SYLLABUS FOR NEET (UG) - 2025

PHYSICS
UNIT 1: PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT
Units of measurements, System of Units, , S I Units, fundamental and derived units, least count,
significant figures, Errors in measurements , Dimensions of Physics quantities, dimensional
analysis, and its applications.

UNIT 2: KINEMATICS
The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, Position- time graph, speed and velocity;
Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly
accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated
motion, Scalars and Vectors, Vector. Addition and subtraction, , scalar and vector products, Unit
Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform
Circular Motion.

UNIT 3: LAWS OF MOTION

Force and inertia, Newton’s First law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion,
Impulses; Newton’s Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its
applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces.
Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.
Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications: vehicle on a level
circular road, vehicle on a banked road.

UNIT 4: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work-energy
theorem, power.
The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non-
conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle: Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two
dimensions.

UNIT5: ROTATIONAL MOTION

Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, Centre of the mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts
of rotational motion; moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular
momentum and its applications;
The moment of inertia, the radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia forsimple geometrical
objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, and their applications. Equilibrium of rigid
bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion , comparison of linear and rotational
motions.

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UNIT 6: GRAVITATION
The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and
depth. Kepler’s law of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential.
Escape velocity, Motion of a satellite, orbital velocity, time period and energy of satellite.

UNIT 7: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law. Young's modulus, bulk modulus,
modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications. Effect of
gravity on fluid pressure.
Viscosity. Stokes' law. terminal velocity, streamline, and turbulent flow.critical velocity .
Bernoulli's principle and its applications.
Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface,
application of surface tension - drops, bubbles, and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal
expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer-
conduction, convection, and radiation.
UNIT 8: THERMODYNAMICS
Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of temperature. Heat, work, and
internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes.
The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.
UNIT 9: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases -
assumptions, the concept of pressure. Kinetic interpretation of temperature: RMS speed of gas
molecules: Degrees of freedom. Law of equipartition of energy and applications to specific heat
capacities of gases; Mean free path. Avogadro's number.
UNIT 10: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
Oscillations and periodic motion – time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time.
Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase: oscillations of a
spring -restoring force and force constant: energy in S.H.M. - Kinetic and potential energies;
Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period:
Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of travelling wave. Displacement
relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves. Standing
waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats.

UNIT 11: ELECTROSTATICS

Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb's law forces between two point charges, forces
between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines. Electric dipole, Electric field
due to a dipole. Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.

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 Electric flux. Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged
straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.
Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges;
potential difference, Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point
charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitances,, the
combination of capacitors in series and parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and
without dielectric medium between the plates. Energy stored in a capacitor.
UNIT 12: CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Electric current. Drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current.. Ohm's law.
Electrical resistance.. V-l characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors. Electrical energy
and power. Electrical resistivity and conductivity. Series and parallel combinations of resistors;
Temperature dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and
parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge. Metre Bridge.

UNIT 13: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere's law and its
applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving
charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two parallel
currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a
uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and
voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent
solenoid, magnetic field lines; Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its
axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field. Para-
, dia- and ferromagnetic substances with examples, effect of temperature on magnetic properties.
UNIT 14: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS
Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law. Induced emf and current: Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents.
Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/
voltage: reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: power in AC circuits, wattless
current. AC generator and transformer.
UNIT 15: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Displacement current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of
electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible,
ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays), Applications of e.m. waves.
UNIT 16: OPTICS
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, morror formula. Refraction of light at plane and spherical
surfaces, thin lens formula and lens maker formula. Total internal reflection and its applications.

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 . Magnification. Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction of light
through a prism. Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their
magnifying powers.
Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens' principle. Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens
principle. Interference, Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent
sources, and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central
maximum.. Polarization, plane-polarized light: Brewster's law, uses of plane-polarized light and
Polaroid.
UNIT 17: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION
Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect. Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's
photoelectric equation: particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie
relation..
UNIT 18: ATOMS AND NUCLEI
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels,
hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, Mass-energy relation, mass
defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission, and fusion.
UNIT 19: ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a
rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as
a voltage regulator.. Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR).

UNIT 20: EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS

Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:
1. Vernier calipers-its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.
2. Screw gauge-its use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.
3. Simple Pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude
and time.
4. Metre Scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments.
5. Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
6. Surf ace tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents,
7. Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given
spherical body,
8. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube,
9. Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
10. The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge.
11. The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law.
12. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
13. The focal length of;
(i) Convex mirror
(ii) Concave mirror, and
(ii) Convex lens, using the parallax method.
14. The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.

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15. Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
16. Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
17. Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage.
18. Identification of Diode. LED,. Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.

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 CHEMISTRY
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, element, and
compound:: Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar
mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae: Chemical equations and
stoichiometry.
UNIT 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Bohr
model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron
and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; Dual nature of matter, de Broglie's
relationship. Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum
mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features. Concept of atomic
orbitals as one-electron wave functions: Variation of  and 2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals;
various
quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their
significance; shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number: Rules for
filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle. Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule,
electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.
UNIT 3: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.
Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds;
calculation of lattice enthalpy.
Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity. Fajan’s rule, dipole moment: Valence Shell
Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - its important features,
the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; Resonance.
Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features. LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals
(bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of
homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy.
Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.

UNIT 4: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties,
state functions, types of processes.
The first law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat
capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond

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 dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration,
ionization, and solution.
The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes; S of the universe and G of
the system as criteria for spontaneity. G (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium
constant.
UNIT 5: SOLUTIONS
Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction,
percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law - Ideal
and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions;
Colligative properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of
freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular
mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its
significance.
UNIT 6: EQUILIBRIUM
Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria,
Henry's law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.
Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium
constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, the significance of G and G in chemical
equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of
catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle.
Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of
acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base
equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water. pH
scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly
soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.
UNIT 7: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for
assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.
Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities
and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.
Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode
potentials including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic
cell and its measurement: Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell
potential and Gibbs' energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells.
UNIT 8: CHEMICAL KINETICS
Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature,
pressure, and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions,
rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order

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 reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions,
Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous
reactions (no derivation).
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 9: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f block elements, periodic
trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain
enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity.

UNIT 10: P- BLOCK ELEMENTS

Group -13 to Group 18 Elements
General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical
properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first
element in each group.
UNIT 11: d - and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS
Transition Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in
properties of the first-row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation
states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation,
interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties, and uses of K2Cr2O7, and
KMnO4.
Inner Transition Elements
Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction.
Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.
UNIT 12: CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number,
denticity. chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism;
Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic
properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals
and in biological systems).

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 13: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and
chromatography - principles and their applications.
Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens.

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 Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
halogens, sulphur, phosphorus.
Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic
quantitative analysis,
UNIT 14:SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): Classification of
organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen,
and sulphur; Homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.
Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions;
stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles.
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond
- Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation.
Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement.
UNITS 15: HYDROCARBONS
Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and
reactions.
Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane): Mechanism of
halogenation of alkanes.
Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen,
halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect): Ozonolysis and
polymerization.
Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides:
Polymerization.
Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity: Mechanism of
electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration.
Friedel - Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono-
substituted benzene.
UNIT 16: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS
General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of
substitution reactions.
Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DDT.
UNIT 17: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS

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 Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and
sulphonation. Reimer - Tiemann reaction.
Ethers: Structure.
Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group,
relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition
reactions (addition of HCN. NH3, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction
(Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of -hydrogen. aldol condensation, Cannizzaro
reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.

Carboxylic Acids
Acidic strength and factors affecting it,
UNIT 18: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN
General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of
primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character.
Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
UNIT 19: BIOMOLECULES
General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
CARBOHYDRATES - Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and
fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose).
PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of -amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins: primary,
secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins,
enzymes.
VITAMINS – Classification and functions.
NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA.
Biological functions of nucleic acids.
Hormones (General introduction)
UNIT 20: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY
Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of
the following functional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and
ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds.
 The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:
Inorganic compounds; Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.

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 The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-
acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4
 Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:
Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH+4
Anions- CO2−, S2-,SO2−, NO3-, NO2-, Cl-, Br-, I- ( Insoluble salts excluded).
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Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:

1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.

3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.

4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.

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 BIOLOGY

UNIT 1: Diversity in Living World

• What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification;; Taxonomy & Systematics;
Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature;
• Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and
Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.
• Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at
least two examples of each category);
• Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate
up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).

UNIT 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

• Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of
flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and recemose, flower, fruit
and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus) Family
(malvaceae, Cruciferae, leguminoceae, compositae, graminae).
• Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive,
circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (Frog). (Brief account
only)

UNIT 3: Cell Structure and Function

• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell;
Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles-
structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies,
lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton,
cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane,
chromatin, nucleolus.
• Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins,
carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action,
classification and nomenclature of anzymes
• B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

UNIT 4: Plant Physiology

• Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of
photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea);
Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non cyclic and

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 photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4
pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.
• Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic),
TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations- Number of ATP
molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.
• Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant
growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and
redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators-
auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA;
UNIT 5: Human Physiology
• Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory
system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of
gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders
related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.
• Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood;
Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-Structure of human
heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation;
Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension, Coronary
artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.
• Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism,
ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system-structure and fuction; Urine
formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial
Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion;
Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial
kidney.
• Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, fiagellar, muscular; Skeletal
muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions
(To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of
muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis,
Osteoporosis, Gout.
• Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humanscentral
nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and
conduction of nerve impulse;
• Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human
endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal,
Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones
as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common
disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes,
Addison’s disease).
(Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)

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UNIT 6: Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and

female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices;
Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events- Development of
endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-
apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.
• Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of
testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle;
Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy
and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation
(Elementary idea).
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually
transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted
reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

UNIT 7: Genetics and Evolution

• Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism-
Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood
groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of
inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee;
Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness;
Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans;
Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
• Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic
material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central
dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac
Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing, protein
biosynthesis.
• Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution
from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence);
Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution-
Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of
natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive
Radiation; Human evolution.

UNIT 8: Biology and Human Welfare

• Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis,
Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm, dengue,
chikungunya); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS;
Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.Tobacco abuse

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• Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production,
sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

UNIT 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications

• Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA

technology).
• Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine
production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic
Animals; Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.

UNIT 10: Ecology and Environment

• Organisms and environmentPopulation interactions-mutualism, competition, predation,
parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
• Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow;
Pyramids of number, biomass, energy
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity;
Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots,
endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks
and sanctuaries, Sacred Groves.

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