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OSI model

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5 views

OSI model

Uploaded by

iamrishabhdwivedi12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Application layer (Layer 7) :

1. This layer also serves as a window for the application services to access
the network and for displaying the received information to the user.
Ex: Application – Browsers, Skype Messenger, etc.
2.These applications produce the data, which has to be transferred over the
network.
**Application Layer is also called Desktop Layer.
3.A few examples of application layer protocols are the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office Protocol (POP),
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and Domain Name System (DNS).

Presentation Layer (Layer 6) :


1.The presentation layer is also called the Translation layer. The data from the
application layer is extracted here and manipulated as per the required format to
transmit over the network.
The functions of the presentation layer are :

Translation: For example, ASCII to EBCDIC.


Encryption/ Decryption: Data encryption translates the data into another form
or code. The encrypted data is known as the ciphertext and the decrypted data is
known as plain text. A key value is used for encrypting as well as decrypting data.

Compression: Reduces the number of bits that need to be transmitted on the


network.

The presentation layer prepares data for the application layer. It


defines how two devices should encode, encrypt, and compress data
so it is received correctly on the other end. The presentation layer
takes any data transmitted by the application layer and prepares it
for transmission over the session layer.

Session Layer (Layer 5) :


1.This layer is responsible for the establishment of connection, maintenance of
sessions, authentication, and also ensures security.
The functions of the session layer are :

2.Session establishment, maintenance, and termination: The layer allows the two
processes to establish, use and terminate a connection.

3Synchronization: This layer allows a process to add checkpoints which are


considered synchronization points into the data. These synchronization points help
to identify the error so that the data is re-synchronized properly, and ends of the
messages are not cut prematurely and data loss is avoided.
Dialog Controller: The session layer allows two systems to start communication with
each other in half-duplex or full-duplex.

The session layer creates communication channels, called sessions,


between devices. It is responsible for opening sessions, ensuring
they remain open and functional while data is being transferred,
and closing them when communication ends. The session layer can
also set checkpoints during a data transfer—if the session is
interrupted, devices can resume data transfer from the last
checkpoint.
Transport Layer

The transport layer takes data transferred in the session layer and
breaks it into “segments” on the transmitting end. It is responsible
for reassembling the segments on the receiving end,

Network Layer

The network layer has two main functions. One is breaking up


segments into network packets, and reassembling the packets on
the receiving end. The other is routing packets by discovering the
best path across a physical network. The network layer uses
network addresses (typically Internet Protocol addresses) to route
packets to a destination node.

Data Link Layer

The data link layer establishes and terminates a connection between


two physically-connected nodes on a network. It breaks up packets
into frames and sends them from source to destination. This layer is
composed of two parts—Logical Link Control (LLC), which identifies
network protocols, performs error checking and synchronizes
frames, and Media Access Control (MAC) which uses MAC addresses
to connect devices and define permissions to transmit and receive
data.
The physical layer is responsible for the physical cable or wireless
connection between network nodes. It defines the connector, the
electrical cable or wireless technology connecting the devices, and
is responsible for transmission of the raw data, which is simply a
series of 0s and 1s, while taking care of bit rate control.
* Hub, Repeater, Modem, Cables are Physical Layer devices.

TOPOLOGY
Network topology refers to the manner in which the links and nodes of a network are
arranged to relate to each other. ... Physical network topology examples include star, mesh,
tree, ring, point-to-point, circular, hybrid, and bus topology networks, each consisting of different
configurations of nodes and links.
Ring bus mesh star

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