Next-Generation OFDMA-Based Passive Optical Network Architecture Supporting Radio-Over-Fiber
Next-Generation OFDMA-Based Passive Optical Network Architecture Supporting Radio-Over-Fiber
Next-Generation OFDMA-Based Passive Optical Network Architecture Supporting Radio-Over-Fiber
n=1
X
n
exp (j2f
n
t)
__
, (1)
where P
in
is the received average optical power, N
S
is the
number of subcarriers, m is the modulation depth per subcar-
rier, and f
n
is the n
th
subcarriers frequency. OFDM mod-
ulation is essentially a summation of single subcarrier multi-
plexing, except that they can be partially overlaid in frequency.
Due to orthogonal properties during DSP de/modulation, every
subcarriers performance can be calculated separately. Thus,
the average signal power (S) of a single subcarrier can be
given by
S = (P
in
m R)
2
/2, (2)
where R is the responsivity of a photodiode. In an unamplied
system like PON, the receiver noise is the greatest obstacle to
system performance. The receiver noise includes both thermal
and shot noise. The total powers of the thermal and shot noise
are given by
2
th
=
4KT
R
e
F
e
B and
2
sh
= 2q R P
in
B, respectively, where K is the Boltzmanns constant, T is
the absolute temperature, R
e
is the load resistance, F
e
is the
receiver noise gure, B is the receiver bandwidth, and q is the
electron charge. Note that in the OFDM signal, each subcarrier
occupies twice the space as the subcarrier spacing, i.e., B =
2f = 2 F
s
/N, where F
s
and N represent the sampling
rate and the fast Fourier transform (FFT) size of the OFDM
DSP processor, respectively. (In the analytic computation and
simulations, we adopt the following values: Responsivity R =
0.9, load resistance R
e
= 50 Ohm, receiver noise gure F
e
=
2 dB, and T = 300
M
_
erfc
__
3SNR
2(M1)
_
log
2
(M)
. (4)
In addition to analytic results, we also use simulation results to
demonstrate the BER performance of the OFDM signal. The
individual subcarriers performance can be measured from the
error vector magnitude (EVM) of the receiver constellation as
EV M =
_
N
d
i=1
|D
i
r
i
|
2
N
d
|D
avg
|
, (5)
where N
d
is the total number of transmitted symbols per
subcarrier, D
i
and r
i
are transmitted and received symbols,
respectively, and D
avg
represents the average amplitude of
symbol points in the constellation diagram. With the EVM,
one can estimate [21] the BER of each subchannel.
In the simulation, a total of 1 M data bits are generated and
transmitted. At the receiver, the system BER is obtained by
averaging the BER of all subchannels. The parameters for both
analytical computation and simulation are given as follows.
The ADC/DACs sampling rate is 12 GHz, the FFT size is
2048, and the CP overhead is 1.56%. Random data is encoded
in a 16-QAM format and placed in the subcarriers indexed
from 8 to 485. The resulting signal occupies the spectral range
from 46 MHz to 2841 MHz. To reserve the frequency band for
a wireless signal, we skip 21 subcarriers during the subcarrier
assignments to create a 123 MHz clear spectrum centered
at 2130 MHz. Therefore, the total data subcarrier number is
457, and the total bit rate of the OFDM signal is 10.71 Gb/s
(=12 G/2048 (subchannel symbol rate) 457 (subcarriers)
4 (bits/symbol in 16-QAM)). After considering 7% FEC
[22] and 1.56% CP as overhead, the effective data throughput
becomes 10 Gb/s.
Because the OFDM signal has an inherent high peak-to-
average power ratio (PAPR), one needs a careful modulation
index design when the signal is modulated on the laser diode.
Under deep modulation index, the signal can occasionally be
lower than the laser threshold and become clipped. On the
other hand, reducing the driving power prevents clipping but
causes the system to suffer from poor power efciency, which
is a crucial system performance index in an un-amplied
optical link. We dene the effective modulation index () to
be = m
N
s
, where m is the peak modulation depth of one
subcarrier, and N
s
is the number of data subcarriers. In Figure
4(a), we plot the back-to-back receiver sensitivity subject
to achieving a BER of 10
9
under different values. The
gure clearly shows that the optimum performance is achieved
when is between 28% and 36%. Note that this result is
only applied to the case with only broadband OFDM signal.
When wireless signals are integrated with the OFDM signal,
the modulation index of OFDM needs to be backed off to
prevent the clipping problem described above. In Figure 4(b),
we display both analytic and simulation results of the BER
performance of the OFDM signal as a function of received
optical power, under two values, 28.77% and 22.88% (2
dB back off). The gure shows that the simulation results
are in agreement with analytic results. The gure serves as
a guideline for the setting of the required optical power for
OFDM signal. For example, since the state-of-the-art forward-
error-correction (FEC) limit is 210
3
, to have an operational
margin, we choose BER=10
4
as a performance criterion.
We observe that the required optical power to achieve a
BER=10
4
for OFDM signal with =22.88% is -15 dBm.
This power value will be used in the experiment described
later.
IV. INTERFERENCE BETWEEN OFDM-PON AND RF
SIGNALS
For the integrated-signal system, the performance pro-
foundly hinges on a crucial parameter- signal power ratio. In
the following, we rst give the denition, which is followed
by the discussion on the interference. Recall that the RF signal
is superimposed on the broadband OFDM signal, thereby
LIN and TIEN: NEXT-GENERATION OFDMA-BASED PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE SUPPORTING RADIO-OVER-FIBER 795
(a) (b)
Fig. 4. Performance of OFDM signals under the IM-DD system. (a) Receiver sensitivity under different s; (b) BER for the OFDM system.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 5. Notch lters impact on OFDM signal performance. (a) Suppressed subcarriers side-lobes by notch lter; (b) Subcarriers SNR under k=400 notch
lter; (c) OFDM BER under different lter orders; (d) Receiver sensitivity of OFDM signal.
796 IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 28, NO. 6, AUGUST 2010
Fig. 6. Spectrum illustration on PON to RF interference.
yielding the driving power distribution to affect both signals.
We dene broadband-to-radio power ratio (BRPR) as
BRPR =
AveragePower(OFDM)
AveragePower(RF)
. (6)
In the experiment on the integrated-signal system, three 20
MHz RF signals following the WiMAX physical format [23]
are added to the OFDM signal before the laser diode is biased
(see Figure 3). Because the WiMAX subcarriers are encoded
in QPSK, the bit rate of each RF channel is 40 Mbps.
A. RF Signal Interference to OFDM-PON Signal
After the combined signal is received by the optical receiver,
the OFDM receiver needs a notch lter after the ADC to
remove the RF signal. However, introducing the notch lter at
the radio band itself affects the orthogonality of nearby OFDM
subcarriers. This phenomenon and impact is illustrated in
Figure 5. In Figure 5(a) we show that the neighbor subcarriers
side-lobes are suppressed by the notch lter and that these
subcarriers have already lost orthogonality to other subcarriers.
To study the notch lter effect, we assess the OFDM signal
performance by applying different lter orders, denoted as k.
Note that the Keiser window method [24] is used to design the
lter, while the lters 100 MHz stopband depth is determined
by the lter order. Figure 5(b) shows the subchannels SNR
after the lter of k = 400 is applied under an ideal electrical
back to back case. It is clear that the subchannels around the
radio band encounter signicant penalty. Figure 5(c) shows
the simulation results of the overall BER performance of the
OFDM signal with different notch lter orders applied. From
these results, we observe that using deeper notch lters results
in higher error oors. However, a shallow notch lter cannot
completely remove the RF signal.
There is also a trade-off between using different BRPR
values and notch lter orders. Figure 5(d) shows the receiver
sensitivity of the OFDM signal at BER=10
4
for different
BRPR values, as a function of the notch lter order. When
the RF signal is relatively weak, i.e. BRPR=9 dB, there is
only a 1.5 dB difference of sensitivity between a k = 100
and a k = 400. However, when the RF signal is strong, we
need a deeper notch lter to remove the interference from
Fig. 7. RF signals SNR under different received powers.
the RF signal. In the unique case that BRPR=0 dB, a notch
lter with 400 taps can control the penalty within 0.7 dB (-15
dBm to -14.3 dBm), albeit at the cost of hardware complexity.
Note that we also need to consider having a proper BRPR
value to control the interference from the OFDM to the RF
signal. Therefore, the selection of lter order also depends
on the RF signals requirements. We then add the RF signal
into the system with k = 400, under three BRPR values, and
observe the OFDM signal performance. The simulation results
are shown in Figure 5(c). The gure shows that when BRPR
is 10 dB, the BER curves are dominated by the notch lter.
When BRPR=0 dB, the error oor is lifted slightly, but the
negligible power penalty is also observed (with BER=10
4
).
B. OFDM-PON Signal Interference to RF Signal
The existing of side lobes of neighboring OFDM subcarriers
will interfere with the RF signal. The simulation results are
shown in Figure 6. We present in the gure the RF spectrum
under different BRPR values. It is clear that the BRPR
value directly affects the signal to interference ratio (SIR) of
RF signal. We also carried out a simulation to predict the
performance of the RF signal in a point to point optical link.
As shown in Figure 7, the results show that the recovered
signals SNR depends almost linearly on the BRPR value.
When BRPR is increased from 0 dB to 6 dB, the wireless
signals SNR decreases from 34.5 dB to 28.5 dB at -10 dBm
receiver power. In this case, the OFDM signal interference is
a major factor in RF signals performance.
C. Cascading Effect on the Upstream RF Signal
Recall that ROFPON adopts E-O-E conversion for relaying
the upstream RF signal from ONU-1 to ONU-N, and from
ONU-N to OLT through the splitter and trunk ber. Therefore,
the upstream link of a RF signal can be modeled as a chain
of hops, as shown in Figure 8(a). Because the RF signal is
re-transmitted without demodulation at each hop, as the signal
propagates, the interference from the OFDM signal causes
noise to accumulate along the ONUs. At each ONU, the RF
signal passes through a coupler, an E-O-E conversion, and
a BPF. The coupler combines the OFDM signal with the RF
LIN and TIEN: NEXT-GENERATION OFDMA-BASED PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE SUPPORTING RADIO-OVER-FIBER 797
(a) (b)
Fig. 8. RF signal performance with respect to the number of cascading ONUs. (a) RF signal E-O-E relaying illustration; (b) Simulation result for the system
model in (a).
signal and introduces interference, as described in the previous
subsection. The BPF eliminates the OFDM signal outside the
radio band, so it imposes no signicant penalty to the RF sig-
nal. Therefore, as shown in Figure 8(a), we can re-model the
blocks in one ONU as two noise sources, which are essentially
the interference from the OFDM signal (N
ofdm
), and noise
originating from the E-O-E conversion process (N
trx
). Note
that in every ONU, besides being multiplexed with the local
upstream OFDM-PON data, the upstream OFDM signal is also
regenerated, so that the OFDM signal becomes uncorrelated
with other ONUs OFDM signals. Provided that the OFDM
signals interference is also uncorrelated with the RF signal,
we can actually treat the OFDMs interference as white noise
and combine it with the N
trx
, the optical transceiver induced
noise, to predict the RF signals performance after cascading
ONUs. Assuming that the back-to-back wireless electrical
transceiver is SNR
0
= S/N
0
. If only ONU-1 is presented,
the received signals SNR
1
can be expressed as
SNR
1
=
S
N
0
+N
1
, (7)
where S is the received signal power and N
1
= N
ofdm1
+
N
trx1
is the noise from ONU-1. In this architecture, we
assume the received optical power and BRPR are kept the
same for all ONUs, yielding N
1
= N
2
= = N
u
.
Hence, after the wireless signal travels through u ONUs, its
performance becomes
SNR
u
=
S
N
0
+u N
1
. (8)
By substituting N
1
with SNR
0
and SNR
1
, SNR
u
is given
by
SNR
u
=
S
N
0
_
1 +u
_
SNR
0
SNR
1
SNR
1
__
1
. (9)
With Equation (9), we can now apply the SNR
1
result from
Figure 7 to predict SNR performance after cascading ONUs.
Simulation results are shown in Figure 8(b). Note that because
the transceiver back to back SNR
0
is usually very high, we
can assume SNR
0
= 45 dB (according to the experimental
results). If the BRPR value is smaller than 2 dB and the optical
Fig. 9. Experimental setup.
received power is greater than -12 dBm, the wireless signal
after 32 ONUs can maintain an SNR of 16 dB, which is the
BER=10
9
boundary for a QPSK encoded wireless signal.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Experimental Setup
We carried out an experiment to test the performance and
viability of the ROFPON architecture. The experimental set-
up is illustrated in Figure 9. The experiment is divided into
two parts. First, we evaluate the performance of both the
OFDM and wireless RF signals when they are combined and
transported over a 20 km optical link. The second part of the
experiment assesses how the upstream RF signal is affected
by the accumulated interference from the OFDMA signal. The
OFDM signal, which occupies 0.05 2.8 GHz of bandwidth,
is generated ofine with a DSP program. The IFFT size is
2048, from which 457 16-QAM encoded subcarriers are used
for data transmissions. The raw data rate is 10.7 Gb/s, which
includes 7% FEC overhead, yielding a network throughput of
10 Gb/s. To accommodate multiple RF signals, the allocated
radio band is 123 MHz wide and centered at a frequency of
2130 MHz. The analog waveform consists of 1000 OFDM
symbols, and is generated by an arbitrary waveform generator
798 IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 28, NO. 6, AUGUST 2010
Fig. 10. Experimental results.
(AWG1). To generate the wireless signal, we follow WiMAXs
format and use another AWG (AWG2) to produce three 20
MHz bandwidth RF signals at 2100 MHz, 2130 MHz, and
2160 MHz, respectively.
To evaluate downstream performance and ber impairment,
OFDM and RF signals are combined by a directional coupler
to drive an intensity modulation optical transmitter that is of
5 dBm output power, 2.5 GHz bandwidth, and 1550 nm. Note
that two electrical attenuators are applied to set the BRPR
value. The spectrum density of the combined signal is shown
in the right inset of Figure 9. For the direct link test, the
combined signal reaches the PIN-based photoreceiver after
traveling a 20 km single mode ber and passing through an
optical attenuator, which emulates the component loss and
tests the receiver sensitivity. The received signal is split into
two paths. For OFDM demodulation, a 50 GHz sampling rate
real-time scope captures the signal for ofine DSP processing,
which is described in Section 3. On the other path, an 80
MHz bandwidth bandpass lter at 2130 MHz is implemented
to extract the wireless signal for ofine demodulation.
To assess the performance of the RF signal after it has
cascaded through O-E-O conversions and also accumulated
interference from the OFDM signal, an ofine recirculating-
loop experiment is executed. As shown in the lower part
of Figure 9, a tap coupler, an optical photoreceiver, and a
bandpass lter are used to extract RF signals. Using a 12.5
GHz sampling rate, a real-time scope then captures and stores
a 20M section of the waveform in a le. After the waveform
is stored, it is re-sampled to 12 GHz by a DSP program and
fed to the AWG2 for the next hop transmission. For each
hop, we load different OFDM signals to AWG1 so that the
hops interferences would not be correlated. In this way, we
could emulate the accumulated interference imposed on the
RF signal from ONU-1 to ONU-32.
B. Experimental Results
In Figure 10, we plot the BER curves of the OFDM signal
under different BRPR values both before and after 20 km
ber transmissions. The notch lter order is set to k = 400.
The back-to-back receiver sensitivity of OFDM for BER=10
4
is -14.6 dBm for u=22.88%. With these settings, when the
RF signal is added to the link at BRPR=0 dB, only a 0.3
Fig. 11. Recirculating-loop experimental results of RF performance.
dB penalty is observed. After 20 km ber transmissions,
the receiver sensitivity is degraded by an additional 0.3 dB
to -14 dBm. The OFDM constellation diagram (at BRPR=0
dB and receiver power=-10 dBm), is shown in the inset of
Figure 10. The experimental results of the back-to-back SNR
curves of the RF signal with respect to BRPR and optical
receiver power are displayed and compared side-by-side with
simulation results in Figure 7. We observe that experimental
results are in agreement with the simulation results.
The results for the RF signal upstream based on the
recirculating-loop experiment are shown in Figure 11. The
optical received power is xed at -12 dBm. As the node
number increases, the SNR of the RF signal degrades due
to the interference from the OFDM signals side lobes. As
expected from the analysis results in Section 4, if BRPR is
equal to 2 dB, the SNR of the RF signal at the OLT can still
remain above 16 dB after passing through 32 ONUs and a 20
km single mode ber. We also show in the insets of Figure 11
the constellation diagrams of a QPSK-encoded wireless signal
before and at the end of the recirculating loop, respectively.
We observe from the above results that the system per-
formance is profoundly dependent on the receiver power,
BRPR, and notch lter order. To protect the RF signal against
accumulated interference from OFDM after 32 ONUs, the
BRPR is required to be less than 2 dB and the upstream
receiver power of each ONU must be greater than -12 dBm.
Because the link loss between ONUs mainly comes from
the two short feeder bers, two circulators, and one coupler.
Assuming a 1 dB insertion loss for feeder ber and circulator,
a 3 dB coupler is adopted in the ODD. The link loss between
adjacent ONUs is 7 dB. Therefore, with over 5 dBm power
for the optical transmitter, -12 dBm of receiver power in the
upstream wavelength will provide a 17 dB power budget,
which is sufcient to cover a 7 dB link loss. If we set the
BRPR to 0 2 dB, the order of OFDM receivers notch lter
needs to be greater than 400 to prevent a large power penalty
from being imparted by the residual RF signals interference.
Experimental results show that when BRPR=0 dB, k=400, and
20 km ber transmissions, the receiver sensitivity at 10
4
is
-14 dBm. With a 6 dBm OLT transmitter power, there is a
20 dB optical power budget for ODD and ber loss, which
just meets the requirements of a 16-node system. The split
ratio can be further improved by employing an avalanche
LIN and TIEN: NEXT-GENERATION OFDMA-BASED PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE SUPPORTING RADIO-OVER-FIBER 799
photo diode receiver (APD) receiver or a higher power optical
transmitter [25].
VI. CONCLUSIONS
We have presented a novel OFDMA-PON architecture,
ROFPON, which successfully integrates local broadband
OFDM data and wireless RF signals from multiple remote
antennas. In ROFPON, only two wavelengths, one for down-
stream and the other for upstream trafc, are required. Three
20 MHz WiMAX-format signals are overlaid on the 10 Gb/s
broadband OFDMA signal. Furthermore, with the OFDMs
high spectral efciency, the combined signal occupies only
2.8 GHz. Experimental results show that after-coding direct-
detection receiver sensitivity of OFDMA over a 20 km ber
is -14 dBm. The RF signals robustness against OFDMA
interference from ONUs is analyzed and demonstrated by
running an ofine recirculating loop experiment. Under a
BRPR of 2 dB, the RF signal can be relayed in a 32 ONUs
chain and recovered successfully.
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Yu-Min Lin received the B.S. degree in electrical
engineering from National Tsing-Hua University,
Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1996 and the Ph.D. degree in
communication engineering from National Chiao-
Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 2003.
He joined the Department of Optical Communi-
cations and Networks, Industrial Technology Re-
search Institute (ITRI), Taiwan, R.O.C., in 2004.
His research interests include broad-band optical
networking and advanced modulation format for
optical ber communications.
Po-Lung Tien received the B.S. degree in ap-
plied mathematics, the M.S. degree in computer
and information science, and the Ph.D. degree in
computer and information engineering, from the
National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, in 1992,
1995, and 2000, respectively. In 2005, he joined
National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, where he
is currently an assistant professor of the department
of communication engineering. His current research
interests include optical networking, wireless net-
working, multimedia communications, performance
modeling and analysis, and applications of soft computing.