Agriculture\", International Journal of Building Trends and
Technology (IJETT)- Volume 11 Number 10 – May 2014.

[3] M. Rahaman Laskar, R. Bhattacharjee, M. Sau Giri and P. Bhattacharya, \"Climate

Forecasting utilizing Arduino Based Cube-Sat\", Twelfth International Multiconference on
Information Processing (IMCIP) – 2016.

[4] Chapaloglou, S., Kalogeras, A. P., & Stamou, A. (2020). "IoT-enabled environmental
monitoring systems for smart cities: Technologies, challenges, and future directions." Sensors,
20(24), 7231.

[5] https://in.search.yahoo.com/search?fr=mcafee&type=E211IN826G0&p=dht11+sensor

[6] https://in.search.yahoo.com/search?fr=mcafee&type=E211IN826G0&p=gps+module

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