biology_project[1] FINAL last

INDEX
Sno Topic
1 Reproductive Cycle
2 Menstrual Cycle
3 Hormones
4 Phases Of Menstrual Cycle
5 Duration of different phases
6 Menstruation
7 Follicular Phase
8 Ovulation
9 Luteal Phase
10 Events Of Menstrual Cycle
11 Hormonal Levels During Different Phase
12 SignsOf Menstruation
13 Menarch& Menopause
14 Menstrual Cycle Disorder
15 Menstrual Taboos
16 Bibliography
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my

biology teacher,
, for their invaluable guidance and support in

completing this project. I am also thankful to my school,
KIIT International School, and the laboratory staff for
providing all the resources required to conduct the
experiment.
RITU PRIYADARSINI SWAIN
CLASS- XII
ROLL NO-
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project titled "A Study
of Menstrual Cycle" has been successfully completed by
RITU PRIYADARSINI SWAIN, a student of Class 12,
under
Date:
Signature of Teacher:
REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
The female of placental mammals exhibit cyclical changes in the activities
of ovaries and accessory ducts as well as hormones during the
reproductive phase known as reproductive cycle.
There are two types which are as follows
1. Oestrus cycle:This cycle occur in non-primate which are cow, rat etc.
2. Menstrual cycle:This cycle occur in primates which are apes and human
being.
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
Definition: Menstrual cycle refers to the cyclical changes in the activities

of ovaries and accessory ducts as well as hormones in female primate
mammals during the reproductive phase.
▪ In human female, menstruation is repeated at an average interval of

about 28-29 days.
▪ The cycle of events from one menstruation till the next one is known
as menstrual cycle.
Hormones
1. Anterior Pituitary Hormone
I. Luteinizing
Hormone (LH)
II. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
2. Ovarian Hormones
I. Estrogen
II. Progesterone
Hormones And Their Functions

PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Changes in the level of Anterior pituitary hormone and Ovarian

hormones induces changes in ovary and uterus results in different phases
Menstrual cycle can be divided into 3 phases:
1. Menstrual Phase
2. Follicular (Estrogen) Phase
3. Ovulation
4. Luteal (Progesterone) Phase
Duration Of Menstrual Cycle
PhaseOf Menstrual Cycle Average Start And End Day
Menstrual Phase 1-4
Proliferative Phase 5-13
Ovulation 13-16
Secretory Phase 16-28
Events DuringMenstruation Cycle
MENSTRUAL PHASE
• Menstrual cycle starts with menstrual phase.

• Menstruation
• Menstrual bleeding, menses, period.
• Discharge of bloody fluid containing endometrial cells, glandular

secretions and blood cells.
• Due to breakdown of endometrial lining of uterus and its blood

vessels.
• Result of the previous menstrual cycle.

• Due to strong proteolytic activity, functional stratum of endometrial
tissue dies and is discharged during menstrual bleeding.
• It last for 3-5 days.
• Endometrium becomes very thin, but due to low estrogen

levels, secretes more FSH.
• FSH stimulates secretion of estrogen, and estrogen serves as

proliferation signal to the endometrial basal layer.
FOLLICULAR PHASE
• Due to the rise of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) during the first
days of the cycle, several ovarian follicles are stimulated.
• Follicles compete with each other for development.
• Follicle mature intoGraafian Follicle.
• As they mature, the follicles secrete increasing amounts of estrogen,

which thickens the new functional layer of endometrium in the
uterus.
• As in this phase endometrium regenerate through proliferation this

phase is also known asProliferative Phase.
• Estrogen also stimulates crypts in the cervix to produce fertile

cervical mucus.
• At the end of this phase ovulation occurs.
OVULATION
• During the Follicular Phase, estrogen suppresses production of

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland.
• When the ovum has nearly matured, levels of estrogen reach a

threshold above which they stimulate production of LH (positive
feedback loop).
• Both LH and FSH attains a peak value called LH Surge.

• The release of LH matures the ovum and weakens the wall of the
follicle in the ovary, causing graffian follicle ruptures and release of
ovum.
• After being released from the ovary, the ovum is swept into the
fallopian tube.
LUTEAL PHASE
• Graffian Follicle transform as Corpus Luteum.
• Corpus Luteum: solid body formed in an ovary, after ovulation.
• Corpus luteum secrete significant amounts of progesterone, which

plays a vital role in making the endometrium receptive to
implantation of the blastocyst.
• High levels of Estrogen and Progesterone suppress production of FSH
and LH that the corpus luteum needs to maintain itself.
• In absence of fertilisation , corpus luteum degenerate .
• Falling levels of progesterone disgenerate endometrium lining,

trigger menstruation and the beginning of the next cycle.
EVENTS OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
SIGN OF MENSTURALATION CYCLE
A Woman May Experience :

▪ Fluid Retention
▪ Cramping
▪ Mood Swings
▪ Weight Gain
▪ Breast Tenderness
▪ Diarrhea
▪ Constipation
MENARCHE & MENOPAUSE
Menarche:
✓ A woman's first menstruation.
✓ Typically occurs around age 12.
✓ Occurrence depends on overall health and diet.
Menopause:
✓ End of a woman's reproductive phase,
✓ Commonly occurs between ages 45 and 55
✓ Age of menopause is largely the result of genetics.
MENSTRUATION
CYCLE DISORDER
1. Menorrhagia:Excess uterine bleeding, prolonged 7 days.
2. Oligomenorrhea: Uterine bleeding occur at interval 35 days and 6

months.
3. Amenorrhea: No menses for at least 6 months.
MENSTRUAL TABOO
A Menstrual Taboo is any social taboo concerned with Menstruation.
In some societies it involves menstruation being perceived as unclean or

embarrassing, extending even to the mention of menstruation both
• In public
• In private
Social Behavior with Women during Menstruation Cycle as
follows:
➢ Many traditional religions consider menstruation ritually unclean.
➢ Women and girls are not allowed to enter temples, or take part in
many religious functions while menstruation.
➢ Women are also supposed to keep away from sacred objects even
in their own homes.
➢ Women are unclean for seven days . A women had to 'purify'
herself after she finished menstruating.
➢ Women were forbidden from even entering in kitchen during
menstruating days.
Womanhood is a gift from nature to females and they should cherish

it and feel proud about it, shame or guilt should not be associated with
any gender. This practice of seclusion of women in this way due to some
biological processes associated with their gender should stop. We all
should know that this is totally wrong and it is our duty to stop it.
Let's show some courage to eradicate this practice, let's confront

these things wherever we see them and let’s start this from our own
homes.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.co.in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_luteu
m
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology
/biology-ii/reproduction/menstruation-
andmenstrual-cycle.php
http://ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/3/lebo101.pdf

biology_project[1] FINAL last

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

biology_project[1] FINAL last

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

biology_project[1] FINAL last

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INDEX

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my

, for their invaluable guidance and support in

RITU PRIYADARSINI SWAIN

Definition: Menstrual cycle refers to the cyclical changes in the activities

▪ In human female, menstruation is repeated at an average interval of

1. Anterior Pituitary Hormone

Hormones And Their Functions

Changes in the level of Anterior pituitary hormone and Ovarian

Menstrual cycle can be divided into 3 phases:

Menstrual Phase 1-4

Proliferative Phase 5-13

Secretory Phase 16-28

Events DuringMenstruation Cycle

• Menstrual cycle starts with menstrual phase.

• Menstrual bleeding, menses, period.

• Discharge of bloody fluid containing endometrial cells, glandular

• Due to breakdown of endometrial lining of uterus and its blood

• Result of the previous menstrual cycle.

• It last for 3-5 days.

• Endometrium becomes very thin, but due to low estrogen

• FSH stimulates secretion of estrogen, and estrogen serves as

• Follicle mature intoGraafian Follicle.

• As they mature, the follicles secrete increasing amounts of estrogen,

• As in this phase endometrium regenerate through proliferation this

• Estrogen also stimulates crypts in the cervix to produce fertile

• At the end of this phase ovulation occurs.

• During the Follicular Phase, estrogen suppresses production of

• When the ovum has nearly matured, levels of estrogen reach a

• Both LH and FSH attains a peak value called LH Surge.

• Graffian Follicle transform as Corpus Luteum.

• Corpus Luteum: solid body formed in an ovary, after ovulation.

• Corpus luteum secrete significant amounts of progesterone, which

• In absence of fertilisation , corpus luteum degenerate .

• Falling levels of progesterone disgenerate endometrium lining,

A Woman May Experience :

MENARCHE & MENOPAUSE

2. Oligomenorrhea: Uterine bleeding occur at interval 35 days and 6

A Menstrual Taboo is any social taboo concerned with Menstruation.

In some societies it involves menstruation being perceived as unclean or

Womanhood is a gift from nature to females and they should cherish

Let's show some courage to eradicate this practice, let's confront

You might also like