INVESTIGATION OF OTFS IN 5G

INTRODUCTION
The evolution of mobile communication technology has been marked by the transition from
simple voice services in the 2G era to the high-speed data services in 4G and beyond. With
the advent of 5G, the fifth generation of mobile networks, wireless communication is
undergoing a significant transformation.

5G technology is designed to provide extremely fast data speeds, massive connectivity, and
high reliability, making it suitable for various applications like the Internet of Things (IoT),
self-driving cars, smart cities, and immersive virtual reality (VR).

However, one of the key challenges in 5G is ensuring reliable communication in situations

where there is a lot of movement. In these cases, rapid changes in the communication channel
can greatly affect signal quality. The traditional modulation method used in 4G LTE, called
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), faces significant difficulties in such
high-speed environments. OFDM is highly sensitive to Doppler shifts (changes in frequency
due to movement) and requires precise synchronization, making it less effective in fast-
moving settings with many signal reflections (multipath propagation).

To overcome these challenges, researchers are looking into new modulation methods that can
perform better in the dynamic conditions typical of 5G applications. One promising technique
is Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) modulation. OTFS has gained attention for its
ability to maintain strong communication in scenarios where OFDM struggles. OTFS works
in the delay-Doppler domain, making it naturally resistant to the effects of Doppler shifts and
signal reflections, which are common in high-mobility environments.

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LITERATURE SURVEY
V. Rangamgari, et.al [1], "OTFS: Interleaved OFDM with Block CP," This paper offers an
interpretation of the Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) modulation technique,
originally discussed in the OTFS paper. By framing OTFS as a form of interleaved OFDM
with a block cyclic prefix, this work provides a fresh perspective on the mechanisms that
underlie OTFS's robustness in challenging communication environments. This
reinterpretation not only bridges the conceptual gap between OFDM and OTFS but also
sheds light on how the interleaving process in OTFS enhances the system's ability to manage
the impairments commonly encountered in high-mobility scenarios.The original OTFS paper
introduced OTFS as a two-dimensional modulation scheme operating in the delay-Doppler
domain, a shift from the traditional time-frequency domain used in OFDM. This approach
was shown to be particularly effective in converting time-varying multipath channels into
nearly time-invariant, single-tap channels, thereby significantly improving performance in
environments with high Doppler shifts and extensive multipath effects, such as millimetre-
wave (mm Wave) communication systems. The reinterpretation offered by the "OTFS:
Interleaved OFDM with Block CP" paper builds on these findings, highlighting how OTFS
can be seen as a direct evolution of OFDM, where strategic interleaving and the use of a
block cyclic prefix play crucial roles in achieving enhanced robustness and efficiency.By
understanding OTFS as an interleaved OFDM scheme, the "OTFS: Interleaved OFDM with
Block CP" paper underscores the adaptability and scalability of OTFS for future wireless
systems, particularly in high-mobility environments where traditional OFDM has limitations.
The insights provided by this paper reinforce the significance of the OTFS paper’s
contributions to the field of wireless communications, offering a clearer trajectory for the
development of robust, high-efficiency modulation schemes that can meet the demands of
next-generation communication systems.

B. Xu et.al [2], "Research on OTFS Modulation Applied in LTE based 5G Terrestrial

Broadcast," This paper extends the application of OTFS modulation, originally introduced in
the OTFS paper, by exploring its potential within the context of 5G terrestrial broadcast
systems built on LTE infrastructure. OTFS modulation, known for its robustness in handling

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delay-Doppler effects, is particularly advantageous in broadcast scenarios where signals are

subject to various channel impairments, such as multipath fading and Doppler shifts. This
work highlights how OTFS can enhance the performance of 5G broadcast services by
providing more reliable and efficient transmission, even in the challenging conditions
typically encountered in large-scale broadcasting environments. By integrating OTFS with
LTE-based 5G broadcast systems, this research demonstrates how the principles outlined in
the original OTFS paper can be applied to real-world communication systems. The study
shows that OTFS's ability to convert time-varying channels into more manageable, time-
invariant ones significantly improves signal quality and reduces error rates compared to
traditional OFDM-based approaches. This not only underscores the versatility of OTFS as a
modulation scheme but also reaffirms its relevance in advancing next-generation wireless
communication technologies, particularly in scenarios demanding high reliability and
robustness, such as 5G terrestrial broadcasting.

A. Tusha et.al [3], "Exploiting User Diversity in OTFS Transmission for Beyond 5G Wireless
Systems," This paper builds upon the foundational concepts introduced in the OTFS paper by
exploring the application of OTFS modulation in future wireless networks, particularly
beyond 5G (B5G) systems. While the OTFS paper established OTFS as a robust modulation
technique capable of handling challenging communication environments characterized by
Doppler shifts and multipath effects, this subsequent research delves deeper into how OTFS
can leverage user diversity to enhance network performance. User diversity, which refers to
the variations in channel conditions experienced by different users, is a critical factor in B5G
networks, where high mobility, massive connectivity, and stringent reliability requirements
are the norm. By effectively exploiting this diversity, OTFS can provide superior spectral
efficiency, improved throughput, and enhanced reliability in scenarios that push the limits of
current communication technologies.This exploration of user diversity in OTFS transmission
underscores the adaptability of the OTFS framework as presented in the original OTFS paper.
The research demonstrates that OTFS's ability to operate in the delay-Doppler domain not
only makes it robust to time-varying channels but also particularly effective in maximizing
the benefits of user diversity in 5G networks. This positions OTFS as a key enabler for the
next generation of wireless systems, where diverse user conditions must be managed and
utilized to maintain high performance across a wide range of environments. The findings
from this paper further validate the OTFS paper's contributions to the field, highlighting the

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ongoing relevance and potential of OTFS modulation as a foundational technology for future
wireless communication systems.

T. Blazek et.al[4],"Performance Evaluation of OTFS Over Measured V2V Channels at

60GHz," This paper presents an analysis of the Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS)
modulation scheme when applied to realistic vehicular channel situations. OTFS modulates
symbols in delay-Doppler domain, hoping to exploit diversity in both. The penalty for doing
this is the requirement of complex interference cancellation equalizers, as this domain incurs
a strong amount of intercarrier and inter symbol interference. We conduct this analysis using
measured millimetre wave vehicular channels, and we assume typical physical layer settings
for a performance analysis. Our results show that there is a challenging trade-off between
channel conditions that are easy to equalize and channel conditions that allow OFTS to
exploit the two-dimensional diversity. In the first case we observe a good overall performance
that is barely enhanced by employing OTFS. In the second case performance gain through
OTFS is visible, yet with a bad overall performance.

A. Gunturu et.al [5], "Performance Analysis of OTFS Waveform for 5G NR mmWave

Communication System," .This paper explores the application of OTFS modulation in 5G
New Radio (NR) mm Wave communication systems, expanding on the foundational work
presented in the OTFS paper. While the OTFS paper established OTFS as a robust
modulation technique capable of managing delay-Doppler effects, this research specifically
evaluates its performance in the challenging mm Wave frequency bands used in 5G NR.The
analysis highlights how OTFS effectively handles the high Doppler shifts and severe
multipath fading typical of mm Wave communications, demonstrating superior performance
compared to traditional modulation schemes like OFDM. The study underscores the
advantages of OTFS in enhancing signal reliability and reducing error rates in mm Wave
environments, thus reinforcing the OTFS paper's contributions and its relevance to next-
generation wireless systems.

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PROBLEM STATEMENT
Recent communication systems use OFDM because of its many advantages over traditional
methods however in OFDM have many drawbacks like high PAPR, sensitivity to frequency
offset, and suffers from delay spread and doppler shift in high mobility environments where
channel is continuously varying which leads to ICI. So, there is necessity of investigation of
new modulation techniques for 5G systems.

OBJECTIVES
 To investigate OTFS as an alternative modulation scheme for 5G.
 To compare the performance of OTFS with OFDM.
 To analyse the potential benefits and challenges of implementing OTFS in 5G
networks.

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METHODOLOGY

How OTFS Works:

Delay-Doppler Domain: In OTFS, data symbols are mapped onto a 2D grid in the Delay-
Doppler domain. The delay dimension corresponds to the time it takes for a signal to travel
from the transmitter to the receiver via different paths, while the Doppler dimension
corresponds to the frequency shift due to relative motion.

Modulation and Demodulation: The data in the Delay-Doppler domain is modulated into the
time-frequency domain for transmission. At the receiver, the signal is demodulated back to
the Delay-Doppler domain where the original data symbols are recovered.

Delay-Doppler
Domain

Time-Frequency
Domain Post-
Pre-
s(t) r(t) Y[m,n Processing y[k,l]
x[k, Processing X [m, Heisenberg Wigner
Channel ] SFFT ]
l] ISFFT n] Transform Transform

Fig: OTFS system model

OTFS:
 x[k,l] represents the input signal in delay doppler domain.
 This input is given to the Inverse sympletic finite fourier transform block[ISFF].
 ISFFT is a 2D precoder which processes the signal in delay doppler domain.
 Here the input signal is transformed from delay doppler domain to time frequency
domain.

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 The result from ISFFT is X[m,n] which is ready for further processing. This result is
then given to Hilbert transform.
 Hilbert transform is applied on the signal and processed for further transmission
through the channel.
 s(t) is the signal through the channel where channel introduces the noise r(t) is
received signal.
 After r(t) signal is received it is passed thorough Wigner transformation
 Wigner transform gives the output Y[m,n] in the time frequency domain.
 Symplectic finite fourier transform [SFFT] is applied to the y[m,n] signal to convert it
from time frequency domain to delay doppler domain
 y[k,l] is the output signal in delay doppler domain.

Simulation:
 The Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) modulation technique to be
implemented using MATLAB to evaluate its performance under various channel
conditions.
 The simulation setup included the generation of OTFS waveforms, followed by their
transmission through a multipath fading channel, and subsequent demodulation
at the receiver.

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CONCLUSION
The exploration of Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) modulation presents a
promising alternative to the traditional Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) used in current 4G and 5G networks. OTFS's ability to operate effectively in high-
mobility environments addresses the challenges posed by Doppler shifts and multipath
propagation that OFDM struggles with. As 5G networks continue to evolve, the adoption of
OTFS could lead to significant improvements in communication reliability, spectral
efficiency, and overall system performance.

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REFERENCES
1. V. Rangamgari, S. Tiwari, S. S. Das, and S. C. Mondal, "OTFS: Interleaved OFDM
with Block CP," in Proc. Nat. Conf. Commun. (NCC), Kharagpur, India, 2020, pp. 1-
6.
2. B. Xu, Z. Xia, R. Liu, Y. Zhang, and H. Hu, "Research on OTFS Modulation Applied
in LTE based 5G Terrestrial Broadcast," in Proc. Int. Wireless Commun. Mobile
Comput. Conf. (IWCMC), Limassol, Cyprus, 2020, pp. 1-6.
3. A. Tusha, S. Althunibat, M. O. Hasna, and K. Qaraqe, "Exploiting User Diversity in
OTFS Transmission for Beyond 5G Wireless Systems," IEEE Wireless Commun.
Lett., vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1658-1662, Aug. 2022.
4. T. Blazek and D. Radovic, "Performance Evaluation of OTFS Over Measured V2V
Channels at 60GHz," in Proc. IEEE MTT-S Int. Conf. Microw. Intell. Mobil.
(ICMIM), Linz, Austria, 2020, pp. 1-4.
5. A. Gunturu, A. R. Godala, A. K. Sahoo, and A. K. R. Chavva, "Performance Analysis
of OTFS Waveform for 5G NR mmWave Communication System," in Proc. IEEE
Wireless Commun. Netw. Conf. (WCNC), Nanjing, China, 2021, pp. 1-6.
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10. M. Cudak, T. Kovarik, T. A. Thomas, A. Ghosh, Y. Kishiyama, and T. Nakamura,

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