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Lecture-3 (Fabric Testing)

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awaismehmoodkhan.213
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40 views

Lecture-3 (Fabric Testing)

Uploaded by

awaismehmoodkhan.213
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

1

Physical and
Mechanical Testing
2
Introduction

 Fabrics made from both natural and manufactured


yarns/fibers have been extensively used for clothing,
decoration and industrial applications.
 The physical and mechanical properties of these fabrics are
affected by the fiber type, yarn structure and fabric
construction, as well as any treatment that may have been
applied to the materials.
 A range of fabric performance parameters are assessed for
different end-use applications.

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 Fabrics are asymmetric materials. The test results differ when a


fabric specimen is tested in different directions (e.g. warp or weft
for woven, course or wale for knits).
 Different test standards are applied to different types of fabric.
 It is important to note that the three important factors for any test
are;
 The sampling protocol
 The conditions of measurement
 The instrumentation and measurement procedure

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Fabric weight and thickness

 Weight measurement of a fabric is often a prerequisite for


subsequent tests of other fabric properties.
 If fabric weight or dimension is not kept constant or normalized
then the test results will not be comparable.
 The thickness of a fabric is one of its basic properties, giving
information on its warmth, weight and stiffness.
 Thickness measurements are very sensitive to the pressure and
sample size used in the measurement.
 In practice, fabric mass per unit area is often used as an indicator
of thickness.
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5
Methods

 Weight can be determined by a mass per unit area or a mass per unit
length of fabric.
 Five specimens should be selected from each fabric sample.
 Specimen selection should avoid taking samples from the fabric
selvedge.
 Testing should be conducted in a conditioned atmosphere with
preconditioned samples and care should be taken to avoid the loss of
fibers/threads during weighing.
 Results are commonly reported in grams per square metre (g/m2).
 ASTM D3776-96(2002) ISO 3801-(1977)

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Fabric strength

 The strength tests covered in this section include;


 Tensile strength
 Tear strength
 Seam strength
 Burst strength
 These mechanical properties are important for all textile users including
fabric processors, garment manufacturers, designers and customers.

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Tensile strength

 Measurement of tensile stress–strain properties is the most


common mechanical measurement on fabrics.

 It is used to determine the behavior of a sample while under an


axial stretching load.

 From this, the breaking load and elongation can be obtained.

 Results depend on specimen geometry, the fiber type and


arrangement, as well as the fabric structure.
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Operating modes

 Constant-rate-of extension (CRE)

 Constant-rate-of traverse (CRT)

 Constant-rate-of-load (CRL)

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Initial modulus (Handle)

 Young’s modulus or the initial modulus (IM) is a measure of the


amount of deformation that is caused by a small stress.
 Materials with a high modulus, often called stiff or hard materials,
deform or deflect very little in the presence of a stress.
 Materials with a low modulus, often called soft materials, deflect
significantly.
 In the case of fabric, initial modulus is related to the fabric handle.
 A higher IM means a stiffer or harsher fabric handle whereas a
lower IM provides a softer fabric handle.

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Methods

 Grab test:
 In the grab test, the width of the jaws is less than the width of the
specimen.
 This method is used for woven high-density fabrics and those
fabrics with threads not easy to remove from the edges.
 The grab method is used whenever it is desired to determine the
‘effective strength’ of the fabric in use.

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 This method is desirable for high-strength fabrics.


 Strip test:
 There are two types of strip test;
 The ravelled strip test The cut strip test
 The ravelled strip test is only used for woven fabric and specimens are prepared by
removing threads from either side of the test piece until it is the correct width.
 The cut strip test is used for fabrics that cannot have threads removed from their sides such
as knits, non-woven, felts and coated fabrics. The test specimens are prepared by
accurately cutting to size.

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Factors affecting the tensile
strength

 It should be noted that many factors can affect the tensile test results.
 These factors should be carefully considered when undertaking the tensile
tests of fabrics.
 Number of test specimens
 Gauge length
 Extension rate
 Jaws or grips
 Jaw break

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Standards commonly used for
tensile strength tests
 ISO 13934-1:1999 Textiles – Tensile properties of fabrics – Part 1: Determination of maximum
force and elongation at maximum force using the strip method.
 ISO 13934-2:1999 Textiles – Tensile properties of fabrics – Part 2: Determination of maximum
force using the grab method.
 ASTM D5034-95 Standard test method for breaking strength and elongation of textile
fabrics (grab test).
 ASTM D5035-95 Standard test method for breaking strength and elongation of textile
fabrics (strip test).
 AS 2001.2.3.1-2001 Physical tests – Determination of maximum force and elongation at
maximum force using the strip method.
 AS 2001.2.3.2-2001 Physical tests – Determination of maximum force using the grab
method.
 AS 4878.6-2001 Determination of tensile strength and elongation at break for coated
fabrics.

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