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components_report[1]

Uploaded by

bm089673
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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The Technical University of Kenya

Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment(FEBE)


School of Aerospace and Aviation Engineering(SAVE)
Department of Aeronautical and Aircraft Engineering(DAAE)

Joseph Muturi EBAM/01312/2021


Bernard Kimeu EBAM/01322/2021
Susan Karol EBAM/01318/2021
James Achola EBAM/03132P/2021
1.GROUP REPORT ON IDENTIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATIONS.

OBJECTIVES
1.To identify the various equipment
2.Understand the classification of the equipment.

THEORY
Electronic components that make up a circuit are classified into to;
 Active
 Passive
 Active components are components which supply electric power to
the circuit or power gain to the circuit. They perform ‘active’ functions
such as amplifying, rectifying or converting supplied current.
Common active components are diodes, transistors, generators and

integrated circuits. 1 DIODE ( )

A diode is a component capable of passing electric current in one direction


but stopping current in the opposite direction (rectifying characteristics). This
is done by combining semiconductors of type-p and type-n, and two types of
materials, such as a semiconductor and a metal. LED (light-emitting diode) is
also a type of diode, which is known for emitting light, but has the same
characteristic of passing current only in one direction.

2.Transistors
Transistors are semiconductor devices made by joining p-type and n-type
semiconductors one after another and having three terminals called base
(B), collector (C), and emitter (E). When a small current is applied between
the base and emitter, a much larger current flows between the collector and
emitter as an amplifying function. Similarly, a change in current between the
base and emitter causes a large change in current between the collector and
emitter as a switching function. Thus, transistors provide two functions.
Transistors have a wide variety of applications, including an amplifier circuit,
a switching circuit, a constant voltage circuit that suppresses power voltage
fluctuation, and a logic circuit that uses input and output voltages for local
operation.
3. Integrated Circuit (IC)
Integrated circuits use semiconductor processing technology called
photolithography to form multiple electronic components on a circuit
substrate such as minute transistors and diodes on a semiconductor wafer.
Types of ICs are largely grouped into digital ICs for handling signals and
analog ICs for handling analog signals. These components are a central
control function of electronic equipment, such as complex data computation,
conversion process, and data memory.

 Passive components are components which can only receive energy,


which it can either dissipate, absorb or store in a magnetic or electric
field.
They perform ‘passive’ functions such as consuming, storing or releasing
electric power.
Common passive components are resistors, capacitors, inductors, inductors
and transformers.
1.Resistors
Resistors maintain or change electric current that flows in the circuit by
consuming supplied electric power. For example, a simple circuit could
consist of a power supply and a resistor. While maintaining a constant power
supply, if the resistor value is increased, the current in the circuit will get
smaller. If the resistor value is decreased, the current gets larger. In actual
circuits, resistors are used to suppress current to avoid allowing more flow
than the rated value into other components. They can also be used to obtain
the required current or voltage by dividing voltage or current flow, or for
measuring the flow in the circuit.
2. Capacitors
Capacitors store or release supplied electrical power (electrical charge) by
blocking direct current (DC), while passing alternating current (AC). They
pass high-frequency currents very well. When DC is applied to a capacitor, it
stores electrical charge to a maximum level and then stops the current flow.
When AC is applied, the capacitor stores and releases electrical charge every
time the current flow direction changes.
3.Inductors (Coil)
A coil’s function is to convert electricity (current) into a magnetic field or
convert a magnetic field into a current. Coils pass DC but shut off AC, and it
becomes difficult to pass current when the frequency gets higher. A coil’s
behavior toward DC and AC is opposite that of capacitors. Applying electrical
current to wiring generates a magnetic field, but coils can store electrical
energy as a magnetic field through their winding structure of coil. DC passes
through a coil as it does a conductor, but AC generates a largely changing
magnetic field by changes in current.
4. Transformers
A transformer is also a passive electronic component. When transformers
step up (or step down) voltage, power and energy remain the same on the
primary and secondary side. As energy is not actually being amplified – a
transformer is classified as a passive element.

Active Component Passive Component


An active device transforms and injects They cannot control the flow of current
power or energy into a circuit.
Examples: Diodes, transistors, SCR, A passive device uses power or energy from
integrated circuits, etc. a circuit.
They are capable of providing power gain Examples: Resistors, capacitors, inductors,
(amplifier). etc
They are energy donors. They are incapable of providing power gain.
They can control the flow of current. They are energy acceptors.

COMPONENTS
a. Breadboard-It is used to connect all the electrical equipment

b. Transformer-
We had a stepdown transformer with ana input of 120V and output
voltage of 12V.
c. Diode-
We had a diode with part no. 1N4007 which is a rectifier diode.
Characteristics
 Peak repetitive reverse voltage of 1000V
 Typical junction capacitance of 8pF
 Typical Thermal resistance junction to amk/W

d. Resistor - The resistance is checked by looking at the 4 stripes on the


main body of the resistor the different color codes show the resistance.
The first two bands indicate the resistance value and the third band
serves as a multiplier.
How we Read the Resistor Color Code
o To read them, we held the resistor such that the tolerance band
is on the right. (The tolerance band is usually gold or silver in
color and is placed a little further away from the other bands.)
o Starting from your left, we noted down all the colors of the bands
and wrote them down in sequence.
o Next, we used the resistor color table to see which digits they
represent. For example;
For our case we had a resistor with red ,green ,red and gold colour strips
hence 2500 ohms with a tolerance of 5%
e. Capacitor -
We had a 2200 microfarad capacitor
f. Transistor -

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals


and power. They are broadly classified into tree types: Bipolar transistors, field-
effect transistors and insulated-gate bipolar transistor. The provided transistor has a
part number, TLBFY51MD, and has the following characteristics from its data sheet:
1. Maximum collector power – 0.8W
2. Maximum collector-base voltage – 60V
3. Maximum emitter-base voltage – 6V

2.REPORT ON FAMILIRIAZATION WITH THE ELECTRICAL


EQUIPMENT
APPARATUS
i. Function generator
ii. Oscilloscope
iii. Connecting cables
iv. Multimeter
v. Powercables
vi. Components(resistor,diode,capacitor)

PROCEDURE 1
 We connected the oscilloscope and the function generator to the power
supply
 We then set up the function generator.
 We then connected the function generator to the oscilloscope using
appropriate cables.
 We then set the function generator to output a sine wave of frequency
2KHz and amplitude of 2Vpp
 We observed the waveform on the oscilloscope and compared with the
results measured by the oscilloscope
 We repeated the same procedure for a square wave with similar
parameters and observed the waveform.
 The supply cables were then connected to a multimeter and testing
leads were connected to it.
 The set up was then used to measure the respective parameters of the
individual components including, resistance, capacitance and voltage.

RESULTS
Sine wave
On the oscilloscope the measured value for the amplitude varied slightly. This
could have been as a result of noise interference, power supply interference
and other environmental factors.

Square wave
The measured values for the wave were accurate showing that there was no
interference and or noise
resistor

capacitor

diode

CONCLUSION
The lab session was successful and at the end of the session we were able to meet
our objectives as follows: 1. We were able to classify electrical components 2. We
managed to carry our basic electrical measurements

REFERENCES
EScomponents.blog
Byjus.com

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