Grade 12 Advanced Functions

Unit 0: Gr. 11 Review

Lesson Learning Goals & Success Criteria CW & HW
0.1 Course Introduction + Functions -Form Signed
We are learning to... for Tomorrow
 get to know our math teacher and our classmates CP: Pg 9-10
 test for functions graphically and by analyzing their equations
 find the inverse of a function algebraically, graphically and numerically

I am able to…
 name my teacher and a few classmates
 classify a relation as a function or non-function from looking at its graph,
equation or table of values
 state the domain and range of a function given graphically or algebraically
 find the inverse of a function given algebraically, graphically or as a set of
ordered pairs

0.2 Transformations CP: pg 13

We are reviewing to...
 identify the graph of basic functions
 make graphs of a variety of different functions that have been transformed
 use mapping notation to encode a variety of transformations performed on
any function

I am able to…
 analyze the graph of a transformed function to identify the transformations
applied and state such using either function notation or appropriate
mathematical language

0.3 Factoring Cp: Pg 16

We are learning to…
 review the 6 factoring techniques from the gr. 10 Ac program (common
factoring, common factoring by grouping, simple trinomial factoring,
decomposition, difference of squares and perfect square trinomial
factoring)
 Express domain and range using different types of notation
I am able to…
 name and use the factoring techniques
 state domain and range using different types of notation

0.4 Set builder notation, Number line and Interval notation Cp: Pg 21-22

We are learning to…

 understand how to use the number line
 how to use inequality symbols such as: <, ≤, >, and ≥
 how to use interval notations

I am able to…
 to write the solution for an inequality using interval notation
 to graph an interval on the number line
 how to write an interval using set-builder notation

Page | 2
 Functions: Characteristics and Properties

Definitions:

Relation – a relationship between two (or more) things; typically represented by an

ordered pair

Function – a relation in which every x-value (input) has only one y-value (output)

Domain – set of input-values

Range – set of output-values

Ex #1: Determine whether each relation is a function.

(a) (b)
x y x y
2 4 1 5
5 0 2 6
8 5 3 7
10 4 9 8

(c) { (0,-5), (0,4), (2, 6), (3,7)} (d) { (1,-6), (2,6), (6, -6), (3,7)}

Vertical Line Test

f is a function if a vertical line can pass through the graph of y  f  x  at most once.
Alternately, if a vertical line passes through the graph of y  f  x  two or more times, then f
is not a function; f is only a relation.

5
4
3
2
1

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

Page | 3
 Graph of Parent (basic) Functions
1. Linear f( x)  x
x f(x) Domain_______________
-3
Range_________________
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

2. Quadratic f( x)  x2
x f(x) Domain_______________
-3
Range_________________
-2
-1 Optimal Value__________
0
1
2
3

3. Cubic f( x)  x3
x f(x)
-3 Domain_______________
-2
-1 Range_________________
0 Symmetry______________
1
2
3

4. Root f( x)  x
x f(x)
Domain_______________
0
1 Range_________________
4
9
Page | 4
 1
5. Reciprocal f( x) 
x
x f(x) x f(x)
-3 3 Domain_______________
-2 2 Range_________________
-1 1
1 1
 An asymptote is a line that a
2 2
1 1 graph gets closer and closer
 to, but never actually touches.
3 3
This graph has two
asymptotes. What are they?
_______________________
Symmetry________________

6. Absolute Value f(x) = x

The absolute value sign, , means to take the value of the number and drop the negative signs. For example, the
absolute value of –5 which is written as 5 is 5.

x f(x) Domain_______________
-3
-2 Range_________________
-1 Optimal Value__________
0
Domain over which function is
1 decreasing____________
2
3 Domain over which function is
increasing____________

Symmetry______________

7. Exponential f( x)  2x
x f(x) Domain_______________
-3
-2
Range_________________
-1 Y-intercept______________
0
This graph has one asymptote.
1
What is it?____________
2
Increasing/decreasing?
3
___________

Page | 5
8. Sinusoidal f( x)  sin( x)

x f(x) Domain________________
-360
Range__________________
-270
-180 y-intercept_______________
-90
x-intercept_______________
0
90 Symmetry________________
180
270
360

Ex #2:
State the domain and range of each function.
(a) y = –2(x – 5)2 + 3

D  _____________________
R  _____________________

(b) f ( x)  3 2 x  1  2

D  _____________________
R  _____________________

3
(c) f ( x) 
2
x 1
D  _____________________
R  _____________________

Page | 6
 Inverse function
Definition:
A function is said to be invertible if the inverse of the function is also a function. Some functions
ARE NOT invertible! The symbol ƒ−1(x) is used for the inverse function and is pronounced, “ƒ
inverse of x”
One-to-one Function ( 1:1)
A function is one-to-one if its inverse is also a function. So, if a function is “invertible” then it
must also be “one-to-one”.
One-to-one means that for each x there is exactly one y value and for each y value, there is
exactly one x value.
One-to-one functions will pass the Horizontal Line test.
Horizontal Line Test
A horizontal line can pass through the graph of a one-to-one function y  f  x  at most once.

Ex#3:. Which of the following functions is a one-to-one function?

a) b) c)

Page | 7
 How to find the inverse function?

 To find the inverse, switch the x and y variables, and then rearrange for y
 Switch the domain and the range
 Graphically it is the reflection in the line y = x

Ex #4:
Find the inverse function of the following functions:
2x 1
a) f  x    b) g  x   2 x  1
3x  2
.

c) k  x   2  x  3  1 d) h  x   2 x 2  4 x  5
2

Page | 8
Practice
1. For each of the following:
(a) State the domain and range
(b) Draw the inverse (on the same grid) using colored pen or pencil
(c) State the domain and range of the inverse

i) ii)
y

–4 –2 2 4 x

–2

–4

2. Given the two functions f   2, 4  ,  3,1 ,  5, 0  ,  6, 2  ,  1,8  and g  x    x  1 1 determine:

a) f 1  4  b) g 1  x  c) f 1  g 1  0  

3. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥), what are the value(s) of 𝑔(1)?

4. Given f ( x)  -k (4  2 x) , determine the value of k if f 1 (2)  5 .

5. Given the diagram below, graph 2 f 1 ( x  1) on the same set of axes;

f ( x)

Page | 9
6. Find the equation of the following functions.

a) y b) y

4
4

2
2

–4 –2 2 4 x
–4 –2 2 4 x
–2
–2

–4
–4

Equation: _____________________ Equation: _____________________

c) d)
y
y

4
4

2 2

x –4 –2 2 4 x
–2 2 4 6
–2
–2

–4
–4

Equation: _____________________ Equation: _____________________

Page | 10
 Transformations of Functions

y = a f( k (x – d)) + c

Ex#1:. For f(x)=x2, describe g(x) =- 2f(3x + 6) – 1

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Ex#2: Find the equation of the transformed function as described below.

The graph of y  g  x  has been reflected in the y-axis, vertically compress by a factor of one-
third, horizontally stretched by a factor of two, shifted left three units. What is the equation of
this transformed function?

Equation: _________________________

Page | 11
 Using Method of Mapping Notation to Graph Transformed Functions
How to use mapping notation to graph transformed functions.
1) Create a table of values with original key points of base function
2) Create a table of values with NEW transformed coordinates
3) Plot original base functions and new functions
 1 
 x, y  
 x  d , ay  c 
k 

 x, y  1 
 x  d , ay  c 
k 

Ex #3 If f  x   x 2 graph g  x   3 f  2  x  1   1 using mapping rule.

 x, y 

Page | 12
Practice
1. Graph the following functions by using mapping notation.
a) f  x   3 2  x  1  4
 x, y  

 x, y 

b) g  x   3sin  3x  45   4
 x, y  

 x, y 

2. If the point (-10,-6) is on the graph y=f(-2(x+9))-7 , find the original point.

Page | 13
Factoring

You should be very comfortable with the following types of factoring:

 Common factoring
 Factoring trinomials
 Difference of squares
 Grouping
 Variable Replacement

You can use these skills to factor trickier expressions!

a) 27 x5 y 5  3x3 y 3

1 1
a  a  4   3a  a  4 
2 2
b)
3

c) x2  y 2  6 x  4 y  5

d) 100 y 2  4 x 2  4 x  1

Page | 14
e) 45x 2  210 xy  245 y 2

f) 2  20 x 2  18 x 4

g) 6  a  b   17  a  b   5
2

h) 3  x  y   2 x 2  2 xy
2

Page | 15
Practice
Factor fully.
Common Factor
a) 30x 5 + 9x 3 + 12x 2 - 6x 4 b) 12 10x +7  - 3x 10x +7 

Factor by Grouping
a) 5xy - 10x - 7y +14 b) x 5 + 4x 4 + 2x 3 + 8x2 - x - 4
Trinomials
a) 2x 2 +15x +7 b) 10x 2 + x - 3
c) x 2 - 8x +15 d) x 2 +7xy + 12y 2
Difference of Squares
a) 9x2 - 16 b) 100x 6 - 49y 8
Variable Replacement*
a)  2x + 1  + 4  2x + 1  - 12 b) 6  x - 5  + 11  x - 5  + 3
2 2

c) x 10 - 7x 5 + 10 d) 3x -4 + 31x -2 + 10
e) 25  x + 3  - 36 f) 100 -  2x + 1 
2 2

Grouping( Trinomials)
a) x2 + 6x +9- y 2 b) 25 + 4x 2 - 9x 4 + 20x
Common Factoring with Brackets
a) 3  x - 3  + 5x  x - 3 
5 4

b) 15x 4  2x + 5  + 18x 5  2x + 5 
3 2

 2x + 5   3x - 1  +  2x + 5   3x - 1 
7 4 6 5
c)
3  3x - 1   x + 3  + 12  3x - 1   x + 3 
4 2 3 3
d)
4  2x + 1  + 5  2x + 1 
-3 -4
e)
5x 2  3 - 2x  - 10x  3 - 2x 
-5 -4
f)

Page | 16
 Set Builder, Real Number Line and Interval Notation

A set is a collection of unique elements.

Methods of Describing Sets:

Sets may be described in many ways: by roster, by set-builder notation, by interval notation, by
graphing on a number line, and/or by Venn diagrams.

By roster: A roster is a list of the elements in a set, separated by commas and surrounded by French
curly braces.

2,3, 4,5, 6 is a roster for the set of integers from 2 to 6, inclusive.

is a roster for the set of positive integers. The three dots indicate that the
1, 2,3, 4,  numbers continue in the same pattern indefinitely.
(Those three dots are called an ellipsis.)

By set-builder notation: Set-builder notation is mathematical shorthand for precisely stating all
numbers of a specific set that possess a specific property.

= real numbers; = integer numbers; = natural numbers.

is set-builder notation for the set of integers from 2 to 6,

inclusive. = "is an element of"
x  | 2  x  6 Z = the set of integers
| = the words "such that"
The statement is read, "all x that are elements of the set of integers,
such that, x is between 2 and 6 inclusive."
The statement is read, "all x that are elements of the set of integers,
x  | x  0 such that, the x values are greater than 0, positive."
(The positive integers can also be indicated as the set Z+.)
It is also possible to use a colon ( : ), instead of the | , to represent the words "such that".
 x  | 2  x  6 is the same as  x  : 2  x  6

By the Real Number Line: It is standard to agree on the following conventions: To include an endpoint,
we "bubble it in." To exclude an endpoint, we use an "empty bubble". Here is the set of all real numbers
greater than -2 and less than or equal to

That is  x  | 2  x  5 or simply  2  x  5 .

Page | 17
Ex #1: Graph the following intervals on a number line. Express each of the following graphs using set
builder notation .
Number Line Set builder

By interval notation: An interval is a connected subset of numbers. Interval notation is an alternative to

expressing your answer as an inequality. Unless specified otherwise, we will be working with real numbers.

When using interval notation, the symbol:

[ means "included" or "closed".

( means "not included" or "open".

Ex#2. The chart below will show you all of the possible ways of utilizing interval notation.

Interval Notation: (description) Example Interval Notation

Open Interval: (a, b) is interpreted as a < x < b where (1,5)

the endpoints are NOT included.

Closed Interval: [a, b] is interpreted as

a < x < b where the endpoints are included.

Half-Open Interval: (a, b] is interpreted as

a < x < b where a is not included, but b is included.

Half-Open Interval: [a, b) is interpreted as

a < x < b where a is included, but b is not included.

Non-ending Interval:  a,   is interpreted as

x > a where a is not included and infinity is always
expressed as being "open" (not included).

Non-ending Interval:  ,b is interpreted as

x < b where b is included and again, infinity is always
expressed as being "open" (not included).

Page | 18
For some intervals it is necessary to use combinations of interval notations to achieve the desired set of
numbers.
As an inequality: x  3 or x  4
In interval notation:
 , 3   4,  
Notice that the word "or" has been replaced with the symbol
"U", which stands for "union".

The following statements and symbols ALL represent the same interval:
WORDS: SYMBOLS:
"all numbers between positive one and positive five,
including the one and the five."
1 x  5

"x is less than or equal to 5 and greater than or equal to 1" x  |1  x  5

"x is between 1 and 5, inclusive" [1,5]

Ex#3. Complete the table:

# Set Builder Interval Notation Number Line
1. x  | x  3 or x  3

2.  4,0   1,  
3.

4. x  | 5  x  4

5.  , 2   2,  
6.

7. x  | x  3 or  2  x  3

8.  , 4   2,  

9.

10. x  | x  3 or  1  x  4

Page | 19
Ex.#4 Determine the domain and range of the following relations using number line and
interval notation.
a)

Domain________________________
Range__________________________

b)

Domain________________________
Range__________________________

Page | 20
Practice
1. State the Domain and Range in Interval Notation. State if the graph is function or not.

Page | 21
2. Complete the table:

# Graph Set-Builder Interval

x  2
1.
–6 –3 0 3 6
x4
2.
–6 –3 0 3 6
x0
3.
–6 –3 0 3 6
x  6 or x  3
4.
–6 –3 0 3 6
x  0 or x  3
5.
–6 –3 0 3 6
2 x5
6.
–6 –3 0 3 6
7  x  0 or x  4
7.
–6 –3 0 3 6

8.
–6 –3 0 3 6

9.
–6 –3 0 3 6

10.
–6 –3 0 3 6

11.
–6 –3 0 3 6

Page | 22
 Unit 1:
Polynomial
Functions

pg. 1
 Unit 1: Polynomial Functions
1.1 Power Functions

POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS
A polynomial expression is one or more terms where each term is the product of a constant and a
variable raised to a non-negative integral exponent only.
Example 1: Which of the following is a polynomial expression? Explain.

Yes/No Reason
5x

2x -3 +3 x - 4

t2 + 3.5t

3xy+ 4x2

1 5
x - 3x 2 -x + 1
2

POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

A polynomial function is a function defined by a polynomial in one variable written in the form
f  x  = an x n +an-1 x n-1 +...+a1 x +a0 .
To be a polynomial function, the following conditions must be met:
1. an ≠ 0 (This means the lead coefficient cannot equal zero) if n is the highest term
2. The coefficients (an , an−1 ,...a0 ) are all real numbers
3. The exponents are all whole numbers
 The degree of a polynomial in one variable x is the highest power of x.
 The leading coefficient of a polynomial function is the constant belonging to the power with
the highest exponent.
 The domain of a polynomial function is all real numbers.
 There are n+1 terms in a polynomial function of degree n.

Types of Polynomial Functions

Type Degree Standard Form Example

a,b,c,d,e are Real numbers
Constant 0 f(x) = a
Linear 1 f(x) = ax+b , a≠0
Quadratic 2 2
f(x) = ax +bx+c , a≠0
Cubic 3 f(x) = ax3+bx2+cx+d , a≠0
Quartic 4 f(x) = ax4+bx3+cx2+dx+e , a≠0
Quintic 5 f(x) = ax5+bx4+cx3+dx2+ex+f , a≠0

pg. 2
Example 2: Complete the table below:

Type Degree Leading Coefficient

f(x) = 10+ 7x

f ( x ) = 3.7 x 4 - 2x 2 + 7.4

g(x) = 2.5

1
g  x  = - x2 + 2
2
s(t) =t -3t
3

f(x) = x(x+1)(x-2)

h(x) = x(2x+1)2(2-x)3

Example 3: Explain why each of the following are not polynomial functions.
a) h(x) = 3x 2 + 2x - 5x -1

1
b) f(x) =
x

c) g(x) = 2 x

POWER FUNCTIONS

A power function is a polynomial of the form f(x) = axn, where n is a whole number.
Power functions have similar characteristics depending on whether their degree is even or odd.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

pg. 3
Function Degree Graph Sign of End behavior
Leading
coefficient
1
y= x
3 As x   , y  ______
As x   , y  ______

y = -2x 3 As x   , y  ______
As x   , y  ______

y = -x2 As x   , y  ______
As x   , y  ______

y= x4 As x   , y  ______
As x   , y  ______

pg. 4
Summary
If a polynomial function has an odd degree If a polynomial function has an odd degree
and its lead coefficient is positive, then, and its lead coefficient is negative,
the function extends from the ______ then, the function extends from the ____
quadrant to the ______ quadrant.
quadrant to the ______ quadrant.
Therefore:
Therefore:
as x  , ____________ 
as x  , ____________
as x  , ____________ .
as x  , ____________ .

If a polynomial function has an even degree If a polynomial function has an even

and its lead coefficient is positive, then, degree and its lead coefficient is
the function extends from the ______ negative, then, the function extends from
quadrant to the ______ quadrant.
the ____ quadrant to the ______ quadrant.
Therefore:
Therefore:
as x  , ____________ 
as x  , ____________
as x  , ____________ .
as x  , ____________ .

pg. 5
Polynomial Identities
An equation shows that two mathematical expressions are equal.
2x - 5 = 6x - 1
It can be solved to give the roots or solutions of the equation. An identity is an equation that is
true for all values of x.
If an equation is an identity, the symbol "  " in the equation can be replaced by "  " which means “is
identical to”.
For example:  x +1   x 3 +3x 2 +3x +1 is an identity since the equation is satisfied for all values of
3

x.

 
Ex#1.Given that x 3 - 2x 2 +4x +3   x - 1  x 2 - x +a + b , find the value of a and b.

Ex#2. Given that 15 x 3 +Cx 2 - x +2   3 x +1  Ax +B  x - 1  , find the values of A,B and C.

Ex#3.Given 2x 2 + x +C  A  x +1  +B  x - 1  +4 for all values of x, find the values of A,B and C.

2

pg. 6
 Exit Card!
Complete the chart below.

Function Type degree leading End behavior

coefficient

y = x 2 - 2x As x   , y  ______
As x   , y  ______

y = -  x - 1 1- x 
2 As x   , y  ______
As x   , y  ______

y = -2 x 5 + 7 x 4 - 3 x 3 - 18 x 2 + 5 As x   , y  ______
As x   , y  ______

y = -  1- 2x   x +1
3 2 As x   , y  ______
As x   , y  ______

y = -3x 2  2 - x   2x - 1
3 2 As x   , y  ______
As x   , y  ______

pg. 7
 Warm Up

1. Which of the following relations are polynomial functions? For each polynomial function name
the type of polynomial, its degree, the leading coefficient and end behaviour. If a relation is not a
polynomial function, provide at least one reason why it is not.

a. y = 3x 5 - 2x +17 b. y = 3x4 + 5x

Type of polynomial: ________ Reason:

Degree : ________
Leading coefficient:________
x  , y 
x  , y 
1 d. y = (x - 2)2 (4 - 2x)(x + 5)
c. y = - x(x - 4)2 (x + 4)2
2
Type of polynomial: ________ Type of polynomial: ________
Degree : ________ Degree : ________
Leading coefficient:________ Leading coefficient:________
x  , y  x  , y 
x  , y  x  , y 
e. y=4 y =  -  x - 4   +1
3
f.
Type of polynomial: ________ Type of polynomial: ________
Degree : ________ Degree : ________
Leading coefficient:________ Leading coefficient:________
x  , y  x  , y 
x  , y  x  , y 

2. From the graphs given, select all graphs that represent power functions of the form y=axn.

a) b) c) d)

pg. 8
 1.2 Characteristics of Polynomial Functions (Part 1)
INVESTIGATING FINITE DIFFERENCES

A first difference or finite difference is the difference between consecutive y-coordinates for
evenly spaced integral x-coordinates. To calculate a first difference, subtract consecutive y-
values.
1. Complete the following table for the relation 2. Complete the following table for the relation
y = 2x + 1: y = 3x2 – 1 :

x f(x) ∆f(x) x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x)

-2 -2

-1 -1

0 0

1 1

2 2

Observations
Observations
How can you identify a linear relation? In general, function in the form
f(x)= ax2 + bx + c is a _______________.
In general, function in the form
y = mx + b, is a ______________. Its first differences form an arithmetic
sequence.
For a linear relation, all of the first differences
are ___________________. Its second differences are ____________.

The constant differences = ____× ____ The constant differences = ____× ___

3. Complete the following table for the relation y = 2x3 + 1 :

x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x) ∆3f(x)

-2
-1
0
1
2

Observations
In general, a function in the form f(x)= ax3 + bx2+cx + d is a _______________.
Its third differences are ____________.
How
Thecan you identify
constant a quadratic
differences = function?
____× ____
pg. 9
Summary and Extension:
1. If the first differences are equal:
 The function is a _____ degree function;
 The function is called a _______________;
 The constant differences = ____× ____
2. If the second differences are equal:
 The function is a _____ degree function;
 The function is called a _______________;
 The constant differences = ____× ____
3. If the third differences are equal:
 The function is a _____ degree function;
 The function is called a _______________;
 The constant differences = ____× ____

GENERAL RULE:
 Finite differences can be used to determine the degree of a polynomial function.
 For example, the fourth differences of a quartic function are constant.
 The constant finite differences have the same sign as the leading coefficient.
 The constant finite differences are equal to a[n x (n – 1) x … x 2 x 1]=an!
where a is the value of the leading coefficient. (The constant differences= an!)

Example 1:
The table of values represents a polynomial function.
x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x) ∆3f(x) ∆4f(x)
-2 -54
-1 -8
0 0
1 6
2 22
3 36
4 12
5 -110
Use finite differences to determine:

(a) The degree of the polynomial function. _________________

(b) The sign of the leading coefficient ____________________

(c) The value of the leading coefficient ____________________

pg. 10
Example 2: The points (1,-4), (2,0), (3,30), (4, 98) (5,216) (6,396) are on a function. Find the
equation of the function.

x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x) ∆3f(x) ∆4f(x)

1 -4
2 0
3 30
4 98
5 216
6 396

Method:
Step 1: Complete a table of values to determine the type of function and its general equation.
Step 2: Find the equations for consecutive values of y.
Step 3: Create a system of equations and solve for the variables ‘a’, ‘b’, and ‘c’.
Step 4: Write the equation.

pg. 11
Example 3: The points (1,0), (2,-2), (3,-2), (4, 0) (5,4) (6,10) are on a function. Find the
equation of the function.

x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x) ∆3f(x) ∆4f(x)

1
2
3
4
5
6

pg. 12
 Exit Card!

  
1. For the polynomial function f  x  = 9x 3 - 9x2 - 9x +9 x 2 - x +2 . State:
(a) the degree of the function:_________________

(b) the leading coefficient:________________________

(c) the value of the constant finite differences :__________________

2. A polynomial function has a constant fourth difference of -132. Determine

(a) the type of the function: _____________

(b) the degree of the function _____________

(c) the value of the leading coefficient: ______________

pg. 13
Practice

1. In each of the following, the points given lie on the graph of a polynomial f unction.
Determine the equation of the function using the algebraic method developed in class:

a) (1,4), (2,15), (3,30), (4,49), (5,72), (6,99)

b) (1, -34), (2,-42), (3,-38), (4,-16), (5,30), (6,106)

c) (1,12), (2,-10), (3,-18), (4,0), (5,56), (6,162)

d) (1,-2), (2,-4), (3,-6), (4,-8), (5,14), (6,108), (7,346)

2. The first three square pyramidal numbers are 1,5, and 14, as shown in the diagram. Find
the next three pyramidal numbers and determine the equation of a polynomial function that
gives the xth square pyramidal number.

pg. 14
 Warm-Up

Determine the equation of the function that has the following points on its curve:

(-2,-24), (-1, -7), (0, -2), (1, -3), (2, -4), (3, 1) .

x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x) ∆3f(x) ∆4f(x)

-2 -24
-1 -7
0 -2
1 -3
2 -4
3 1

pg. 15
 1.2 PROPERTIES OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS (Part 2)

ABSOLUTE (GLOBAL) MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES:

An absolute maximum is the highest y-value on the graph.
An absolute minimum is the lowest y-value on the graph.

RELATIVE (LOCAL) MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES:

A relative maximum is the greatest value of a function in its neighborhood.

A relative minimum is the least value of a function in its neighborhood.

Ex1. Graph of function f(x) is given .Identify global and local max/min values.

f  x Local max:_________________
Local min:_________________
Absolute max: ________________
Absolute min: ________________

INTERVALS OF INCREASE/DECREASE
pg. 16
Suppose S is an interval in the domain of f  x  ,so f  x  is defined for all x in S.
f  x  is increasing on S ,  f  a   f  b  for all a, b  S such that a  b
f  x  is decreasing on S  f  a   f  b  for all a, b  S such that a  b

FUNCTION GRAPH INTERVALS OF TYPE OF MAX OR

INCREASE/DECREASE MIN

Conclusion:
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

pg. 17
ZEROS OF A FUNCTION:
The zeros of a function are known by two other names: x-intercepts and roots.
A zero/x-intercept/root of a function is the value of the x-coordinate where the function cuts or
just touches the x-axis. The x-intercept is the value of the x-coordinate from the point (x, 0).
The Y-INTERCEPT is the value of the y-coordinate of the point where the graph crosses the y
axis. It is the value of y coordinate of the point (0, y).

x-intercepts :___________________
y-intercept :____________________

Investigation of the Properties of Polynomial Functions:

Using a graphing calculator or Desmos1, fill-in the following charts and draw appropriate conclusions:
a) Quadratic Functions:
Function Degree Number of zeroes/ Number of
x-intercepts/ roots Turning Points
(MAX or Min)
y  x2
y  x2  1
y  3x 2  4 x  1

Conclusions:
 Quadratic functions have a degree of _____.
 The maximum number of roots that a quadratic function can have is _____
 The least number of roots that a quadratic function can have is _____
 The maximum number of turning points (max.min) a quadratic function can have is _____

b) Cubic Functions:
Function Degree Number of zeroes/ Number of
x-intercepts/ roots Turning Points
(MAX or Min)
y  x3
y  x3  2 x 2  x  2
y  4 x 3  16 x 2  13 x  3

Conclusions:
 Cubic functions have a degree of _____.
 The maximum number of roots that a cubic function can have is _____
 The least number of roots that a cubic function can have is _____
 The maximum number of turning points (max/min) a cubic function can have is _____

pg. 18
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1) https://www.desmos.com/calculator/kxbhcq6bix
c) Quartic Functions:
Function Degree Number of zeroes/ Number of
x-intercepts/ roots Turning Points
(MAX or Min)
y  x4
y   x4  5
y  x 4  3x3  x 2  3x  2
y   x4  5x2  4

Conclusions:
 Quartic functions have a degree of _____.
 The maximum number of roots that a quartic function can have is _____
 The least number of roots that a quartic function can have is _____
 The maximum number of turning points a quartic function can have is _____

d) Quintic Functions:
Function Degree Number of zeroes/ Number of
x-intercepts/ roots Turning Points
(MAX or Min)
y  x5  7
y  2 x 5  7 x 4  3 x 3  18 x 2  5
y  5 x5  5 x 4  2 x3  4 x 2  3x

Conclusions:
 Quintic functions have a degree of _____.
 The maximum number of roots/x-intercepts that a quintic function can have is _____
 The least number of roots/x-intercepts that a quintic function can have is _____
 The maximum number of turning points a quintic function can have is _____

e) 6th Degree Functions:

Function Degree Number of zeroes/ Number of
x-intercepts/ roots Turning Points
(MAX or Min)
y  x6
y  2 x 6  12 x 4  18 x 2  x  5
y   x6  3

Conclusions:
 The maximum number of roots/x-intercepts that a 6th degree function can have is _____
 The least number of roots/x-intercepts that a 6th degree function can have is _____
 The maximum number of turning points a 6th degree function can have is _____

pg. 19
 Overall Conclusions

Number of Zeros:
The maximum number of zeros/x-intercepts that a polynomial function can have is the ________as its
_____________________.
The minimum number of zeros/x-intercepts that an odd degree polynomial can have is _______.
However, an even degree polynomial function can have ______ zeros/x-ints at all.

Turning Points:
The maximum number of turning points that a polynomial function can have is _________.
An even degree function must have at least ___________ turning point.
An odd degree function could have _________ turning points at all.

Complete the chart:

Type of Degree Maximum Minimum Maximum

Polynomial Number of zeros / Number of Zeros/ Number of
x-intercepts / x-intercepts/roots Turning Points
roots
Linear

Quadratic

Cubic

Quartic

Quintic

n If n is even:____
If n is odd:_____

pg. 20
 Exit Card!
Identify number of zeros/x-intercepts/roots, the sign of the leading coefficient and describe the end
behaviour. Using this information, decide if each function is cubic or quartic.

a) b)

# of zeros/x-int/roots: _____ # of zeros/x-int/roots: _____

Sign of Leading Coefficient: ______ Sign of Leading Coefficient: ______
End Behaviour: End Behaviour:

Type of function: Type of function:

c) d)

# of zeros/x-int/roots: _____ # of zeros/x-int/roots: _____

Sign of Leading Coefficient: ______ Sign of Leading Coefficient: ______
End Behaviour: End Behaviour:

Type of function: Type of function:

pg. 21
Practice:
Take a look at the following graphs and answer the questions.

a) b)

Domain: Domain:

Range: Range:

Number of roots: Number of roots:

Roots: Roots:

End Behaviour: End Behaviour:

Degree: Degree:

Intervals of positive: Intervals of positive:

Intervals of negative: Intervals of negative:

Intervals of increasing: Intervals of increasing:

Intervals of decreasing: Intervals of decreasing

pg. 22
 c) d)

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-2

-4

-6

-8

-10
Domain:
Domain:

Range:
Range:

Number of roots:
Number of roots:
Roots:
Roots:

End Behaviour:
End Behaviour:

Degree: Name: Degree: Name:

Intervals of positive: Intervals of positive:

Intervals of negative: Intervals of negative:

Intervals of increasing: Intervals of increasing:

Intervals of decreasing Intervals of decreasing

pg. 23
 Warm up

Part I. Multiple Choice

1. The least possible degree of the polynomial function represented by the

graph shown is

a) 2 c) 4
b) 3 d) 5

2. The least possible degree of the polynomial function represented by the

graph shown is

a) 3 c) 5
b) 4 d) 7

3. If y = f(x) is a quartic function with a constant difference of -48, then

the following statement is false:

a) the function starts in Q3 and ends in Q4

b) the sign of the leading coefficient is negative
c) the function might not have any roots
d) the sign of the leading coefficient is positive

Part II. True/False

a) The function y = –3x4 + 1 extends from quadrant 3 to quadrant 4. _____________
b) Odd-degree polynomials have at least one x-intercept. _____________
c) Even-degree polynomial functions always begin and end on the same side of the x-axis. _______
d) The graph of a quartic function cannot have exactly three x-intercepts. ___________
e) The function y = x4 + 2x2 + 1 never crosses the x-axis. ___________
f) All quartic polynomial equations have at least one real solution. ___________

Part III. Short Answers

The following is the graph of y  f ( x) . Answer the following questions.

a) absolute max:______________________

b) absolute min: ______________________

c) local max:_________________________

d) local min.: ________________________

e) interval(s) of increasing : _________________________

f) interval(s) of decreasing : ________________________

pg. 24
 1.3 Equations and Graphs of Polynomial Functions
Use your graphing calculator to complete the following charts:
Cubic Functions:
1. y = x3 2. y = -x3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

Degree:
Degree:
Sign of the lead coefficient:
Sign of the lead coefficient:
Quadrants:
Quadrants:
Roots/x-intercepts:
Roots/x-intercepts:
y-intercept:
y-intercept:
3. y = x(x + 2)(x-1) 4. y = - (x – 3)(x + 2)( x – 1)

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

Degree: Degree:

Sign of the lead coefficient: Sign of the lead coefficient:

Quadrants: Quadrants:

Roots/x-intercepts: Roots/x-intercepts:

y-intercept: y-intercept:

pg. 25
5. y = (x + 2)(x-4)2 6. y = -(x + 3)3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

Degree: Degree:

Sign of the lead coefficient: Sign of the lead coefficient:

Quadrants: Quadrants :

Roots/x-intercepts: Roots/x-intercepts:

y-intercept: y-intercept:

Cubic functions
 Have a hill and a valley in the middle.
 Their degree is _______________
 The maximum number of zeros or x-intercepts is _______
 If the lead coefficient is positive, the graph starts in the _____ quadrant and ends in the
______ quadrant.

 If the lead coefficient is negative, the graph starts in the _____quadrant and ends in the
_______ quadrant.

 If the exponent on the variable or bracket is 1 [ i.e. x or (x+2)], the curve

_________________________ the x-intercept.

 If the exponent on the variable or bracket is squared [i.e. x2 or (x+2)2], the

curve will___________________ the x-intercept.
 If the exponent on the variable or bracket is cubed [i.e. x3 or (x+2)3], the
curve will appear flatter and have a "point of inflection" as it passes
through the x-intercept.

pg. 26
Quartic Functions
1. y = x4 2. y = –x4

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

Degree: Degree:

Sign of the lead coefficient: Sign of the lead coefficient:

Quadrants : Quadrants :

Roots/x-intercepts: Roots/x-intercepts:

y-intercept: y-intercept:

3. y = (x-2)(x-1)(x+3)(x-3) 4. y = -(x + 2)2(x-3)2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

Degree: Degree:

Sign of the lead coefficient: Sign of the lead coefficient:

Quadrants : Quadrants :

Roots/x-intercepts: Roots/x-intercepts:

y-intercept: y-intercept :

pg. 27
5. y = (x+2)3(x-1) 6. y = (x+1)2(x–2) (x+3)

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

Degree: Degree:

Sign of the lead coefficient: Sign of the lead coefficient:

Quadrants : Quadrants :

Roots/x-intercepts: Roots/x-intercepts:

y-intercept y-intercept

Quartic Functions

There degree is _____Their shape is similar to a _________________, or U-shaped. The

maximum number of x-intercepts is _______.
If the lead coefficient /value in front of the bracket is positive, the curve opens _________
and it begins and ends in quadrants _______ ______.
If the lead coefficient /value in front of the bracket is negative, the curve opens _________.
and it begins and ends in quadrants _______ _____.

 Note that if the variable or bracket has an exponent of 1, the curve_______________.

 If the variable or bracket has an even exponent, the curve__________________ at

the x-intercept.

 If the variable or bracket has an odd exponent greater that 1, the curve passes through
the x-intercept with a slight______________________________________.

pg. 28
Example 1: Do not use a graphing calculator. Sketch the following graphs:

a) y = (x2 - 4)(x+2) (BE SURE TO FACTOR FULLY BEFORE GRAPHING!)

Degree:

Sign of the lead coefficient:

Quadrants : -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

Roots/x-intercepts:

y-intercept

b) y = - x3 + x

Degree:

Sign of the lead coefficient:

Quadrants : -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

Roots/x-intercepts:

y-intercept

c) y = x(x - 3)3
Degree:

Sign of the lead coefficient:

Quadrants :
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

Roots/x-intercepts:

y-intercept

d) y = x(x-2)2(x+3) 3
Degree:

Sign of the lead coefficient:

Quadrants :
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

Roots/x-intercepts:

y-intercept :

pg. 29
Sketching Polynomial Functions Summary
To sketch a polynomial function,
 Factor the polynomial fully, if it is not in factored form.
 Identify the degree. This will indicate the general shape of the curve.
 Look to see if the lead coefficient is positive or negative. This will help peg down the
shape and quadrants.
 Find the x-intercepts. Let y = 0 solve for x.
 Find the y-intercept. Let x = 0 solve for y.
 Plot the intercepts and use the shape to sketch the curve.
 Remember that if the variable or bracket has an even exponent, the curve
“bounces” off the intercept.
However, if the variable or bracket has an odd exponent, the curve passes through the
intercept in one of two ways:
 If the odd exponent is 1, then the curve passes straight through the curve.
 If the odd exponent is greater than 1, (i.e. 3, 5, 7. . . ) then, the curve bends
creating a slight shelf( saddle) at the x-intercept.

HOMEWORK:

By writing down the degree, the sign of the lead coefficient, quadrants/shape, the roots/x-
intercepts, and the y-intercepts, Sketch each of the following in separate sheet of paper:

a) y = x(x - 2)(x + 3)
b) y =- (x - 1)(x + 3)2
c) y = -x(x - 3)(x + 2)(x + 4)
d) y = (x + 2)3 (x - 3)
e) y = x(x + 2)2 (x - 2)
f) y = x 2 (x + 2)3
g) y = (x - 1)2 (x +1)3 (x - 2)(x + 2)
h) y = x 3 - x
i) y = -x 3 + 4x 2 - 3x
j) y = -(x 2 - 9)

pg. 30
 Exit card!
Sketch the graph of the following function: y = (x - 1)2 (x +1)3 (x - 2)(x + 2)

Degree:

Sign of the lead coefficient:

Quadrants:

Roots/x-intercepts:

y-intercept :

pg. 31
 Group Activity
Names: ____________________________________
1. Match each equation to the most appropriate graph (There are more
graphs than equations)
a. f  x  = 2x(x - 1)2 _____ b. y = -(x - 1)2 (x +2)2 _____ c. y = -x 3 (x +1) _____
d. g  x  =  x +2  (x - 1)3 _____ e. g  x  = -2(x +1)2 (x - 2)3 _____

I. II. III.

IV. VI.

VII.

pg. 32
2. Sketch a possible graph of a polynomial function that satisfies the following conditions.

(a) A quadratic function with a negative leading coefficient and a zero at x=−5 of order 2.
(b) A 5th degree function with a positive leading coefficient, a zero at the origin of order 2,
and a zero at x=3 of order 3.
(c) A quartic function with a negative leading coefficient and two real zeros, x=0 and x=3 of
order 2.

a. b. c.

3. Sketch a possible graph for each of the following functions.

(a) y = -0.5  3- x  x +1  (b) f  x  = -x 2x +3 x - 2 

3 2

a. b.

4. State the x-intercepts of each function and identify at which zeros the value of the
function, f(x), changes sign.
(a) f  x  = -2  x - 1   x +4 (b) f  x  = -2  x +3  x - 4 
3 2 2

pg. 33
5. Identify the intervals in which the following polynomial functions are positive and the
intervals in which they are negative. (Hint: sketch the graph of each function)

(a) f  x  =  x - 2  x +1  x + 4  (b) f  x  = -2x  x - 4 x +3 (c) f  x  = -x2  x - 3

2 3

a. b. c.

6. Determine a possible equation for the polynomial function y=f(x) shown below.

pg. 34
 1.4 Part A: Transformations
Transformation of functions in the form y= xn is y = a [ k (x – d)]n + c
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________

y = a [ k (x – d)]n + c

__________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

Example 1: For f  x  = x 3 , describe y = -2f  - 3x +6  –1.

Equation:_____________________________________________

 __________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________
1  3 
Example 2: For f  x  = x 4 , describe y = f  x - 3  +1.
2 4 

Equation:_____________________________________________

 __________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________

pg. 35
 The MAPPING NOTATION for graphing y  a  k  x  d    c is :
n

x 
( x, y )    d , ay  c 
k 

Example 3: Complete the chart and graph the function.

Base Graph: Describe Graph of the function

Transformation
3
1 
f ( x)  2  x  1  2
3   ___________________

 ___________________

 ___________________

 ___________________

 ___________________

Mapping Notation: ( x, y)   , 
(x, x3)
(-2,-8)
(-1,-1)
(0,0)
(1,1)
(2,8)

pg. 36
Example 4: Graph y  3( x  6) 4  48 using mapping rule.
( x, y)   , 

(x, x4)

(-2,16)

(-1,1)

(0,0)

(1,1)

(2,16)

Example 5:
(a) The function h  x   2  x  4  x  2  x  3 is reflected in the x-axis, vertically stretched
5
about the x-axis by a factor of , and translated 4 units left, 5 units down. Write an
2
equation for the transformed function.

(b) What transformations are applied to the function p  x   3  2 x  4  x  2  x  3 to obtain

the function q  x    x  2  x  1 x  3 ?

pg. 37
Example 6: Describe the transformations for each of the following functions compared to y
= x4 in two different ways.
4
1 
b) y  7   x  6  9
4
a) y    x  5 
2 

 __________________________________  __________________________________
 __________________________________  __________________________________
 __________________________________  __________________________________
 __________________________________  __________________________________
 __________________________________  __________________________________

 __________________________________  __________________________________
 __________________________________  __________________________________
 __________________________________  __________________________________
 __________________________________  __________________________________
 __________________________________  __________________________________

1.4 Part B : EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS

EVEN FUNCTIONS
 A function is an even function if it shows symmetry in the y-axis.
 This means the left half of the function looks like a mirror image of the right half of the
function on either side of the y-axis.
 To test if a function is even, we check to see if f(x) = f(-x).
 Alternately, if (x, y) maps onto (-x,y), the function is even.

ODD FUNCTIONS

 A function is an odd function if it shows symmetry in the origin.

 This means that any line drawn across the plane through the origin that crosses the
curve will cross pairs of points on the graph that are the same distance from the origin.
 To test if a function is odd, we check to see if f(-x) = -f(x).
 Alternately, if (x, y) maps onto (-x, -y), the function is odd.

NOTE:
 Not all functions can be classified as even or odd. Some functions are neither.

pg. 38
EXAMPLE 1: Determine if the following functions are even, odd, or neither. Justify your
reasoning.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

EXAMPLE 2: Determine if the following functions are even, odd or neither. Justify your
reasoning algebraically.
6x 4 + x 2 -5x 3 + x
a) f(x) =3x5 – 2x3 + x b) f(x) = 3 c) h  x  =
(x - 2x)2  3x - 5 
2

pg. 39
Practice:
1. Review your notes and the examples below. Then, for each of the practice questions prove
algebraically that the function is even, odd, or neither. Use good form!

Function Algebraic Proof:

Odd or even

f(x) = x2 f(x) = x2 Even since f(x) is

f(-x) =(-x) 2 symmetrical about the
y-axis.
= x2
= f(x)
Therefore f(x) is even.
If f(x) is odd then f(-x)=-f(x)
f(x) = x3 f(-x) = (-x3) Odd since f(x) is
= -x3 symmetrical through
= -f(x) the origin.
f(x) is odd
f(x)= x (5  x) f(x) = x (5  x) :
Neither even nor odd
f(-x) = ( x) (5  ( x) since the function is
= - x (5  x) not symmetrical
 f(x) through the origin or
about the y-axis.
 -f(x)
f(x) is neither even nor odd
Hint: Always check if the function is even first.
Then, check if it is odd.

f  x   x2  x

f  x    x  x3 
5

pg. 40
 f  x   2x

1
f  x 
x 1
4

x 1
f  x 
x 1

x
f  x 
x2

2 Determine an equation, in factored form, for an even polynomial function with a

turning point at (2,0). Show algebraically that the function is even.

3. Determine an equation, in factored form, for an odd polynomial function with one of its
zeros at x=2. Show algebraically that the function is odd.

4. Sketch the graph of a polynomial function with the following characteristics:

i. the function is an even function
ii. as x→∞,y→ − ∞
iii. the function has exactly 3 x-intercepts

pg. 41
5. Sketch the graph of two polynomial functions of different degree with the following
characteristics:
i. the function is an odd function
ii. as x→∞,y→∞
iii. the function has exactly 3 x-intercepts
Determine, algebraically, if f  x   2 x  x  4  x  4 is even, odd, or neither.
2 2
6.
Determine, algebraically, if f  x    4 x  8 x - 2  2  x  is even, odd, or neither.
2
7.

8. A quintic polynomial function that is classified as an odd function passes through the
points (2,0), (3,210), (4,0). Determine the equation of 𝑓(𝑥) in factored form.

9. Given the function, 𝑓(𝑥), below is classified as an even polynomial function. Determine
-25
the exact value of 𝑓(2). [Answer: ]
12
 9
 0, 4 
 

pg. 42
 Warm- up

1. Determine algebraically if the function is an even function, odd function, or neither.

f ( x ) = x 2 (2 x 5 - 7 x 3 + 9 x ).

2. Given the graph of f(x), determine the equation of f(x).

 3,3 

pg. 43
 1.5 Dividing Polynomials

Dividing a polynomial by another polynomial is similar to performing a division of numbers using long
division. For example, divide the polynomial x 3  13x 2 39x  46 by x  9

Solution:
x2
1) x  9 x  13x 39 x  46
3 2
first divide x into x3 to get x2

x2
x  9 x 3  13x 2 39 x  46 now multiply x2 by x + 9 to get x3 + 9x2
2) then subtract x3 + 9x2 from x3 + 13x2 to get 4x2
x3  9x 2
4x 2
x 2  4x
x  9 x 3  13x 2 39 x  46 bring down the + 39x
3)
 divide 4x2 by x to get 4x
x  9x
3 2

4 x  39 x
2

x 2  4x
x  9 x 3  13x 2 39 x  46
now multiply 4x by x + 9 to get 4x2 + 36x
x  9x
3 2
 then subtract 4x2 + 36x from 4x2 + 39x to get 3x
4)
4 x  39 x
2

4 x 2 36 x
3x
x 2  4x  3
x  9 x 3  13x 2 39 x  46

x3  9x 2   bring down the + 46

4 x 2  39 x  divide 3x by x to get 3
5)
4 x 2 36 x  multiply 3 by x + 9 to get 3x + 27
3 x  46 then subtract 3x + 27 from 3x + 46 to get 19
3 x  27
19
Since the remainder has a lower degree than the divisor, the division is now complete. The result can be
written as:
x3  13x2  39 x  46  (x + 9)(x2 + 4x + 3) + 19

pg. 44
 Px R
The result of the division of a polynomial P(x) by a binomial of the form x - b is = Qx+ ,
x-b x-b
where Q(x) is the quotient and R is the remainder. The corresponding statement that can be used to

check the division, is P(x) =(x -b)Q(x) + R.

Dividing Polynomials
Using the previous example, complete the polynomial division questions below:

1. x 3 - 5x 2 -x - 10 by x - 2

2. y 4 + 2y 2 -28y - 36 by 2y 2 + 4y - 2

pg. 45
Remainder Theorem
Remainder Theorem:
When a polynomial f (x) is divided by x  a , the remainder is f (a) .

Proof of the Remainder Theorem:

Ex. 1. Find the remainder when 2x 3 +3x 2 -17x - 30 is divided by each of the following:

(a) x  1 (b) x2

(c) x  3 (d) x 1

Similarly, when a polynomial f( x ) is divided by ax + b ,its remainder is given by

 b
f -  .
 a

Ex. 2. When 8x 3 +4kx 2 -2x + 3 is divided by 2x +1 the remainder is 6, find k.

Ex. 3. When f  x  = 2x -px +qx - 1 is divided by x +2 the remainder is -3; f  x  is divisible by x - 1 .

3 2

Find the values of p and q.

pg. 46
Ex. 4. Polynomial f(x) has a remainder of 3 when divided by x−2 and a remainder of −5 when it
is divided by x+2. Determine the remainder when the polynomial is divided by x2−4.

pg. 47
Practice
1. Without using long division, find each remainder:
(a) (2x 2 +6x +8)÷(x +1) (b) (x 2 +4x +12)÷(3x - 1)
2. When the polynomial x n +x - 8 is divided by x - 2 the remainder is 10. What is the value of n ?

   
3. Given that g  x  =  x +2 3x2 +4 +5 and h  x  = 6x +1  3x 3 - 2x 2 + x +8 . Find the
remainder when g  x  + h  x  is divided by x +1 .
4. The remainders when a polynomial is divided by x - 1 and x +3 are 2 and -6 respectively. Find the
remainder when the same polynomial is divided by  x - 1  x + 3  .
5. Find the remainder when x2012  x  1 is divided by x  1 .

6. Find the value of k for which x2+(k-1)x+k2-16 is exactly divisible by x-3 but not divisible by x+4.

7. Given that the expression 2x3+px2-8x+q is exactly divisible by 2x2-7x+6,evaluate p and q.

8. The polynomial 2x3-3ax2+ax+b has a factor x-1 and a remainder of -10 when divided by x+1.Find
the values of a and b.

9. Find each quotient and remainder:

(a) (2x 2 +6x +15)÷(x + 3) (b) (x 2 -4x +13)÷(2x - 1)

(c) (x 2 -x + 3)÷(x + 2) (d) (2x 4 +x 3 -24x 2 - 3x + 2)÷(x 2 + x - 4)

10. When a certain polynomial is divided by x + 3 , the quotient is x 2 -3x + 5 and the remainder is 6.
What is the polynomial?

pg. 48
 Warm- up

1. Divide 8 x 4 - 30 x 2 + 6 x - 3 by 1+ x +2x 2 using long division and write the division

statement.

2. Consider the function f(x) = ax 3 + 3x + b + 5 , where a and b are constants and a ≠0 & b ≠0 . f(x)
has a remainder of 2a when divided by x and a remainder of 2b when divided by x - 1 . Determine
the values of a and b.

pg. 49
1.6 Synthetic Division (Optional)
Synthetic division is another way to divide a polynomial by the binomial x - b, where b is a constant.

Example: Divide 2x3 - 3x2 + 4x -1 by x +1 use synthetic division.

Step 1

The root of divisor (b value) goes on the

outside of the box. The dividend coefficients go
on the inside of the box.

When you write out the dividend make

sure that you write it in descending
powers and you insert 0's for any missing terms.

Step 2

Bring down the leading coefficient to the bottom row

 Bring down the 2

Step 3

Multiply this by the b value ( in this case -1), and carry the

result up into the next column:

 (-1)(2) = -2
 Place -2 in next column

Step 4

Add down the column

 -3 + (-2) = -5

Step 5

Multiply the previous result by the b value, and carry the new result up into the next column

 (-1)(-5) = 5
 Place 5 in next column
Step 6 Repeat until down

The numbers in the last row make up your coefficients of the

quotient as well as the remainder.

The final value on the right is the remainder. Working right to left, the next number is your constant,
the next is the coefficient for x, the next is the coefficient for x2 , etc.

In this example, the remainder is -10 and the quotient is x2-5x+9.

pg. 50
Practice

1. Complete the indicated division.

2 2 -3 -5 3 8

2. Divide 3x3 – 2x2 + 3x – 4 by x – 3 using synthetic division. Write the answer in the form
Px R
= Qx+
x-b x-b

3. Divide 2x3 + x - 12 by x – 2 using synthetic division.

pg. 51
Extended Synthetic Division
1. Divide 2x 4 + 4x 3 - 5x 2 + 3x - 2 by x 2 + 2x - 3

2. Divide x 4 + 3x 2 +1 by x 2 - 2x + 3 .

pg. 52
You Try! Divide 3x 3 - 5x 2 + 6x +10 by x 2 + x + 2

pg. 53
 Unit 1: Polynomial Functions
1.7 The Factor Theorem

Review
f x
• Division of Polynomials - may use long division or synthetic division
x-a

• Division Statement: f(x) = (x-a) Q(x) +r(x)

• Remainder Theorem: When a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x - a), the remainder, r, is f(a)

Investigation:
Find the remainder when x3 + 2x2 - 11x - 12 is divided by x + 1 and write the division statement.
Solution:

∴ x3+2x2 - 11x - 12 = - Factor the quotient if possible

=
- Notice that the products of the constant terms in the
factors is (1)(4)(-3) = -12 . This is also the constant
term of the polynomial.

Since division gives zero as a remainder, both the divisor and quotient are factors of the
polynomial function. This special case of the remainder theorem where the remainder is zero
is called the factor theorem.

Factor Theorem:
A polynomial function f(x) has x - a as a factor if and only if f(a) = 0.

USE THE FACTOR THEOREM FOR FACTORING POLYNOMIALS WITH DEGREE HIGHER
THAN 2.

pg. 54
Example: Is x – 3 a factor of x3 - 2x2 - 2x - 3 ?

Example: Use the Factor Theorem to factor fully each of the following polynomials

a) x3 - 4x2 + x + 6

SOLUTION

step 1: Let f(x)=x3 - 4x2 + x + 6

step 2: Find all factors of constant: {±1,±2,±3,±6} . This is a set of possible roots for f(x)=0.

step 3: Observe that f(-1) = 0  x + 1 is a factor of f(x)

step 4: Dividing f(x) by x +1 determines a quotient of x2 – 5x + 6
step 5: f(x) =x3 - 4x2 + x + 6= (x +1)( x2 – 5x + 6) = (x + 1)(x - 2)(x – 3)

b) x4 - 3x3 - 13x2 + 3x + 12

pg. 55
The Rational Root Theorem (Extended Factor Theorem)
The factor theorem can be extended over the set of Rationals, Q, so that more test values can be
used to determine a factor of the polynomial.
f(x) = a n x n + a n-1 x n-1 + a n-2 x n-2 + ... + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 can also be written as
a a a a a
f(x) = a n [x n + n-1 x n-1 + n-2 x n-2 + ... + 2 x 2 + 1 x + 0 ]
an an an an an

all of the factors of a0

 should be considered when determining possible factors of f(x)
all of the factors of a n

Example: Factor fully each of the following polynomials

a) 4x3 +16x2 + 9x - 9

all the factors of 9 1,3, 9

Now you can consider  combination of =± .
all the factors of 4 1,2,4

 1 1 1 3 3 3 9 9 9
That means ± ,± ,± ,± ,± ,± ,± ,± ,±  is a set of possible roots for f(x)=0.
 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 4

b) 30x3 + 13x2 – 30x + 8

pg. 56
Example: If x + 1 is a factor of x3 +x2 +kx + 2, what is the value of k?

Example: Find the value of k for which a-3b is a factor of a4-7a2b2+kb4. Hence, for this value of k,
factorize a4-7a2b2+kb4ccompletely.

Example: The function h(x) = 3x2 - x3 has been shifted to the left 1 and vertically stretched by 2.

a) Determine the equation for the transformed function, g(x) in factored form.

b) Determine the zeroes of the transformed function and state the order of each zero.

pg. 57
Factoring a Sum or Difference of Cubes
Recall:
o Factoring a difference of squares

x2 - 9 4x 2 - 16
= (x - 3)(x + 3) = (2x - 4)(2x + 4)
a 2 - b2
= (a - b)(a + b)

IS THERE A WAY TO FACTOR A SUM OF CUBES OR A DIFFERENCE OF CUBES IN ONE

x 3 - 27 8a 3 - 27b 3
STEP???????
= ? = ?

Factoring a Sum or Difference of Cubes

o Sum of Cubes: a 3  b 3  (a  b)(a 2  ab  b 2 )
o Difference of Cubes: a  b  (a  b)(a  ab  b )
3 3 2 2

Factor the following expressions completely.

a) x 3 - 64 b) 27x 3 +125

8 12
c) 7x 4 - 448x d) 64x 3 + y
125

pg. 58
 1 3 27 18
e) a - b f) x 9 - 512
8 125

g) (x - 2)3 - (3x - 2)3 h) 3(x - 2)3 - 24(x + 2)3

YAY! We have
learned two new
identities!

pg. 59
Practice:
1. Factor the following polynomials using the factor theorem.

(a) x3−4x2+x+6
(b) x3+8x2+21x+18
(c) x4−x3−3x2+x+2

2. Factor each expression

(a) x3−8
(b) 27x3+1
(c) 625x3−40
(d) 125−64x3

3. Factor fully: abx3+(a+b−ab)x2+(1−a−b)x−1 [note P(1)=0 ]

4. a) Factor x12−1 fully.

b) List all polynomials of the form x4+bx3+cx2+dx+e with rational coefficients that are
factors of the polynomial, x12−1.

Answer

1. a) (x+1)(x−2)(x−3) b) (x+2)(x+3)2 c) (x−2)(x−1)(x+1)2

2. a) (x−2)(x2+2x+4) b) (3x+1)(9x2−3x+1)

c) 5(5x−2)(25x2+10x+4) d) −(4x−5)(16x2+20x+25)

3. abx3+(a+b−ab)x2+(1−a−b)x−1=(ax+1)(bx+1)(x−1); note P(1)=0

4. a) x12−1=(x−1)(x+1)(x2+1)(x2+x+1)(x2−x+1)(x4−x2+1)

b) There are seven such 4th degree polynomial factors:

o x4−x2+1

o (x2+x+1)(x2−x+1)=x4+x2+1

o (x−1)(x+1)(x2+1)=x4−1

o (x−1)(x+1)(x2+x+1)=x4+x3−x−1

o (x−1)(x+1)(x2−x+1)=x4−x3+x−1

o (x2+1)(x2+x+1)=x4+x3+2x2+x+1

o (x2+1)(x2−x+1)=x4−x3+2x2−x+1

pg. 60
 Warm Up
1. Completely factor and fully simplify the following expressions.
a) (2+ x)3 - (2 - x)3 b) (x - 1)6 - 1

c) x 4 - 5x 3 - 21x 2 +125x - 100

d) 6x 3 − 5x 2 − 49x + 60

pg. 61
 Unit 1: Polynomial Functions
1.8 Solving Polynomial Equations

If a polynomial equation, P(x)=0, is factorable, the roots of the equation are determined by factoring
the polynomial, setting each factor to zero, and then solving each of these equations individually.
 An nth degree polynomial equation has at most n distinct roots.
 The solutions to a polynomial equation P(x)=0 are the zeros of the
corresponding polynomial function y=P(x).
The x-intercepts of the graph of y=P(x) are the real zeros of the polynomial function.
 If a polynomial equation of degree 3 or greater cannot be factored, the roots of
the equation must be determined using technology or higher-level
mathematical procedures.
Steps to Solve Polynomial Equations:

Example1:

f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 8x + 3

1st Find all the factors of the

constant and of the leading
coefficient.

2nd Form all rational numbers by

making fractions with the
numerator a factor of the constant
and the denominator a factor of the
leading coefficient

3rd Using synthetic

substitution, find one
solution to the problem

4th Rewrite the function

as two factors.

5th Repeat this process as

needed to get all your
factors of the polynomial.

6th Set each factor

equal to zero and solve the
resulting equations.
pg. 62
Example 2: Solve for x, x Î Â
a. x3 - x = 0

b. 8x 3 + 26x 2 +17x - 6 = 0

c. x3 - 3x2 - 4x + 12 = 0

d. 3x4 - 10x3 = 24x2 + 6x-5

pg. 63
e. 6x3 + x2 - 5 x - 2 = 0

f. x4 - 15x2 - 16 = 0

g. (x2 - 5x - 5 )(x2 - 5x +3) = 9

pg. 64
Example 3: A rectangular piece of cardboard measuring 10 cm by 8 cm is made into an open box by
cutting squares from the corners and turning up the sides. If the box is to hold a volume of 48 cm 3 ,
what size of square must be removed?

pg. 65
Example 4: A cylindrical chemical storage tank must have a height 4 meters greater than radius of the
top of the tank. Determine the radius of the top and the height of the tank if the tank must have a
volume of 5𝜋 cubic meters.

pg. 66
Example 5: The length, width and height of a small box are three consecutive odd integers, where the
width is the least and the length is the greatest integer. If the width is double and the length and height
are increased by 2 cm each, then the volume is increased by 273 cm3. Find the dimensions of the
original box

pg. 67
Practice
1. Solve the following polynomial equations by factoring where x∈ℝ.
a) x 3 - 5x 2 - 4x + 20 = 0
b) 2x 3 + 3x 2 = 11x + 6
c) 4x 2 = x 3 + 2x + 3
d) x 4 - 7x 2 +12 = 0
e) 2x 3 +15 = 6x 2 + 5x
f) 2x(x 3 +1) = x 2 (4x +1)
g) 2x 4 + 8x +12 = 3x 2 (x + 3)

2. Explain why
a) 15x 5 + 4x 4 + 9x 2 + 7x + 380 = 0 has at least one real root.
b) 5x 6 + 3x 4 + 8x 2 +120 = 0 has no real roots.

3. A rectangular holding tank is x metres deep, (6x−8) metres long, and (6x−16) metres wide. Find the
dimensions of the tank with a volume of 512 m3.

4. The product of the squares of two consecutive integers is 1764. Find all possible values for the
integers.

5. A box with a lid is to be created from a 50 cm by 30 cm piece of cardboard by cutting x by x squares

from the four corners of the cardboard, and at the centre of the two sides, as shown in the diagram.
Determine the function that represents the volume of the box in terms of x, and state the restrictions
on x. If the box is to have a volume of 1750 cm3, determine the side length of the squares that need to
be cut

 
6*. Solve x2 x2 +6 = 5x 3 - x +1, x  .

pg. 68
 Unit 1: Polynomial Functions
1.9 Families of Polynomial Functions

Families of Polynomial Functions

A family of nth degree polynomial functions that share the same x-intercepts and differ only in
vertical scale factors can be defined by f(x)=k(x−a1)(x−a2)⋯(x−an) where k is the leading coefficient,
k∈ℝ, k≠0 and a1,a2,a3,…,an are the zeros of the function.

• General Forms in factored form:

quadratic: f( x ) = k( x -s)( x -u) s and u are zeros, k  R
cubic: f(x) = k( x -s)( x -t)( x -u) s, u, and t are zeros ,k  R e.g. f( x ) = 3( x -1)( x +2)( x +5)
f( x ) = -5( x -1)( x +2)( x +5)
quartic: f( x ) = k( x -s)( x -t)( x -u)( x -v) s,u,t, and v are zeros, k  R

Example 1:The function f  x  = -3x + kx - 5 x + k has a zero/x-intercept at x = 1. Determine the

3 2

value of 'k' and the equation of the polynomial function.

Example 2:
a) Find the family of cubic functions whose x-intercepts are -2,0, and 3.

Factors: ________________________

Family:________________________

b) Find the specific member of this family that has remainder of

12 when it’s divided by x +1.

pg. 69
Example 3:
Determine the general equation of a quartic function with end behavior f(x)→−∞ as x→±∞, a zero
1
at x = , and a point of inflection at x =4 .
2

Example 4:
a) Give an example of polynomial function that has single roots at 2± 3 and a double root at 4.

b) How many other relations share the same zeros? How do you know?

c) Find specific member of family that has y-intercept of -8.

pg. 70
Practice
1. Match each graph with the corresponding equation.
 a  y = -x  x - 2  (e) y = x  x +2 
2 2

 b  y = -  x - 2   x 2 +2x + 3  (f) y = -2x  x +2  x - 2 

(g) y = -  x - 2   x +2 
2 2
 c  y = x  x - 2  x +2 
(d) y = 12x 3  x - 2  (h) y = -  x - 2   x 2 +2x - 5 

I. II. III.

IV. V. VI.

VII. VIII.

pg. 71
2. Given the graph of y=f(x), determine a general equation for a family of polynomials with the
same end behavior and zeros of f(x) (note: all zeros are integer in value).

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

-1
3. State the equation of the quartic function with zeros x = and 5 (both of multiplicity 1)
2
and x=2 (multiplicity 2), having a y-intercept of 4.

4. Determine the equation given the graph of the polynomial function y=g(x) with integer zeros.

pg. 72
5. Determine the equation of the
a. quadratic functions with zeros -3± 5 ,passing through (-1,2).
b. cubic functions with zeros 0 and 1±2 3 , passing through (2,22).
c. quartic functions with zeros −2,1, and -1± 2 , and y-intercept -36.

d. Cubic function with zeros −1,2/3, and 3, passing through (4,5).

6. Determine the equation of the quartic function with rational coefficients, zeros
4- 2 and -3+ 6 and a y-intercept of −21.

pg. 73
 MHF4U1 Warm Up

1. Sketch the graph of the following functions using in the properties of functions discussed in
class.
a) f (x) = - (2-x)(x2 - 4) b) f (x) =- (x - 2)2(x + 1)3(x+3)
y y

x x

                     

Degree of the function: ______ Degree of the function: ______

End behaviour: End behaviour:
x , x ,
x   , x   ,
2. Use the graph of the polynomial function to answer the following questions.

a. The least possible degree of the function is ___________.

b. The sign of the leading coefficient is __________.
c. The x-intercepts of the function are ________________.
d. The intervals where the function is increasing are _________________.
e. The intervals where the function is negative are _____________________.
f. Determine an equation in factored form.

pg. 74
 Unit 1: Polynomial Functions
1.10 Solve Inequalities

PART A: Solve Factorable Polynomial Inequalities Graphically

The solutions to polynomial inequalities are intervals or sets of numbers that are subset
of the domain of the corresponding function.

Examples:
1. For the function on the right state when
i) f(x) > 0

ii) f(x) < 0

2. Use a graphing calculator to solve each of the following polynomial inequalities.

a) f(x) = x3 – x2 + 3x – 9 , solve f(x) ≥ 0 __________

b) f(x) = x3 +5x2 + 3x – 9, solve f(x) < 0 __________
f(x) > 0 __________
c) f(x) = x4 -1 , solve f(x) ≤ 0 ___________________
d) f(x) = x(x+2)2(x-3), solve f(x) > 0 ___________________
f(x) ≥0 _____________
PART B: Solve Factorable Polynomial Inequalities Algebraically
Method:
1. Rearrange inequality so that the right side is 0.
2. Find the zeros( or x-intercepts) of the polynomial.
3. Draw a number line representing the x-axis and label the zero(s) ( or x-intercepts).

4. Pick a test value( your choice!) between the zero(s) to determine if the interval or region is
positive(+) or negative(-) .
 positive(+) : y-values are positive for all the x in the interval (Graph is above x-axis)
 negative(-) : y-values are negative for all the x in the interval (Graph is above x-axis)
NOTE: May sketch function to determine positive or negative intervals.
5. State the solution to the inequality given.
If f(x) > 0 , positive interval(s) are required only
If f(x) ≥0 , positive(including zeros) interval(s) are required only
If f(x) < 0 , negative interval(s) are required only
If f(x) ≤ 0 , negative(including zeros) interval(s) are required only
pg. 75
 Example#1: Solve each of the following, x  R

a) x 2 - 3x > 10

b) x 3 + 4x 2 + x – 6 < 0

3
c) 125 - 8x ≤0

d)  3x –1   x +5 –  3x –1   x +5
5 7 4 8
>0

pg. 76
 2 2
e) (4 - x )(x -3x + 2) < 0

f) x2 +1 > 0

g) x 4 + 2x 3 - 4x 2 > 8x

h) x 3 + 3x 2 + x + 3  0

pg. 77
 Example #2: Laurie and Dave play on an Ultimate Frisbee team. On a windy day, and throwing
against the wind, the height, in metres, of the Frisbee, t seconds after it leaves Laurie’s hand, is
determined by the function h  t  = -t +2t + t - 2 . How many seconds after it is thrown must Dave
3 2

catch the Frisbee to ensure that it does not hit the ground?

Example#3 : Determine the equation of a quartic function f ( x) that satisfies the following
conditions:

 f ( x)  0 when x   2,5
 f ( x)  0 when x   , 2    5,  
 f ( x) has a root of order 2 at x= 2
 f ( x) has a maximum point at ( 4 ,10).

pg. 78
Practice
1. Solve the following polynomial inequalities, x∈ℝ.

a) x 2 - 4x + 3 < 0
b) x 3 - 3x - 2 ≥0
c) x 4 - 1 ≥0
d) - x 2 + 3x +1 < 0
e) - 2x 4 - 2x 3 +16x 2 + 24x < 0
2  x + 3  x - 1   x - 5  ≤0
2
f)
- 3  x + 4  x - 3  > 0
3
g)
h) x 4 < 22x 2 + 75
i) 2x 2 - 2x ≥2 - x

2. Let f  x  = -2x +1,g  x  = x 2 - 2x +1 and h  x  = x 3 - 1 . Determine all values of x such that

f  x  < g  x  < h  x  and illustrate the situation graphically.

3. The number n (in hundreds), of mosquitoes in a camping area after t weeks can be
modelled by the equation n  t  = 2t 4 - 5t 3 - 16t 2 +45t .According to this model, when will the
population of mosquitoes be greater than 1800?

4. A zoo wishes to construct an aquarium in the shape of a rectangular prism such that the
length is twice the width and 5 m greater than the height. If the aquarium must have a
volume strictly between 1125 m3 and 3000 m3, determine the restrictions on the length of
the aquarium.

5. Determine the equation of a quintic function f(x) that satisfies the following conditions:

o f  -3  = f  0  = f  4  = 0
o f  1  = -9
o f  x  > 0 when x < -3 or -3 < x < 0
o f  x  < 0 when 0 < x < 4 or x > 4

Illustrate the situation graphically.

6. The solution to x 2 + bx + 24 < 0 is the set of all values of x such that k < x < k +2 for some
real value of k. Determine all possible values of b, b∈ℝ. Justify your answer.

7. A quartic function has turning points at (−3,0),(1,0), and (−1,−16). Determine all values
of x such that -9 < f  x  < 0 .

pg. 79
 Warm up
1. Solve the inequality x  x  4x  4  0 graphically.
3 2

2. Solve the inequality  x3  7 x2  48  0 algebraically.

pg. 80
 1.11 Average Rate of Change & Instantaneous Rate of Change

The average rate of change of f(x) on the interval [a,b] is defined as the slope of the secant
drawn to the graph over the interval [a,b].

f  b  f a 
A.R.O.C  ms 
ba

Recall: A secant line is a straight line that joins two points on the function.

Example#1: Calculate the average rate of change

i. between 10s and 15 s.

160

140

120
Distance (m)

100

80

60
ii. between 4s and 30s.
40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Time (s)

pg. 81
Example#2 Determine the average rate of change of the secant line on the graph of
g  x   x 2  4 x in interval [1,5].

Instantaneous Rate of Change

The exact rate of change of a function y = f(x) at a specific value of the independent variable x =
a
 Instantaneous rate of change = slope of tangent
Recall: Tangent Line is a line which only touches the curve at one point

Example #3: Estimate the instantaneous rate of change of f(x) = x2 at the point x = 2. We
cannot find the slope of the tangent because we only know one point on the tangent line, P.

We can estimate the slope of the tangent at P (i.e. the instantaneous rate of change at P) by
finding the slopes of secants for smaller and smaller intervals around P.As the point Q on the
function approaches the point P, the slope of the secant approaches the slope of the tangent.

pg. 82
Mathematically:
(1) select points closer and closer to the point P
(2) calculate the slope of each secant
(3) the slopes of the secants will approach a value, which is the slope of the tangent

Method 1
Choose a point whose x-value is very close to the one given and calculate the slope using a table of
values until a pattern emerges

Point 1 Point 2 y2  y1
Slope 
X1 Y1 X2 Y2 x2  x1
2 4 2.1 4.41 4.1
2 4 2.01
2 4 2.001
2 4 2.0001

The slope of tangent is ______.

Method 2

If we want to know the instantaneous rate of change of f(x) at x = a, consider the intervals between
x = a and x  a  h , where h is a really small number.(We can always consider h=0.001)

Instantaneous f ( a  h)  f ( a )

Rate of Change ( a  h)  a

f ( a  h)  f ( a )
I .R.O.C  , as h  0
h

(This is known as the difference quotient.)

f (2  0.001)  f (2)
I .R.O.C 
0.001

pg. 83
Example #4: An emergency flare is shot into the air. Its height, in metres, above the ground
at various times in its flight is given by the following table.
Time (s) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Height (m) 2.0 15.75 27.0 37.1 42.0 46.8 47.0 45.75 42.0

Estimate the instantaneous rate of change in height at exactly t = 2.0 s.

Example #5: The height of a soccer ball above the ground at time t after it is kicked into the
air, is given by the formula h  t  = -4.9t2 +3.5t +1 where h is the height in metres, t is the time in
seconds.

(a) Calculate the average velocity of the ball between t=0.1s and t =0. 3s

(b) Calculate the instantaneous velocity at t=0.6 s.

pg. 84
Practice
Part A –Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. A secant drawn through the points shown on the graph has a slope of

a. –1 c. –3

b. –2 d. –6

____ 2. A secant drawn through the points shown on the graph has a slope of

a. c. 5

b. 2 d.

____ 3. A tangent to the graph of the function at the point shown has a slope of

a. –2 c. 0
b. –1 d. 1

____ 4. A tangent to the graph of the function at the point shown has a slope of
approximately

a. c. –2

b. 2 d. 0

____ 5. The slope of the tangent at the point indicated on the graph is

a. c. 2

b. 1 d. 4

pg. 85
____ 6. The area, A, in square metres, of a circular oil spill after t min is given by A = kt2.
The average rate of change of the area of the oil spill over the first 5 min is
approximately 15 m2/min, the value of k is :
a. 3 c. 2
b. 6 d. 5

Part B
1. Suppose the revenue, R, in dollars, from the sales of x (in hundred) MP3 players is given
by R(x) = x(350 - 0.1x2 ) . Find the average rate of change of revenue from selling from 100
to 200 MP3 players.

2. A medical researcher establishes that a patient’s reaction time, r, in minutes, to a dose of

a particular drug is r (d) = - 0.8d3 + d2, where d is the amount of the drug, in millilitres,
that is absorbed into the patient’s blood. Determine the instantaneous rate of change of
the time reaction with respect to the amount of the drug at 1 millilitre.

3. The following table represents the growth of a bacteria population over a 4.5 h period.

Estimate the instantaneous rate of change in number of bacteria at exactly t = 3.

4. For the function f  x  = -2x3 +3x - 1 , determine the slope of a tangent at x = 1

5. Find the equation of tangent line to the curve f  x  = -x 4 +1 at x = -1 on the curve.

pg. 86
 Unit 1 Review – Polynomial Functions

1. Fill in the blanks.

a) State the remainder when -4x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x - 1 is divided by x - 2 . _____________
b) State the roots and the order of each root of g(x) = 2x2  2x +3 . ____________
3

c) When a function is divided by 2x - 1 , the remainder is -2; Determine the remainder when
1
the same function is divided by x - . ___________
2
d) Values that could be zeros for the polynomial f(x) = 4x 3 + 2x 2 - 7x - 8 are_________
e) State if y = -2x 4 + 3x 2 +1 is odd, even or neither. _________________________
f) Beside each equation below, put the letter of the graph that best describes the equation:
i)  
y = x2 - 16  x - 1 
2
ii) y =  2 - x  x - 4  x +1 

2. Write the equation in factored form of any quartic function with following
characteristics. Sketch the graph of function:
 f(0) = 0
 f(x) < 0, when x < -2
 f(x) ≥ 0, when - 2 ≤ x ≤ 3
 f(x) < 0, when x > 3
pg. 87
3. Fully factor
a) 2x 5 - 2x 4 - 4x 3 + 4x 2 + 2x - 2 b) 64y 6 x 3 - 125
6  x +2 +2x2  x +2 
-5 -4
c) d) 4x 4 - 13x 3 - 13x 2 + 28x - 6 = 0
4. Divide 8𝑥 − 30𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 3 by 1 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 using long division and write the division
statement.

5. When f(x) = x 4 - 4x 3 + mx 2 + nx +1 is divided by x  1 , the remainder is 7. When it is

divided by x  1 , the remainder is 3. Determine the values of m and n .

6. Solve each of the following, x R .

a) x  x - 1  3- x  x +3  < 0 b) x 3 - x 2 < 5x + 3
7. Find the value of a and b and the remaining factor if the expression
ax³ -11x²+bx +3 is divisible by x² - 4x + 3.
8. Graph the following function f(x) = (x2+x+1)(2x+5)²(x -3)³.Show all your work.
9. The passenger section of a train has a width 2x – 7, length 2x + 3, and height
x – 2, with all dimensions in metres. Solve a polynomial equation to determine the
dimensions of the section of the train if the volume is 117m3.
10. Determine algebraically, whether each function is even, odd, or neither.
3
a) f(x) = 4x 3 b) f(x) = 2x 4 - x 2 c) g(x) = 2x 2 +1
-x 3 2x
d) h(x) = e) f(x) = x + x f) g(x) =
 3x 
2
3
- 9x x

11. The table of values below represents a polynomial function. Determine the equation of
this function.
x y

-2 -19

-1 -3

0 1

1 -1

2 -3

3 1

12. Find the general equation of quartic functions that has negative leading coefficient,
two equal roots at 2, and roots at 3±2 2 .

pg. 88
13. Given the graph of a polynomial function g(x), answer the following:

a) Is the function even-degree or odd-degree?

b) Is the function even or odd or neither?

c) State the zeroes and the lowest possible order of

each zero __________________

d) State the interval where the function is positive

________________________________

e) State the interval where the function is negative

________________________________

f) Determine the value of the remainder when f(x)

is divided by x+2. _____________

14. Water is draining from a container. The height, in millimeters, of the water as a function
of time, in seconds, can be modeled by the function
h  t  = 0.00185 250- t  .
2

a) Calculate the average rate of change of height with respect to time from 50s to 100s.

b) Calculate the instantaneous rate of change of height with respect to time at t=60s.

c) Create a sketch of the function indicating the secant line and tangent line from part a.

15. When polynomial x3-ax+21 is divided by x +b, the quotient is x2 - 3x +5 and the
remainder is 6. Determine values of a and b.

16. Is x+b a factor of x9+5b2x7+5bx8- b9?

pg. 89
MHF4U Unit 1: Polynomial Functions

ADDITIONAL Unit 1 Review Practice

Multiple Choice: Identify the letter of choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. The degree of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 is:
a. 1 c. 4
b. 2 d. 9

To answer question 2-4, consider the graph of function f(x) shown on the right:

2. The graph of f(x) is increasing when:

a. –2 < x < –0.8
b. x > -0.8
c. -4 < x < –0.8 and x > 2.8
d. –4 < x < 0

3. This quartic function:

a. has three turning points
b. has an absolute maximum
c. increases, decreases, increases and decreases
d. all of the above

4. The equation of this quartic function definitely has:

a. a negative first coefficient
b. a positive first coefficient
c. an even first coefficient
d. an odd first coefficient

5. In the equation f  x  = k  x - s  x - t  , the value of k indicates:

a. the direction of opening c. the behaviour of the end points
b. the existence of a local maximum d. the number of turning points

6. The equation of a cubic function with zeros at –2, 0, and 4 and end behavior
f(x) as x is:
a. f(x) = x(x – 2)(x + 4) c. f(x) = x(x + 2)(x – 4)
b. f(x) = –x(x – 2)(x + 4) d. f(x) = –x(x + 2)(x – 4)

7. Refer to the below graph, which statement is false?

a. the degree equals the number of turning points

b. the lead coefficient is positive
c. the degree is even
d. it has an absolute minimum value

Page 1 of 5
MHF4U Unit 1: Polynomial Functions

Full Solution questions

8. Use the graph of each polynomial function to identify the polynomial as cubic or quartic, state the
sign of the leading coefficient of its function, and describe the end behaviour.

9. The polynomial f  x  = ax + 3x - 2x - 3x + x -1 has a common difference of -120. What is the

5 4 3 2

value of a?

10.a) Determine the equation of the family of functions with degree 3, roots at -4 ± 3 and another
root at 1.

b) Write the equation of the member of this family that passes through the point (-2, -36). Write
all equations in factored form (do not expand).

Page 2 of 5
MHF4U Unit 1: Polynomial Functions

11. Graph the function

𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 9)(2𝑥 − 13𝑥 + 21). Your graph must
have appropriate end behaviour, the x-intercepts,
and the y-intercept labelled.

12. Determine the equation of each polynomial function from its graph

(c) (d)

Page 3 of 5
MHF4U Unit 1: Polynomial Functions

13. Solve −3(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 5) (𝑥 + 1) ≥ 0 algebraically.

14. Find the equation of the polynomial function given its table of values

𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
-3 -115
-2 -50
-1 -19
0 -10
1 -11
2 -10
3 5

15. Algebraically prove whether the given function is even, odd, or neither.
a) 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 1 b) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 5)(3𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 1)

c) 𝑦 =( d) 𝑦 =(
) )

Page 4 of 5
MHF4U Unit 1: Polynomial Functions

16. Write the division statement for the following

a. (4𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 5) ÷ (2𝑥 + 1)

b. (𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 6) ÷ (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)

17. The distance 𝑠, in km, an airplane has flown after 𝑡 hours is given by 𝑠(𝑡) = 600𝑡 + 30𝑡 − 4𝑡 .

a) Calculate the average rate of change b) Calculate the instantaneous rate of change at
between 0 and 4 hours. exactly 2 hours.

Page 5 of 5